Sesiphi isohlwayo esifanelekileyo?

Umxholo

• Ingcaciso
• Imizekelo
• Xa isohlwayo esifanelekileyo sineziphumo ezibi kakhulu
• Kukulunga xa kuthelekiswa nesohlwayo esibi okanye ukomeleza
• Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo ngokuchasene nokuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo
• I-BF Skinner kunye nemeko yokusebenza
• Yise kude

Ingcaciso

Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo luhlobo lokuguqulwa kokuziphatha. Kule meko, igama "elihle" alibhekiseli kwinto emnandi.

Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo songeza into kumxube eya kukhokelela kwisiphumo esibi. Injongo kukunciphisa ukubakho kokuziphatha okungafunekiyo kuya kuphinda kwenzeke kwixesha elizayo.

Le ndlela inokusebenza kwimeko ezithile, kodwa inye kuphela inxenye yokulinganisa. Ukukhokela umntwana wakho kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezifanelekileyo kwimeko leyo nazo ziyafuneka.

Makhe sijonge isohlwayo esifanelekileyo kwaye sithelekiswa njani nesohlwayo esibi kunye nokuqiniswa okuhle nokungalunganga.

Imizekelo

Zonke iintshukumo zinemiphumo. Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo sinokuba sisiphumo sendalo sesenzo esithile.

Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana wakho utye ukhilimu otyiweyo owonakeleyo ngenxa yokuba bewufihle phantsi kwebhedi, baya kuba nesisu esibuhlungu. Ukuba bachukumisa isitovu esishushu, baya kutshisa isandla sabo.

La mava amnandi kakhulu. Kwelinye icala, zisebenza njengamaxesha abalulekileyo okufundisa. Njengokuba ubuya kwenza, umntwana unokuthambekela ekutshintsheni indlela abaziphethe ngayo ukuthintela iziphumo.

Xa ukhetha isohlwayo, cinga ukohlwaya isimilo, hayi umntwana. Ukohlwaya kufuneka kulungiselelwe umntwana.

"Ukohlwaywa okuqinisekileyo kusekwe kwinto ephikisayo," utshilo uElizabeth Rossiaky, BCBA, umlawuli weklinikhi eWestide Children's Therapy eFrankfurt, eIllinois. "Yintoni ephindisayo komnye umntu isenokungavumi bonke."

Unoko engqondweni, nantsi eminye imizekelo yokohlwaywa okuqinisekileyo:

• Ukuthethisa. Ukukhalinyelwa okanye ukufundiswa yinto abantwana abaninzi abangathanda ukuyiphepha.
• Ukubetha ngesandla okanye ukubamba. Oku kunokwenzeka ngethuku ngalo mzuzu. Ungasibetha kancinci isandla somntwana esifikelela kwimbiza yamanzi abilayo esitovini, okanye ngubani otsala iinwele zomntakwabo. Unokubamba ngenkani okanye utsale umntwana oza kuthi gqi kwizithuthi.
• Ukubhala. Le ndlela ihlala isetyenziswa esikolweni. Umntwana unyanzelekile ukuba abhale isivakalisi esinye kaninzi, okanye abhale isincoko ngokuziphatha kwabo.
• Imisebenzi yasekhaya. Abazali abaninzi bongeza imisebenzi yasekhaya njengendlela yokohlwaya. Umntwana obhala eludongeni okanye othambisa ibhotolo yamandongomane kuyo yonke itafile unokunyanzelwa ukuba ayicoce okanye enze eminye imisebenzi yasekhaya.
• Imigaqo. Bambalwa abantu abanqwenela imithetho engaphezulu. Kumntwana oqhele ukungaziphathi kakuhle, ukongeza imigaqo eyongezelelweyo yendlu kunokuba sisikhuthazo sokutshintsha isimilo.

Uninzi lwabantwana bayayiqonda into yokuba isohlwayo esifanelekileyo. Ngqina umntwana omncinci ophelisa umsindo kuphela xa kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno. Into efanayo inokubonwa isenzeka phakathi kwabantakwenu.

Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo sinokusebenza xa silandela kwangoko isimilo esingafunekiyo. Isebenza kakuhle xa isetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo.

Iyasebenza kunye nezinye iindlela, ezinje ngokuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo, ke umntwana ufunda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha.

Xa isohlwayo esifanelekileyo sineziphumo ezibi kakhulu

Omnye weyona mizekelo iphikisanayo yesohlwayo esifanelekileyo kukubetha.

Ku, abaphandi baxoxa ukuba ukubetha kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokwanda kokuziphatha gwenxa. Ingathumela umyalezo wokuba ubundlongondlongo bunokusombulula iingxaki.

Inokucinezela isimilo esithile esibi ngaphandle kokubonelela ngezinye iindlela. Iziphumo zinokuba zezethutyana, kunye nokuziphatha okungafunekiyo kubuya nje emva kokuba isohlwayo siphelile.

Ukuphononongwa ngo-2016 kwezifundo zeminyaka engama-50 yophando kucebisa ukuba okukhona ubetha umntwana, kokukhona banokukuchasa. Inokonyusa ukungaziphathi kakuhle kunye nokuba ndlongondlongo. Inokuba negalelo kwingxaki yengqondo nengqondo.

