Ukuphazamiseka kwentetho-abantwana

Ingxaki yokuthetha yimeko apho umntu enengxaki yokudala okanye yokwenza izandi zentetho ezifunekayo ukunxibelelana nabanye. Oku kunokwenza intetho yomntwana kube nzima ukuyiqonda.

Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo zokuthetha zezi:

• Ukuphazamiseka kokuchaza
• Ukuphazamiseka kwezandi
• Ukungangqinelani
• Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi okanye ukuphazamiseka kwesandi

Ukuphazamiseka kwentetho kwahlukile kukuphazamiseka kolwimi ebantwaneni. Ukuphazamiseka kolwimi kubhekisa kumntu onobunzima nge:

• Ukufumana intsingiselo okanye umyalezo wabo kwabanye (ulwimi olucacisayo)
• Ukuqonda umyalezo ovela kwabanye (ulwimi olwamkelayo)

Intetho yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokunxibelelana nabo basingqongileyo. Ikhula ngokwendalo, kunye neminye imiqondiso yokukhula okuqhelekileyo kunye nophuhliso. Ukuphazamiseka kwintetho kunye nolwimi kuqhelekile kubantwana abakwiminyaka yobudala basesikolweni.

Ukungahambi kakuhle kukuphazamiseka apho umntu ephindaphinda isandi, igama, okanye ibinzana. Ukuthintitha kunokuba yeyona nto iphazamisayo. Ingabangelwa ngu:

• Ukungaqheleki kwemfuza
• Uxinzelelo lweemvakalelo
• Nakuphi na ukwenzakala kwengqondo okanye usulelo

Ukuchazwa kunye nokuphazamiseka kwezandi kunokwenzeka kwamanye amalungu osapho. Ezinye izizathu zibandakanya:

• Iingxaki okanye utshintsho kulwakhiwo okanye ukumila kwezihlunu namathambo asetyenziselwa ukwenza izandi zentetho. Olu tshintsho lunokubandakanya inkalakahla ecandekileyo kunye neengxaki zamazinyo.
• Umonakalo kumalungu engqondo okanye kwimithambo-luvo (njengakwi-cerebral palsy) elawula indlela izihlunu ezisebenza ngayo kunye ukuze zenze intetho.
• Ukuphulukana nokuva.

Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi kubangelwa ziingxaki xa umoya udlula emiphungeni, ngeentambo zezwi, emva koko ungene emqaleni, empumlweni, emlonyeni nasemilebeni. Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi kunokuba ngenxa:

• Iasidi esiswini esihambela phezulu (GERD)
• Umhlaza womqala
• Inkalakahla ecwengileyo okanye ezinye iingxaki enkalakahleni
• Iimeko ezonakalisa imithambo-luvo ebonelela ngezihlunu zemithambo yezwi
• Iilaryngeal webs okanye clefts (isiphene sokuzalwa apho umaleko omncinci wethishu uphakathi kweentambo zezwi)
• Ukukhula okungenamhlaza (iipolyps, maqhuqhuva, ii-cysts, i-granulomas, i-papillomas, okanye izilonda) kwimisipha yezwi
• Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweentambo zezwi ekukhaleni, ekucoceni umqala rhoqo, okanye ekuculeni
• Ukuphulukana nokuva

UKUNGAFANELEKI

Ukuthintitha lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lokungakhathali.

Iimpawu zokungahambi kakuhle kunokubandakanya:

• Ukuphindwaphindwa kwezandi, amagama, okanye iinxalenye zamagama okanye amabinzana emva kweminyaka 4 (Ndifuna ... Ndifuna unodoli wam. Ndi ... Ndiyakubona.)
• Ukubeka (ukuthintela) izandi ezongezelelweyo okanye amagama (Saya kwi ... uh ... ivenkile.)
• Ukwenza amagama made (ndinguBoooobbby Jones.)
• Ukunqumama ngexesha lesivakalisi okanye lamagama, amaxesha amaninzi imilebe idibene
• Uxinzelelo kwilizwi okanye kwizandi
• Ukudana ngamalinge okunxibelelana
• Intloko ijija ngelixa uthetha
• Amehlo aqhwanyazayo xa ethetha
• Iintloni ngentetho

AMANQAKU KWI-ART

Umntwana akakwazi ukuvelisa izandi zentetho ngokucacileyo, ezinje ngokuthi "coo" endaweni yokuthi "isikolo."

• Izandi ezithile (ezinje ngo "r", "l", okanye "s") zisenokuphazamiseka ngokungaguquguqukiyo okanye zitshintshwe (ezinje ngokwenza isandi sompempe)
• Iimpazamo zingenza kube nzima ukuba abantu bamqonde umntu (ngamalungu osapho kuphela anokukwazi ukuqonda umntwana).

INGXAKI KWEZEFONI

Umntwana akasebenzisi ezinye okanye zonke izandi zentetho ukwenza amagama njengoko kulindelwe ubudala babo.

• Isandi sokugqibela okanye sokuqala samagama (amaxesha amaninzi amaqabane) sinokushiywa ngaphandle okanye sitshintshwe.
• Umntwana angabinangxaki ukubiza isandi esifanayo ngamanye amagama (umntwana angathi "boo" nge "ncwadi" kunye no "pi" nge "hagu", kodwa angangabinangxaki yokuthi "isitshixo" okanye "hamba").

