Umhlaza

Umhlaza kukukhula okungalawulwayo kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga emzimbeni. Iiseli ezinomhlaza zikwabizwa ngokuba ziiseli ezinobungozi.

Umhlaza ukhula uphume kwiiseli emzimbeni. Iiseli eziqhelekileyo ziyanda xa umzimba uzifuna, zize zife xa zonakele okanye umzimba ungazifuni.

Umhlaza ubonakala ngathi wenzeka xa izinto zemvelo zeseli ziguquka. Oku kubangela ukuba iiseli zikhule ngaphandle kolawulo. Iiseli zahlula-hlulwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye azifi ngendlela eqhelekileyo.

Zininzi iintlobo zomhlaza. Umhlaza ungakhula phantse kulo naliphi na ilungu okanye izicwili, ezinje ngemiphunga, ikholoni, isifuba, ulusu, amathambo, okanye izicwili zemithambo-luvo.

Zininzi izinto ezinobungozi kumhlaza, kubandakanya:

• I-Benzene kunye nokunye ukuvezwa kweekhemikhali
• Ukusela kakhulu utywala
• Ityhefu yokusingqongileyo, enje ngamakhowa athile ayityhefu kunye nohlobo lwesikhunta olunokukhula kwizityalo zamandongomane zivelise ityhefu ebizwa ngokuba yi-aflatoxin
• Iingxaki zemfuza
• Ukutyeba kakhulu
• Ukuvezwa kwemitha
• Ukukhanya kakhulu lilanga
• Iintsholongwane

Unobangela wee-cancer ezininzi awukaziwa.

Unobangela oqhelekileyo wokufa okunxulumene nomhlaza ngumhlaza wemiphunga.

E-United States, umhlaza wolusu ngowona mhlaza ufumaneka kakhulu.

Kumadoda ase-US, ngaphandle komhlaza wolusu ezona mhlaza zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Umhlaza wedlala lobudoda
• Umhlaza wemiphunga
• Umhlaza womzimba

Kwabasetyhini baseMelika, ngaphandle komhlaza wolusu ezona ntlobo zintathu zomhlaza zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Umhlaza webele
• Umhlaza wemiphunga
• Umhlaza womzimba

Eminye imihlaza ixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi. Umzekelo, eJapan, zininzi iimeko zomhlaza wesisu. Kodwa e-United States, olu hlobo lomhlaza aluqhelekanga kakhulu. Umahluko kwindlela otya ngayo okanye kwimeko yokusingqongileyo inokudlala indima.

Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza zibandakanya:

• Umhlaza wobuchopho
• Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko
• IHodgkin lymphoma
• Umhlaza wezintso
• Ileukemia
• Umhlaza wesibindi
• I-non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Umhlaza we-Ovarian
• Umhlaza wepancreatic
• Umhlaza wamatyhalarha
• Umhlaza wedlala lengqula
• Umhlaza wesibeleko

Iimpawu zomhlaza zixhomekeka kudidi kunye nendawo ekuyo umhlaza. Umzekelo, umhlaza wemiphunga unokubangela ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla kancinci, okanye iintlungu esifubeni. Umhlaza wekolon uhlala ubangela urhudo, ukuqhina, okanye igazi esitulweni.

Eminye imihlaza ingabinayo nayiphi na impawu. Kwiminye imihlaza yomhlaza, njengomhlaza wepancreatic, iimpawu zihlala zingaqali de isifo sifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Ezi mpawu zilandelayo zinokwenzeka ngomhlaza:

• Ukugodola
• Ukudinwa
• Ifiva
• Ukuphelelwa ngumdla wokutya
• UMalaise
• Ukubila ebusuku
• Intlungu
• Ukuhla ukusinda

Njengeempawu, iimpawu zomhlaza ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo kunye nendawo yethumba. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• I-Biopsy yethumba
• Uvavanyo lwegazi (olujonga iikhemikhali ezinje ngeempawu zesisu)
• Umongo wethambo i-biopsy (ye-lymphoma okanye i-leukemia)
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• Gcwalisa ubalo lwegazi (CBC)
• Ukuskena i-CT
• Uvavanyo lomsebenzi wesibindi
• Ukuskena iMRI
• Ukuskena iPET

Uninzi lomhlaza lufunyaniswa yi-biopsy. Kuxhomekeka kwindawo yethumba, i-biopsy inokuba yinkqubo elula okanye utyando olukhulu. Uninzi lwabantu abanomhlaza bane-CT scans ukumisela eyona ndawo kunye nobungakanani besisu okanye tumors.

Ukuxilongwa ngumhlaza kuhlala kunzima ukujamelana nako. Kubalulekile ukuba uxoxe ngohlobo, ubungakanani, kunye nomhlaza kunye nomboneleli wakho wezempilo xa ufumanisa. Uya kufuna ukubuza malunga nokhetho kunyango, kunye nezibonelelo kunye nobungozi.

Ingumbono olungileyo ukuba nomntu onayo kwiofisi yomboneleli akuncede uphumelele kwaye uqonde isifo. Ukuba unengxaki yokubuza imibuzo emva kokuva ngoxilongo lwakho, umntu oza naye unokukucela.

