Uphuhliso lwabantwana abaselula

Abantwana abancinci baneminyaka eli-1 ukuya kwe-3 ubudala.

IINKCUKACHA ZOPHUHLISO LWABANTWANA

Ukuqonda (ukucinga) izakhono zophuhliso eziqhelekileyo kubantwana abancinci zibandakanya:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwangoko kwezixhobo okanye izixhobo
• Ukulandela ukubonwa (emva koko, okungabonakaliyo) ukufuduka (ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye) kwezinto
• Ukuqonda ukuba izinto kunye nabantu bakhona, nokuba awukwazi ukuzibona (into kunye nokusisigxina kwabantu)

Ukukhula komntu kunye nokwasekuhlaleni kule minyaka kugxile ekufundeni komntwana ukulungelelanisa neemfuno zoluntu. Kule nqanaba, abantwana bazama ukugcina ukuzimela kunye nokuzithemba.

Ezi zinto zibalulekileyo ziqhelekile kubantwana abakumanqanaba okuhamba. Kukho umahluko. Thetha nomboneleli wakho wezempilo ukuba unemibuzo malunga nokukhula komntwana wakho.

UKUPHUHLISWA KOMZIMBA

Oku kulandelayo yimpawu zokukhula komzimba kulindelekile.

IZAKHONO ZENQWELO-MAFUTHA (ukusetyenziswa kwezihlunu ezinkulu emilenzeni nasezingalweni)

• Ima yodwa kakuhle ngeenyanga ezili-12.
• Uhamba kakuhle ngeenyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15. (Ukuba umntwana akahambi ngeenyanga ezili-18, thetha nomboneleli.)
• Ufunda ukuhamba umva kunye namanyathelo ngoncedo malunga neenyanga ezili-16 ukuya kwezili-18.
• Ukutsiba endaweni malunga neenyanga ezingama-24.
• Uhamba ngebhayisikile enamavili amathathu kwaye umi kancinci ngonyawo ngalunye malunga neenyanga ezingama-36.

IZAKHONO ZEMOTO EZILUNGILEYO (ukusetyenziswa kwezihlunu ezincinci ezandleni naseminwe)

• Yenza inqaba yeetyhubhu ezine ngeenxa zonke iinyanga ezingama-24
• Ubhala iinyanga ezili-15 ukuya kwezi-18
• Ungasebenzisa icephe ngeenyanga ezingama-24
• Unokukopa isangqa ngeenyanga ezingama-24

UPHUHLISO LWEELWIMI

• Sebenzisa amagama ama-2 ukuya kwayi-3 (ngaphandle kuka-mama okanye u-dada) kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15
• Ukuqonda kwaye ulandele imiyalelo elula (enje ngo "kuzisa umama") kwiinyanga ezili-14 ukuya kwezi-16
• Amagama emifanekiso yezinto kunye nezilwanyana kwiinyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwezi-24
• Amanqaku kwindawo ezinamalungu omzimba kwiinyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwezi-24
• Iqala ukuphendula xa ibizwa ngegama kwiinyanga ezili-15
• Ukudibanisa amagama ama-2 kwiinyanga ezili-16 ukuya kwezingama-24 (Kukho uluhlu lweminyaka apho abantwana beqala khona ukudibanisa amagama kwizivakalisi. Thetha nomboneleli womntwana wakho ukuba umntwana omncinci akakwazi ukwenza izivakalisi ngeenyanga ezingama-24.
• Uyazi ngesondo kunye nobudala ngeenyanga ezingama-36

UPHUHLISO LOLUNTU

• Ibonisa iimfuno ezithile ngokukhomba kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15
• Ukhangela uncedo xa usengxakini ngeenyanga ezili-18
• Inceda ukukhulula kwaye ubeke izinto kude ngeenyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwezi-24
• Ukumamela amabali xa kubonisiwe imifanekiso kwaye unokubalisa ngamava akutshanje ngeenyanga ezingama-24
• Unokuthatha inxaxheba ekuzenziseni ukudlala kunye nemidlalo elula ngeenyanga ezingama-24 ukuya kwezi-36

INDLELA YOKUZIPHATHA

Iintsana zihlala zizama ukuzimela ngakumbi. Unokuba neenkxalabo ngokhuseleko kunye nemingeni yokuziphatha. Fundisa umntwana wakho imida yokuziphatha efanelekileyo ngokuchasene nokuziphatha okungalunganga.

Xa abantwana abancinci bezama ukwenza imisebenzi emitsha, banokukhathazeka kwaye babe nomsindo. Ukuphefumla, ukukhala, ukukhala, kunye nomsindo kusenokwenzeka.

Kubalulekile ukuba umntwana kwesi sigaba:

• Funda kumava
• Thembela kwimida phakathi kweendlela zokuziphatha ezamkelekileyo nezingamkelekanga

UKHUSELEKO

Ukhuseleko lwabantwana kubaluleke kakhulu.

