Ngaba Uhlalutyo lokuSebenza ngokuSebenza (ABA) lilungile kumntwana wakho?

Umxholo

• Ingaba isebenza kanjani?
• Ukubonisana novavanyo
• Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso
• Uqeqesho lomongi
• Uvavanyo olwenziwa rhoqo
• Yintoni injongo yokuphela?
• Ingaba ibiza malini?
• Ngaba ingenziwa ekhaya?
• Ndilufumana njani unyango?
• Kuthekani ngempikiswano ejikeleze iABA?
• Umgca wezantsi

Sibandakanya iimveliso esicinga ukuba ziluncedo kubafundi bethu. Ukuba uthenga amakhonkco kweli phepha, sinokufumana ikhomishini encinci. Nantsi inkqubo yethu.

Uhlalutyo lokuziphatha olusetyenzisiweyo (i-ABA) luhlobo lonyango olunokuphucula intlalo, unxibelelwano, kunye nezakhono zokufunda ngokuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo.

Iingcali ezininzi zijonga i-ABA njengonyango olusezingeni lomgangatho wabantwana abane-autism spectrum disorder (ASD) okanye ezinye iimeko zophuhliso. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kusetyenziswa kunyango lwezinye iimeko ngokunjalo, kubandakanya:

• Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi
• Isifo sengqondo esiyingozi
• ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo emva kokonzakala kwengqondo
• iingxaki zokutya
• unxunguphalo kunye neemeko ezinxulumene nokukhubazeka, i-OCD, kunye ne-phobia
• Imiba yomsindo
• Ukuphazamiseka kubuntu obunemida

Eli nqaku liza kugxila ekusetyenzisweni kweABA yabantwana abanoluphazamiseko, kubandakanya nokuba isebenza njani, ibiza malini, kwaye ezinye zeempikiswano ezingqongileyo.

Ingaba isebenza kanjani?

I-ABA ibandakanya izigaba ezininzi, ivumela indlela elungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile zomntwana wakho.

Ukubonisana novavanyo

Okokuqala, uya kufuna ukubonisana nonyango oluqeqeshwe kwi-ABA. Olu thethwano lubizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lokuziphatha olusebenzayo (FBA). Umgqirha uya kubuza malunga namandla namandla omntwana wakho kunye nezinto ezibacelomngeni.

Baza kuchitha ixesha lokunxibelelana nomntwana wakho ukuze babone malunga nokuziphatha kwabo, inqanaba lonxibelelwano kunye nezakhono. Banokutyelela ikhaya lakho kunye nesikolo somntwana wakho ukuze baqwalasele indlela aziphethe ngayo umntwana wakho ngexesha lemihla ngemihla.

Unyango olusebenzayo lwe-ASD lukhangeleka lwahlukile kumntwana ngamnye. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-ABA Therapists kufuneka ichaze ungenelelo oluthile oluhambelana neemfuno zomntwana wakho. Basenokubuza malunga nokudibanisa iindlela ezithile kubomi bakho basekhaya.

Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso

Umgqirha womntwana wakho uya kusebenzisa ukubonwa kwabo kuthethwano lokuqala ukwenza isicwangciso esisemthethweni sonyango. Esi sicwangciso kufuneka sihambelane neemfuno ezizodwa zomntwana wakho kwaye sibandakanye neenjongo zonyango lwekhonkrithi.

Ezi njongo ngokubanzi zinxulumene nokunciphisa indlela yokuziphatha enengxaki okanye eyingozi, enje ngokuba nomsindo okanye ukuzenzakalisa, kunye nokwandisa okanye ukuphucula unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izakhono.

Esi sicwangciso siza kubandakanya izicwangciso ezithile abanonopheli, ootitshala, kunye nonyango abanokulisebenzisa ukufezekisa iinjongo zonyango. Oku kunceda ukugcina wonke umntu osebenza nomntwana wakho kwiphepha elinye.

Uhlobo oluthile lwe-ABA olusetyenzisiweyo luxhomekeke kubudala bomntwana wakho, iindawo zomceli mngeni, kunye nezinye izinto.

• Ungenelelo lokuziphatha olunamandla kwangoko (EIBI) ihlala icetyiswa kubantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu. Ibandakanya ikharityhulam ebanzi, eyenzelwe umntu ngamnye eyilelwe ukufundisa unxibelelwano, unxibelelwano lwasentlalweni, kunye nokusebenza kunye nezakhono eziguqukayo.
• Uqeqesho lwezilingo olwahlukileyo ijolise ekufundiseni izakhono ngokugqitywa kokugqitywa komsebenzi kunye nemivuzo.
• Uqeqesho lwempendulo ebalulekileyo ivumela umntwana wakho ukuba akhokele kwimisebenzi yokufunda, nangona ugqirha uhlala ebonelela ngeendlela ezimbalwa ngokusekwe kwizakhono ezithile.
• Imodeli yokuqala yeDenver (ESDM) ibandakanya imisebenzi esekwe kumdlalo ebandakanya iinjongo ezininzi ngaxeshanye.
• Ungenelelo lokuziphatha inokunceda abantwana bathethe ngakumbi okanye bandise izakhono zabo zonxibelelwano.

