Impendulo yomzimba

Impendulo yomzimba yindlela umzimba wakho ozibona ngayo kwaye uzikhusela ngokuchasene neebhaktiriya, iintsholongwane, kunye nezinto ezibonakala zangaphandle kwaye ziyingozi.

Amajoni omzimba akhusela umzimba kwizinto ezinobungozi ngokuqonda nokuphendula kwiantianti. Iantigens zizinto (zihlala ziiprotein) kumphezulu weeseli, intsholongwane, isikhunta, okanye intsholongwane. Izinto ezingaphiliyo ezinje ngeetyhefu, imichiza, iziyobisi, kunye namasuntswana aphesheya (njenge-splinter) nazo zinokuba ziiantigen. Amajoni omzimba ayaziqonda kwaye azitshabalalise, okanye azame ukutshabalalisa, izinto eziqulathe iantigens.

Iiseli zomzimba wakho zineeproteni ezingama-antigen. Oku kubandakanya iqela lama-antigen abizwa ngokuba yi-HLA antigens. Amajoni akho omzimba afunda ukuwabona la maantianti njengesiqhelo kwaye aqhele ukusabela ngokuchasene nawo.

UGONYO OLUNGENAYO

Ukungafezeki, okanye ukungacacanga, ukungakhuseleki yinkqubo yokhuselo owazalelwa kuyo. Ikhusela kuzo zonke iantigen. Ukhuseleko lwe-innate kubandakanya imiqobo egcina izinto eziyingozi zingangeni emzimbeni wakho. Ezi zithintelo zenza umgca wokuqala wokhuselo kwimpendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Imizekelo yokuzikhusela ngaphakathi ibandakanya:

• Ukukhohlela reflex
• I-Enzymes kwiinyembezi kunye neoyile yolusu
• I-Mucus, ebamba iintsholongwane kunye neencindi ezincinci
• Ulusu
• Isisu esiswini

Ukhuseleko lwe-innate luza nakwiiprotein zekhemikhali, ezibizwa ngokuba li-immune innate immune. Imizekelo ibandakanya inkqubo yokuncedisa yomzimba kunye nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-interferon kunye ne-interleukin-1 (ebangela umkhuhlane).

Ukuba i-antigen iye yadlula kule miqobo, iyahlaselwa ize itshatyalaliswe ngamanye amalungu omzimba.

UKHUSELEKO OLUFUNEKAYO

Ukhuseleko olufunyenweyo kukungakhuseleki okhula ngokuchaphazeleka kwiiantigen ezahlukeneyo. Amajoni akho omzimba akha ukuzikhusela kuloo antigen.

UKUGONYWA NGOKUNGENAYO

Ukungakhuseleki emzimbeni ngenxa yeentsholongwane eziveliswa emzimbeni ongengowakho. Iintsana zinokungakhuseleki kuba zizalwa zinamalungu omzimba agqithiselwa kwi-placenta evela kunina. Ezi antibodies ziyanyamalala phakathi kweminyaka eyi-6 ukuya kwi-12 yeenyanga.

Ukugonywa nje kungenziwa ngenxa yenaliti ye-antiserum, equlathe izilwa-buhlungu ezenziwa ngomnye umntu okanye sisilwanyana. Inika ukhuseleko kwangoko ngokuchasene neantigen, kodwa ayiboneleli ngokhuseleko oluhlala ixesha elide. I-immune serum globulin (enikwe ukubonakaliswa kwe-hepatitis) kunye ne-tetanus antitoxin yimizekelo yokugonywa.

IZINTO ZEGAZI

Amajoni omzimba aquka iintlobo ezithile zeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Ikwabandakanya iikhemikhali kunye neeproteni egazini, ezinje ngeentsholongwane, iiproteni ezincedisayo kunye ne-interferon. Ezinye zezi zinto zihlasela ngokuthe ngqo izinto zangaphandle emzimbeni, kwaye ezinye zisebenza kunye ukunceda amajoni omzimba.

IiLymphocyte ziluhlobo lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Kukho ii-lymphocyte zohlobo B kunye no-T.

• Ii-lymphocyte ze-B ziiseli ezivelisa ii-antibodies. Ama-antibodies ancamathele kwi-antigen ethile kwaye yenza kube lula kwiiseli zomzimba ukuzitshabalalisa i-antigen.
• Ii-lymphocyte T zihlasela ii-antigen ngqo kwaye zincede ukulawula ukuphendula komzimba. Baphinde bakhuphe iikhemikhali, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-cytokines, ezilawula ukuphendula komzimba wonke.