Unyango luyahluka, ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomhlaza kunye nenqanaba lalo. Inqanaba lomhlaza libhekisa kubungakanani bokukhula kwalo nokuba eliqhuma lisasazekile ukusuka kwindawo yalo.

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwindawo enye kwaye awusasazekanga, eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yonyango luqhaqho lokunyanga umhlaza. Oku kuhlala kunjalo ngomhlaza wolusu, kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga, webele kunye nekholoni.
• Ukuba ithumba linwenwele kwii-lymph node kuphela, ngamanye amaxesha zinokususwa.
• Ukuba utyando alunakususa wonke umhlaza, ukhetho kunyango lunokubandakanya i-radiation, i-chemotherapy, i-immunotherapy, unyango lomhlaza ekujoliswe kulo, okanye ezinye iintlobo zonyango. Ezinye iicancer zifuna ukudityaniswa konyango. I-Lymphoma, okanye umhlaza we-lymph gland, awufane uphathwe ngotyando. I-Chemotherapy, i-immunotherapy, unyango lwe-radiation, kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango ezingasetyenziswa rhoqo.

Nangona unyango lomhlaza lunokuba nzima, zininzi iindlela zokugcina amandla akho.

Ukuba unyango lwe-radiation:

• Unyango luhlala lucwangcisiwe rhoqo ngeveki.
• Kuya kufuneka uvumele imizuzu engama-30 kwiseshoni nganye yonyango, nangona unyango ngokwalo ludla ngokuthatha nje imizuzu embalwa.
• Kuya kufuneka uphumle ngokwaneleyo kwaye utye ukutya okunesondlo ngexesha lokunyanga ngemitha.
• Ulusu kwindawo enyangiweyo lunokuba novakalelo kwaye lucaphuke lula.
• Ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango lwe-radiation zezokwexeshana. Ziyahlukahluka, kuxhomekeke kummandla womzimba ophathwayo.

Ukuba unayo ichemotherapy:

• Yitya ngokufanelekileyo.
• Fumana ukuphumla okuninzi, kwaye ungaziva ngathi kufuneka ufeze imisebenzi ngaxeshanye.
• Gwema abantu abanomkhuhlane okanye umkhuhlane. I-Chemotherapy inokubangela ukuba amajoni akho omzimba abe buthathaka.

Thetha nosapho, abahlobo, okanye iqela lenkxaso malunga neemvakalelo zakho. Sebenza kunye nababoneleli bakho kulo lonke unyango lwakho. Ukuzinceda kunokukwenza uzive ukwazi ukulawula.

Ukuchongwa nokunyangwa komhlaza kuhlala kubangela uxinzelelo oluninzi kwaye kunokuchaphazela ubomi bomntu bonke. Kukho izixhobo ezininzi kwizigulana ezinomhlaza.

Imbonakalo ixhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaza kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza xa ufunyanisiwe.

Eminye imihlaza iyanyangeka. Eminye imihlaza enganyangekiyo inokunyangwa ngokufanelekileyo. Abanye abantu banokuphila iminyaka emininzi benomhlaza. Amanye amathumba asongela ubomi ngokukhawuleza.

Iingxaki zixhomekeke kudidi kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza. Umhlaza unokusasazeka.

Nxibelelana nomboneleli wakho ukuba unempawu zomhlaza.

Unokuwunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana isifo somhlaza (esibi) ngokuthi:

• Ukutya ukutya okusempilweni
• Ukuzilolonga rhoqo
• Ukunciphisa umda utywala
• Ukugcina ubunzima obusempilweni
• Ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwakho kwimitha kunye neekhemikhali eziyityhefu
• Ukungatshayi okanye ukuhlafuna icuba
• Ukunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga, ngakumbi ukuba utshisa ngokulula

Ukuhlolwa komhlaza, njenge-mammografi kunye novavanyo lwebele lomhlaza webele kunye ne-colonoscopy yomhlaza wekolon, kunokunceda ukubamba le mhlaza kwinqanaba labo lokuqala xa inyangeka kakhulu. Abanye abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wokukhula komhlaza othile banokuthatha amayeza ukunciphisa umngcipheko.

ICarcinoma; Ithumba elibi

• Emva kwe-chemotherapy - ukukhutshwa

UDoroshow JH. Sondela kwisigulana esinomhlaza. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Umhla wama-25. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; Ngo-2016: isahluko 179.

Kwiwebhusayithi yeZiko loMhlaza weSizwe. I-Chemotherapy kunye nawe: inkxaso kubantu abanomhlaza. www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you nawe. Ukuhlaziywa kukaSeptemba 2018. Ifikeleleke ngoFebruwari 6, 2019.

Kwiwebhusayithi yeZiko loMhlaza weSizwe. Unyango ngemitha kunye nawe: inkxaso yabantu abanomhlaza. www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-kunye nawe. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Okthobha ka-2016. Kufikeleleke ngoFebruwari 6, 2019.

UNiederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, ii-eds. I-Oncology yeklinikhi yase-Abeloff. Umhla we-5. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; Ngo-2014.

I-Siegel RL, iMiller KD, iJemal A. Amanani omhlaza, i-2019. Umhlaza kwi-CA. 2019; 69 (1): 7-34. IINKCUKACHA: 30620402 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30620402.