“Ngokubanzi, isohlwayo esifanelekileyo yeyona ndlela yokufundisa ikhethwayo kancinci ngenxa yokuphantsi ngokubanzi. Kodwa kwimeko yezokhuseleko, iyakuba yeyona iphumelele ekugcineni ukhuseleko, ”utshilo uRossiaky.

Ifundisa indlela yokuphepha kodwa hayi indlela yokuziphatha, uyacacisa.

“Ukuba kufuneka uhambise isohlwayo amatyeli aliqela, ayisebenzi. Unokufuna ukuqaphela enye indlela. Kwaye kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba isohlwayo ayikokukhupha nje ukukhathazeka kwakho, ”ucebisa njalo uRossiaky.

Xa kufikwa ekubethweni, ukubetha umlawuli, okanye ezinye iindlela zokohlwaya ngokwasemzimbeni, azikhuthazwa.

URossiaky ulumkisa ukuba abantwana balungile ekufumaneni iindlela zokuphuma. Batyekele ekufumaneni isimilo esingalinganiyo ngaphandle kokuba ufundise ezinye.

Kukulunga xa kuthelekiswa nesohlwayo esibi okanye ukomeleza

Ukulungiswa kokuziphatha, "u-positive" kunye no "negative" akuthethi "okuhle" okanye "okubi." Kunokukunceda ukucinga ngabo njengo "dibanisa" okanye "thabatha": Ukuzithemba kuthetha ukuba uyadibanisa, kwaye izinto ezingakhiyo zithatha ukuba uyathabatha.

Ukohlwaya kusetyenziswa dimaza indlela yokuziphatha ethile. Ukuqiniswa kwenzelwe ukuba khuthaza indlela yokuziphatha ethile.

Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo kuxa usongeza isiphumo sokuziphatha okungafunekiyo. Ukwenza oku ukuze ungathandeki.

Umzekelo wesohlwayo esifanelekileyo ukongeza imisebenzi emininzi kuluhlu xa umntwana wakho etyeshela uxanduva lwabo. Injongo kukukhuthaza umntwana wakho ukuba enze imisebenzi yabo rhoqo ukunqanda uluhlu lwemisebenzi olukhulayo.

Isohlwayo esibi xa ususa into.Umzekelo wesohlwayo esibi sithatha into yokudlala oyithandayo yomntwana wakho kuba bayala ukuzifunela emva kwabo.

Injongo yesohlwayo esibi kukuba umntwana wakho athathe emva kwakhe ukuthintela ukuba nezinto zokudlala zithathwe. Ixesha lokuphuma ikwaluhlobo lokohlwaya okungalunganga.

Ngokuqiniswa okungalunganga, ususa isishukumisi ngenjongo yokwandisa isimilo esifanelekileyo.

Umzekelo, uhlala ubiza umntwana wakho abuyele ekhitshini ukucoca itafile kunye nokuphatha iipleyiti esinkini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, bafunda ukwenza le nto ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukuba baphephe ukuphazamiseka kokubizwa kwakhona.

Unokuthathela ingqalelo ukuqiniswa okungathandekiyo njengesixhobo sokufundisa endaweni yendlela yokohlwaya.

URossiaky ukholelwa ukuba, ngokubanzi, ukomelezwa kukhethwa ukuba bohlwaywe.

Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo ngokuchasene nokuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo

Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo songeza iziphumo ezingathandekiyo kulandela isimilo esingafunekiyo. Ukuba wenza umntwana wakho ukuba acoce igaraji kuba bevutha ixesha lokubuya, eso isohlwayo esifanelekileyo.

Ukomeleza okuqinisekileyo kokongeza umvuzo xa umntwana eziphatha kakuhle. Ukuba unika umntwana wakho isibonelelo sokwenza imisebenzi ethile, oko kukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo.

Injongo kukonyusa amathuba okuba baqhubeke nokuziphatha okuhle.

I-BF Skinner kunye nemeko yokusebenza

Isazi ngengqondo senkulungwane yama-20 uBF Skinner waziwa ngokwandisa ithiyori yokuziphatha. Ukugxila kwakhe kwiziphumo zokuxhaphaza kuyaziwa njengemeko yokusebenza.

Ngamafutshane, imeko yokusebenza ihambelana neendlela zokufundisa. Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo nesingalunganga sisetyenziselwa ukudimaza isimilo esingafanelekanga. Ukuqiniswa okuhle nokungalunganga kusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza isimilo esihle.

Zisetyenzisiwe kunye, ezi zicwangciso ziyilelwe ukunceda umntwana enze ubudlelwane phakathi kweendlela zokuziphatha kunye neziphumo zokuziphatha.

Yise kude

Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo luhlobo lwesohlwayo apho unokongeza into kwindalo esingqongileyo ukunqanda isimilo esithile.

Ngokwayo, isohlwayo esifanelekileyo asinakuba sisisombululo sexesha elide. Inokusebenza ngakumbi xa idityaniswe nokuqiniswa okuhle kunye nokubi.

Ekugqibeleni, zama ukufundisa umntwana wakho ukuba azitshintshe njani iindlela zokuziphatha ezingafunekiyo ngezamkelekileyo ngakumbi.