Uqeqesho lomongi

I-ABA ikwaxhomekeke kubazali nakubanonopheli ukunceda ukomeleza isimilo esifanelekileyo ngaphandle kwonyango.

Umgqirha womntwana wakho uya kukufundisa kunye nootitshala bomntwana wakho malunga nezicwangciso eziza kunceda ukomeleza umsebenzi abawenzayo kunyango.

Uya kufunda kwakhona ukuba ungazikhusela njani ngokukhuselekileyo iintlobo zokuqiniswa ezingasebenzi kakuhle, ezinje ngokunikezela kumsindo.

Uvavanyo olwenziwa rhoqo

Iingcali ze-ABA zizama ukufumanisa izizathu zokuziphatha okuthile ukunceda umntwana wakho atshintshe okanye aziphucule. Ngaphezulu kwekhosi yonyango, ugqirha womntwana wakho unokulungisa indlela yabo esekwe kwindlela aphendula ngayo umntwana wakho kungenelelo oluthile.

Logama umntwana wakho eqhubeka nokunyanga, ugqirha wabo uya kuqhubeka nokubeka iliso kwinkqubela phambili yakhe kwaye ahlalutye ukuba zeziphi iindlela ezisebenzayo kunye nalapho umntwana wakho anokuzuza khona kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango.

Yintoni injongo yokuphela?

Injongo yonyango ixhomekeke ikakhulu kwiimfuno zomntwana wakho.

Nangona kunjalo, i-ABA ihlala ikhokelela kubantwana:

• ukubonisa umdla ngakumbi kubantu ababangqongileyo
• ukunxibelelana nabanye abantu ngokufanelekileyo
• ukufunda ukucela izinto abazifunayo (into ethile yokudlala okanye ukutya, umzekelo), ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo
• ukugxila ngakumbi esikolweni
• ukunciphisa okanye ukuyeka iindlela zokuzenzakalisa
• ukuba nomsindo okumbalwa okanye ezinye izidubulo

Ingaba ibiza malini?

Iindleko ze-ABA zinokwahluka, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zonyango lomntwana wakho, uhlobo lwenkqubo oyikhethayo, kwaye ngubani onika unyango. Iinkqubo ze-ABA ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezingaphezulu zinokuba nexabiso eliphezulu.

Ngokubanzi, iyure enye yonyango lwe-ABA evela kwibhodi eqinisekisiweyo ye-ABA ixabisa malunga ne- $ 120, ndicinga ukuba inani lakhe lingahluka. Nangona oochwephesha abangaqinisekiswanga kwibhodi banokubonelela ngonyango ngamaxabiso asezantsi, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenzwe nonyango oluqinisekisiweyo lwe-ABA okanye iqela elijongwa ngumgqirha oqinisekisiweyo.

Ezinye iingcali zincoma ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezingama-40 zonyango lwe-ABA veki nganye, kodwa enyanisweni, abanyangi bahlala besebenza nabaxumi iiyure ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-20 ngeveki. Olu luhlu lunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomntwana wakho.

Ukucinga ukuba umntwana wakho ufuna umndilili weeyure ezili-10 ze-ABA ngeveki kwinqanaba leedola ezili-120 ngeyure, unyango luya kubiza i-1,200 ngeveki. Uninzi lwabantwana lubonisa ukuphucuka emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, kodwa wonke umntwana wahlukile, kwaye unyango lwe-ABA lunokuhlala ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu.

I-ABA inokubiza, kodwa uninzi lwabantu alupheleli ekuhlawuleni iindleko zonke ezipokothweni.

Kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezinokunceda:

• I-inshurensi. Uninzi lwezicwangciso zeinshurensi yezempilo ziya kubandakanya ubuncinci bendleko. Thetha nomboneleli wakho wezempilo ngolwazi oluthe kratya. Ukuba unayo i-inshurensi ngomsebenzi wakho, umntu okwisebe lezabasebenzi unokunceda.
• Isikolo. Ezinye izikolo ziya kuxhasa iABA ngemali yomntwana, nangona isikolo sinokufuna ukwenza uvavanyo lwaso kuqala.
• Uncedo lwezezimali. Amaziko amaninzi e-ABA abonelela ngezifundo okanye ezinye iindlela zoncedo lwezezimali.

Ukongeza, iiphilisi zisetyenziselwa ukukhangela i-ins kunye nokuphuma kwe-inshurensi kunye nokuhlawulela unyango. Ungaziva ungonwabanga ngokucela iingcebiso zabo ngendlela yokufumana unyango lomntwana wakho. Baya kuba neengcebiso ezongezelelweyo ezinokukunceda.

Ngaba ingenziwa ekhaya?