IZIPHUMO ZELIZWI

Ezinye iingxaki zokuthetha zibandakanya:

• Ukukrala okanye ukurhabaxa kwilizwi
• Ilizwi linokuphuma okanye liphume
• Ukuphakama kwelizwi kunokutshintsha ngesiquphe
• Ilizwi linokuba phezulu kakhulu okanye lithambe kakhulu
• Umntu angaphelelwa ngumoya ngexesha lesigwebo
• Intetho isenokuvakala ingaqhelekanga kuba umoya omninzi uyabaleka ngombhobho (hypernasality) okanye umoya omncinci kakhulu uphuma ngeempumlo (ubunyani)

Umboneleli wakho wezempilo uya kubuza malunga nophuhliso lomntwana wakho kunye nembali yosapho. Umboneleli uya kwenza uhlolo lwe-neurological kwaye ajonge:

• Ukutyibilika kwentetho
• Naluphi na uxinzelelo lweemvakalelo
• Nayiphi na imeko engaphantsi
• Iziphumo zokuphazamiseka kwentetho kubomi bemihla ngemihla

Ezinye izixhobo zokuvavanya ezisetyenziselwa ukuchonga kunye nokuchonga ukuphazamiseka kwentetho zezi:

• UViwo loVavanyo loVavanyo lweDenver.
• Umsebenzi weLeiter International Performance-3.
• Uvavanyo lweGoldman-Fristoe yoGunyaziso lwe-3 (GFTA-3).
• Ukucaciswa kweArizona kunye neFonology Scale 4th Revision (Arizona-4).
• Iprofayili yokujonga ilizwi kwilizwi.

Uvavanyo lokuva lunokwenziwa ukwala ukulahleka kwendlebe njengesizathu sokuphazamiseka kwentetho.

Abantwana banokuphuma ngaphandle kweendlela ezinzima zokuphazamiseka kwentetho. Uhlobo lonyango luya kuxhomekeka kubukrakra bokuphazamiseka kwentetho kunye nonobangela wayo.

Unyango lwentetho lunokunceda ngeempawu ezibukhali nangakumbi okanye naziphi na iingxaki zokuthetha ezingaphuculiyo.

Kunyango, i-Therapist ingafundisa umntwana wakho ukuba angalusebenzisa njani ulwimi ukwenza izandi ezithile.

Ukuba umntwana unengxaki yokuthetha, abazali bakhuthazwa ukuba:

• Kulumkele ukuveza inkxalabo enkulu malunga nengxaki, enokwenza izinto zibe mbi nangakumbi ngokwenza ukuba umntwana azoyike ngakumbi.
• Ziphephe iimeko zoxinzelelo loluntu xa kunokwenzeka.
• Mphulaphule ngomonde umntwana, ujongane naye emehlweni, ungamphazamisi, kwaye ubonise uthando nokwamkela. Kulumkele ukugqibezela izivakalisi kubo.
• Bekela bucala ixesha lokuncokola.

Le mibutho ilandelayo izibonelelo ezilungileyo zolwazi malunga nengxaki yokuthetha kunye nonyango lwayo:

• IZiko laseMelika loKuthintitha -ukuthintitha.org
• I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) - www.asha.org/
• Isiseko sokuthintitha- www.stutteringhelp.org
• Umbutho weSizwe wokuthintitha (NSA) - westutter.org

Imbonakalo ixhomekeke kwisizathu sokuphazamiseka. Ukuthetha kuhlala kuphuculwe ngonyango lokuthetha. Unyango lwakwangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba lube neziphumo ezingcono.

Ukuphazamiseka kwentetho kungakhokelela kwimiceli mngeni kunxibelelwano lwasentlalweni ngenxa yobunzima ekunxibelelaneni.

Fowunela umboneleli wakho wezempilo ukuba:

• Intetho yomntwana wakho ayikhuli ngokwamanqanaba aqhelekileyo.
• Ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho ukwicandelo elinomngcipheko ophezulu.
• Umntwana wakho ubonakalisa iimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwintetho.

Ukuphulukana nokuva kungumngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kwentetho. Iintsana ezisemngciphekweni kufuneka zithunyelwe kugqirha wezandi kuvavanyo lokuva. Ukuva kunye nonyango lokuthetha emva koko kunokuqala, ukuba kukho imfuneko.

Njengoko abantwana abancinci beqala ukuthetha, ukungahambi kakuhle kuyinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye ixesha elininzi, liyaphela ngaphandle konyango. Ukuba ubeka ingqalelo enkulu kukungangxami, indlela yokuthintitha inokukhula.

Ukusilela kobugcisa; Ukuphazamiseka kokuthetha; Ukuphazamiseka kwezandi; Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi; Ukuphazamiseka kwezwi; Ukungavumi; Ukuphazamiseka kunxibelelwano-ingxaki yokuthetha; Ukuphazamiseka kwentetho - ukuthintitha; Ukuxinana; Ukuthintitha; Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ebuntwaneni

Iwebhusayithi yoMbutho weNtetho yoLwimi lwaseMelika. Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwi. www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Ilizwi-Ukuphazamiseka/. Kufumaneka ngoJanuwari 1, 2020.

Iimpawu zeMD. Ukuphuhliswa kolwimi kunye nokuphazamiseka konxibelelwano. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 52.

Umqeqeshi weDA, uNass RD. Ukuphazamiseka kolwimi. Ku: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, et al, ii-eds. I-Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Imigaqo kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Umhla wesi-6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; Ngo-2017: isahluko 53.

UZajac DJ. Uvavanyo kunye nolawulo lokuphazamiseka kwentetho kwisigulana esine-palate palate. Ku: Fonseca RJ, ed. Utyando lomlomo kunye neMaxillofacial. Ngomhla wesi-3. ISt Louis, MO: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 32.