Ukwala ngokutsha

Ukwala utyando yinkqubo apho amajoni omzimba awufumanayo ahlasela amalungu atshintshiweyo okanye izicwili.

Amajoni omzimba wakho ahlala ekukhusela kwizinto ezinokuba yingozi, ezinjengeentsholongwane, ityhefu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, iiseli zomhlaza.

Ezi zinto ziyingozi zineeproteni ezibizwa ngokuba ziiantigen zigqume umphezulu wazo. Ngokukhawuleza xa ezi antijeni zingena emzimbeni, amajoni omzimba ayaqonda ukuba awaphumi emzimbeni walomntu kwaye "aphesheya," kwaye abahlasele.

Xa umntu efumana ilungu komnye umntu ngexesha lotyando lofakelo, amajoni omzimba aloo mntu anokuqonda ukuba lelangaphandle. Kungenxa yokuba amajoni omzimba omntu afumanisa ukuba iiantigen ezikwiiseli zelungu zahlukile okanye azingqinelani ". Amalungu angahambelaniyo, okanye amalungu angadibananga ngokusondeleyo ngokwaneleyo, anokubangela ukuphendulwa kwegazi okanye ukwala ukufakelwa.

Ukunceda ukuthintela le mpendulo, thayipha oogqirha, okanye utshatise bobabini umnikeli welungu kunye nomntu ofumana ilungu. Okona kufanayo iantigen ziphakathi komnikeli kunye nomamkeli, kokukhona kuya kuncitshiswa kwelungu.

Ukuchwetheza izicubu kuqinisekisa ukuba ilungu okanye izicwili ziyafana ngokufanayo nakwizihlunu zommkeli. Umdlalo uhlala ungaphelelanga. Akukho bantu babini, ngaphandle kwamawele afanayo, aneeantigens ezifanayo.

Oogqirha basebenzisa amayeza ukucinezela amajoni omzimba omamkeli. Injongo kukuthintela amajoni omzimba ekuhlaseleni ilungu elisandula ukufakelwa ngokutsha xa ilungu lingalingani. Ukuba la mayeza akasetyenziswanga, umzimba uya kuhlala usungula impendulo yomzimba kwaye utshabalalise izicubu zangaphandle.

Kukho okwahlukileyo, nangona kunjalo. Ukutshintshwa kweCornea kunqatshelwe ngenxa yokuba i-cornea ayinayo igazi. Kananjalo ukufakelwa ukusuka kwelinye iwele ukuya kwelinye phantse kungaze kwala.

Zintathu iintlobo zokwaliwa:

• Ukulahlwa kwehypacacute kwenzeka kwimizuzu embalwa emva kokufakelwa xa iiantigen zingalingani ngokupheleleyo. Izicubu kufuneka zisuswe kwangoko ukuze umamkeli angafi. Olu hlobo lokulahlwa lubonwa xa umamkeli enikwa uhlobo olungelulo lwegazi. Umzekelo, xa umntu enikwe uhlobo A igazi xa eluhlobo B.
• Ukulahlwa okukuko kunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha ukusuka kwiveki yokuqala emva kokufakelwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3 emva koko. Bonke abafumanayo banenani elithile lokwenqatshelwa.
• Ukungakhathalelwa okungapheliyo kunokwenzeka kwiminyaka emininzi. Ukuphendula rhoqo komzimba komzimba ngokuchasene nelungu elitsha konakalisa izicwili okanye ilungu elifakelweyo.

Iimpawu zingabandakanya:

• Umsebenzi welungu unokuqala ukunciphisa
• Ukuphazamiseka ngokubanzi, ukungonwabi, okanye ukugula
• Ubuhlungu okanye ukudumba kwindawo yelungu (kunqabile)
• Umkhuhlane (unqabile)
• Iimpawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane, kubandakanya ukugodola, iintlungu zomzimba, isicaphucaphu, ukukhohlela, kunye nokuphefumla okufutshane

Iimpawu zixhomekeke kwilungu elifakelweyo okanye izicwili. Umzekelo, abaguli abalahla izintso banokuba nomchamo omncinci, kwaye abaguli abangayamkeliyo intliziyo banokuba neempawu zokwehluleka kwentliziyo.

Ugqirha uya kuvavanya indawo ngaphezulu nangaphaya kwelungu elifakelweyo.