Njengoko ii-lymphocyte zikhula, zihlala zifunda ukuxelela umahluko phakathi kwezicubu zomzimba kunye nezinto ezingafumaneki emzimbeni wakho. Nje ukuba iiseli ze-B kunye neeseli ze-T zenziwe, ezimbalwa zezo seli ziyakuphindaphinda kwaye zinike "inkumbulo" yenkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Oku kuvumela amajoni akho omzimba ukuba aphendule ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo ngexesha elizayo xa uchanabeke kwiantigen efanayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuya kukuthintela ukuba ungaguli. Umzekelo, umntu oye waba nenkuku okanye wagonyelwa inkukhu, ukhuselekile ekufumaneni irhashalala kwakhona.

UTSHINTSHO

Impendulo yokuvuvukala (ukudumba) kwenzeka xa izicwili zonzakele ziintsholongwane, umothuko, ityhefu, ubushushu, okanye nasiphi na esinye isizathu. Iiseli ezonakalisiweyo zikhupha imichiza kubandakanya i-histamine, i-bradykinin, kunye ne-prostaglandins. Ezi khemikhali zibangela ukuba imithambo yegazi ivuze ulwelo kwizicwili, zibangele ukudumba. Oku kunceda ukwahlula into yelinye ilizwe ekunxibelelaneni ngakumbi nezicubu zomzimba.

Iikhemikhali zikwatsala iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes "ezitya" iintsholongwane kunye neeseli ezifileyo okanye ezonakeleyo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-phagocytosis. IiPhagocytes ekugqibeleni ziyafa. I-Pus yenziwa ngokuqokelelwa kwezicubu ezifileyo, ibhaktiriya efileyo, kunye neephagocyte eziphilayo nezifileyo.

IZIPHUMO ZENKQUBO YOKUGONYA AMANZI NEZIFO

Ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela kwenzeka xa impendulo yomzimba ijolise kwizicubu zomzimba, igqithile, okanye iyasilela. Izinto ezaliwa emzimbeni zibandakanya ukuphendula komzimba kwizinto abantu abaninzi abazibona zingenabungozi.

Ugonyo

Ugonyo (ugonyo) yindlela evuselela ukuphendula komzimba. Amayeza amancinci e-antigen, afana neentsholongwane ezifileyo okanye ezibuthathaka, anikwa ukwenza ukuba amajoni omzimba asebenze "kwimemori" (iiseli ze-B ezisebenzayo kunye neeseli zeT ezikhuthazayo). Imemori ivumela umzimba wakho ukuba usabele ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo ekuvezweni kwexesha elizayo.

UNGXAKI NGENXA YOKUPHENDULA INDLELA YOKUPHENDULA

Impendulo esebenzayo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ikhusela kwizifo ezininzi kunye nokuphazamiseka. Impendulo yokungasebenzi komzimba evumela izifo ukuba zikhule. Kuninzi, kuncinci kakhulu, okanye impendulo engalunganga yomzimba ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwamajoni omzimba. Ukuphendula ngokweqile komzimba kunokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezizimele, apho ama-antibodies enza ngokuchasene nezicubu zomzimba.

Iingxaki ezivela kwiimpendulo zomzimba eziguqulweyo zibandakanya:

• Allergy okanye hypersensitivity
• I-Anaphylaxis, ubomi obusongela ubomi
• Ukuphazamiseka ngokuzenzekelayo
• Ukudibanisa ngokuchasene nezifo zokubamba, ingxaki yokutsalwa komongo wethambo
• Ukuphazamiseka komzimba
• Ukugula kweSerum
• Ukwala ngokutsha

Ukuzikhusela komzimba; Ukuzikhusela komzimba; Ukhuseleko lweselula; Ukhuseleko; Impendulo yokuvuvukala; Ukufunyanwa komzimba (okuguqukayo)

• Umkhuhlane kunye nomkhuhlane - yintoni oza kuyibuza ugqirha wakho - umntu omdala
• Umkhuhlane kunye nomkhuhlane-yintoni oza kuyibuza ugqirha-umntwana wakho
• Xa usana lwakho okanye usana lwakho lunomkhuhlane

• Inkqubo yenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela
• Phagocytosis

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I-Bankova L, i-Barrett N. Ukuzikhusela ngaphakathi. Ku: IBurks AW, iHolgate ST, u-O'Hehir RE, et al, ii-eds. I-Middleton's Allergy: Imigaqo kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: Isahluko 1.

IFirestein GS, iStanford SM. Iindlela zokudumba kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Ngomhla wama-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 42.

I-Tuano KS, i-Chinen J. Ukhuseleko lomzimba. Ku: IBurks AW, iHolgate ST, u-O'Hehir RE, et al, ii-eds. I-Middleton's Allergy: Imigaqo kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: Isahluko 2.