Unyango lunokwenzeka kwakhona ekhayeni lakho. Ngapha koko, abanye abantwana baqhuba ngcono nge-ABA esekhaya kuba beziva bekhululekile kwimeko yabo yesiqhelo. Ingenza kube lula kubo ukuba baphathe izakhono zobomi ezithile, ezinjengokunxiba kunye nokuhlamba.

Kodwa kungcono ukuzama kuphela i-ABA ekhaya ngoncedo lwonyango olunelayisensi, ubuncinci ekuqaleni. Banokukunceda ukuba uze nenkqubo eyenzelwe iimfuno zomntwana wakho.

Ukongeza, kutshanje ucebisa ukuba unyango lwe-ABA olunikezelwa ngeenkonzo zetekhnoloji kunokuba yindlela efanelekileyo yokufumana i-ABA yesiko.Yonke into oyifunayo yikhompyuter esebenzayo kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi.

Ngaba ujonge ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga ne-ABA ngaphambi kokuzama? Ezi ncwadi ziluncedo olukhulu kubazali:

• Isikhokelo somzali kwiiNkqubo ze-ABA zasekhaya
• Ukuqonda ukuhlalutya kokuSebenza okuSebenzayo: Intshayelelo kwi-ABA yaBazali, Ootitshala, kunye nabanye abaSebenzi

Ndilufumana njani unyango?

Ukuba ulungele ukufumana ugqirha, ugqirha wabantwana bomntwana wakho sisiqalo esihle. Banokukunika ukuthunyelwa okanye bacebise umntu othile.

Unokukhangela kwi-Intanethi kubaboneleli bendawo. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba abahlalutyi bokuziphatha abaqinisekiswe yibhodi (i-BCBAs) banokusebenza ngokuthe ngqo nabanye abantwana, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi bajongana nabanye abaqeqeshi okanye i-paraprofessionals abaqeqeshwe ngu-ABA.

Abanye abaqeqeshiweyo abangaqinisekiswanga kwi-ABA basenokuba noqeqesho lwe-ABA kwaye bakwazi ukubonelela ngonyango olusebenza kakuhle kumntwana wakho. Ukuba ungathanda ukuba umntwana wakho aye kwiziko le-ABA, licebo elilungileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inye ye-BCBA ebeka iliso kunyango.

Njengoko uthetha nonyango olunokubakho, gcina le mibuzo ilandelayo engqondweni:

• Ucinga ukuba zingaphi iiyure zonyango amfunayo umntwana wam veki nganye?
• Ngaba unika nayiphi na inkxaso-mali ekhethekileyo okanye izifundiswa (zezikolo kunye namaziko)?
• Zeziphi iindlela ozisebenzisayo ukudimaza isimilo esingafunekiyo?
• Uza kujongana njani nokuziphatha okuzenzakalisayo?
• Bangaphi abantu abaza kusebenza ngokusondeleyo nomntwana wam? Loluphi uqeqesho abanalo?
• Ungandifundisa ukusebenzisa ubuchule be-ABA ekhaya?
• Ndingazibukela iiseshoni zonyango?
• Ngaba zikhona ezinye iindlela, ezinjengamaqela oqeqesho lwezakhono, ezinokunceda umntwana wam?

Kuthekani ngempikiswano ejikeleze iABA?

I-ABA ibingumba ophikisanayo kule minyaka idlulileyo. Kodwa okuninzi koku kungavisisani kubangelwa yindlela iABA eyayisenziwa ngayo.

Kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, ibibandakanya ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezingama-40 zonyango nganye veki. Uninzi lweli xesha belisetyenziselwa ukugqiba imisebenzi ngelixa uhleli edesikeni okanye etafileni. Ukohlwaya kwakudla ngokusetyenziselwa ukulungisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezingafunekiyo. Kwaye kugxininiswa kakhulu ekwenzeni abantwana babe ne-neurotypical okanye "baqheleke."

Namhlanje, abantu baya ngokuya beliqonda ixabiso le-neurodiversity, elibhekisa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu. Ukuphendula, unyango lwe-ASD luyehla ekuzameni “ukulungisa” abantu abane-ASD.

Endaweni yoko, unyango lujolise ekuguqukeni kweendlela zokuziphatha ezibangela ubunzima, ukuvumela abantwana ukuba baphuhlise izakhono kunye namandla afunekayo kubomi obuzalisekayo, nokuzimela. Ukuziphatha okungafunekiyo kuhoywa ngokubanzi ngabanyangi namhlanje, kunokuba bohlwaywe.

Umgca wezantsi

I-ABA incede abantwana abaninzi abaphila ne-ASD ngokubanceda bafunde izakhono zophuhliso. Inokukunceda ukuphucula ubuchule bonxibelelwano ngelixa unciphisa isimilo esiyingozi, kubandakanya nokuzenzakalisa.

Gcina ukhumbula ukuba iABA lolunye lonyango lweASD, kwaye ayinakusebenza kubo bonke abantwana.