Iimpawu zokuba ilungu alisebenzi kakuhle kubandakanya:

• Iswekile yegazi ephezulu (ukufakelwa kwepancreas)
• Ukhuphe umchamo omncinci (ukufakelwa kwezintso)
• Ukuphefumla okufutshane kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa (ukufakelwa kwentliziyo okanye ukufakelwa kwemiphunga)
• Umbala wesikhumba omthubi kunye nokopha ngokulula (ukufakelwa kwesibindi)

I-biopsy yelungu elifakelweyo lingangqina ukuba liyaliwa. I-biopsy yesiqhelo ihlala yenziwa ngamaxesha athile ukufumana ukungamkelwa kwangoko, ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iimpawu.

Xa kurhanelwa ukwala, elinye okanye nangaphezulu olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe i-biopsy:

• Ukuskena kwe-CT esiswini
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• I-echocardiography yentliziyo
• Uluhlu lwezintso
• Isifo sezintso
• Uvavanyo lwelebhu yezintso okanye ukusebenza kwesibindi

Injongo yonyango kukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu omzimba okanye izicwili ezifakelweyo zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ucinezele impendulo yomzimba wakho. Ukucinezela impendulo yomzimba kunokuthintela ukwala ukufakelwa.

Amayeza aya kusetyenziselwa ukucinezela impendulo yomzimba. Idosi kunye nokukhethwa kwamayeza kuxhomekeke kwimeko yakho. Umthamo unokuba phezulu kakhulu ngelixa izicwili zinqatshwa. Emva kokuba ungasenazo iimpawu zokwaliwa, idosi iya kuncitshiswa.

Olunye utshintsho lwezitho kunye nezicubu luphumelele ngakumbi kunolunye. Ukuba ukwala kuyaqala, amayeza acinezela amajoni omzimba anokumisa ukwaliwa. Uninzi lwabantu kufuneka luwathathe la mayeza ubomi babo bonke.

Nangona amayeza esetyenziselwa ukucinezela amajoni omzimba, ukufakelwa kwamalungu kusenokungaphumeleli ngenxa yokwaliwa.

Iziqendu ezizodwa zokwaliwa kakhulu akufane zikhokelele ekusileleni komzimba.

Ukwala okungapheliyo ngoyena nobangela uphambili wokungafakelwa komzimba. Ilungu liphulukana nomsebenzi walo kwaye iimpawu ziyaqala ukuvela. Olu hlobo lokulahlwa alunakunyangwa ngokufanelekileyo ngamayeza. Abanye abantu banokufuna olunye ukufakelwa.

Iingxaki zempilo ezinokubangela ukufakelwa okanye ukufakelwa ukwaliwa kubandakanya:

• Eminye imihlaza (kwabanye abantu abathatha amayeza acinezelayo omelele ixesha elide)
• Usulelo (kuba amajoni omzimba womntu acinezelwa ngokuthatha amayeza acinezelayo)
• Ukuphulukana nomsebenzi kwilungu elithathiweyo okanye kwinyama
• Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zamayeza, ezinokuba nzima

Fowunela ugqirha wakho ukuba ilungu elithathiweyo okanye izicubu azibonakali zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, okanye ukuba ezinye iimpawu zenzeka. Kwakhona, biza ugqirha wakho ukuba uneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezivela kumayeza owathathayo.

Ukuchwetheza kwegazi le-ABO kunye ne-HLA (tissue antigen) ngokuchwetheza ngaphambi kokufakelwa kunceda ukuqinisekisa umdlalo osondeleyo.

Uya kudinga ukuthatha iyeza ukucinezela amajoni akho omzimba ubomi bakho bonke ukuthintela ukuba izicwili zingaliwa.

Ukunyamekela ngokuthatha amayeza akho emva kokufakelwa kunye nokujongwa ngugqirha wakho kunokukunceda ukukhusela ukwaliwa.

Ukurhoxiswa kobugcisa; Ukulahlwa kwezicubu / amalungu omzimba

• Iintsholongwane

UAbbas AK, uLichtman AH, uPillai S.Ukutshintshwa kwe-immunology. Ku: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, ii-eds. Iseli kunye neMolekyuli Immunology. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 17.

Adams AB, Ford M, Larsen CP. Ukutshintshwa kwe-immunobiology kunye ne-immunosuppression. Ku: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, ii-eds. Incwadi yeSabiston yoNyango: Isiseko sebhayiloji yoQeqesho lwangoku. Umhla we-20. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; Ngo-2017: isahluko 24.

Tse G, Marson L.I-Immunology yokwala ukugatywa. Ku: Forsythe JLR, ed. Ukufakwa kwenye into: Umlingane kwiZenzo zoPhando. Umhla we-5. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: isahluko 3.