• Yazi ukuba umntwana ngoku unokuhamba, abaleke, akhwele, atsibe, ajonge. Ukuqinisekisa ubungqina bekhaya kubaluleke kakhulu kweli nqanaba litsha. Fakela oonogada befestile, amasango kwizinyuko, iitshixo zekhabhathi, izitshixo zezihlalo zangasese, izigqumathelo zombane, nezinye izinto ezikhuselekileyo ukugcina umntwana ekhuselekile.
• Beka umntwana omncinci kwisitulo semoto xa ukhwele emotweni.
• Sukushiya umntwana ehamba yedwa nokuba lifutshane ixesha. Khumbula, iingozi ezininzi zenzeka ebusaneni kunalo naliphi na elinye ixesha lobuntwana.
• Yenza imigaqo ecacileyo malunga nokungadlali ezitalatweni okanye ukuwela ngaphandle komntu omdala.
• Ukuwa kungoyena nobangela wokulimala. Gcina amasango okanye iingcango kwizinyuko zivaliwe. Sebenzisa oonogada kuzo zonke iifestile ngaphezulu komgangatho womhlaba. Musa ukushiya izitulo okanye ileli kwiindawo ezinokuhenda umntwana omncinci. Banokuzama ukunyuka ukuze bajonge ukuphakama okutsha. Sebenzisa oonogada bembombo kwifenitshala kwiindawo apho umntwana angakwazi ukuhamba, ukudlala, okanye ukubaleka.
• Ityhefu ngunobangela oqhelekileyo wokugula komntwana oselula kunye nokufa. Gcina onke amayeza kwikhabhathi etshixiweyo. Gcina yonke imveliso yekhaya enetyhefu (ipolishe, iiasidi, izisombululo zokucoca, iklorine bleach, ulwelo olukhanyayo, izinambuzane, okanye ityhefu) kwikhabhathi etshixiweyo okanye ekhabhathini. Uninzi lwezityalo ezisendlwini kunye nasegadini, ezinje ngezitokisi zamaseles, zinokubangela ukugula kakhulu okanye ukufa xa kutyiwe Buza umboneleli womntwana wakho uluhlu lwezityalo eziqhelekileyo ezinobuthi.
• Ukuba kukho umpu endlwini, gcina ungakhululwanga kwaye uzivalele kwindawo ekhuselekileyo.
• Gcina abantwana abasuka ekhitshini ngesango lokhuseleko. Beka kwindawo yokudlala okanye kwisitulo esiphezulu ngelixa usebenza. Oku kuya kuphelisa ingozi yokutsha.
• Ungaze ushiye umntwana engahoywanga kufutshane nephuli, indlu yangasese evulekileyo, okanye ibhafu. Umntwana osakhasayo angarhaxwa, nkqu nakumanzi angekho nzulu ebhafini. Izifundo zokuqubha komzali nomntwana kunokuba yindlela ekhuselekileyo neyonwabisayo yabantwana abadlala emanzini. Abantwana abasakwazi ukufunda ukudada kwaye abanakuba bodwa bodwa kufutshane namanzi.

IINGCEBISO ZOKUKHULISA ABAZALI

• Abantwana abasafundayo kufuneka bafunde imigaqo eyamkelekileyo yokuziphatha. Yiba rhoqo kuzo zombini iindlela zokuziphatha (uziphathe ngendlela ofuna ukuba umntwana wakho aziphathe ngayo) kunye nokubonisa ukungaziphathi kakuhle emntwaneni. Umvuzo wokuziphatha kakuhle. Banike ixesha lokuphuma lokuziphatha gwenxa, okanye lokugqitha kwimida ebekiweyo.
• Igama elithandwayo ngumntwana oselula linokubonakala ngathi "HAYI !!!" Sukuwela kumzekelo wokuziphatha gwenxa. Sukusebenzisa ukukhwaza, ukubetha, kunye nezisongelo zokumqeqesha umntwana.
• Fundisa abantwana amagama afanelekileyo amalungu omzimba.
• Uxinzelelo lweempawu ezizodwa zomntu ngamnye.
• Fundisa umxholo wokukholisa, enkosi, kunye nokwabelana nabanye.
• Mfundele umntwana rhoqo. Oku kuya kunceda ukuphuhlisa izakhono zomlomo.
• Ukuhamba rhoqo sisitshixo. Utshintsho olukhulu kwinkqubo yabo kunzima kubo. Bavumele ukuba balale rhoqo, balale, batye kunye namaxesha okutya.
• Abantwana abancinci akufuneki bavunyelwe ukuba batye amashwamshwam amaninzi imini yonke. Ukutya okutyiwa kakhulu kunokususa umnqweno wokutya ukutya okunezondlo rhoqo.
• Ukuhamba nomntwana omncinci okanye iindwendwe endlwini kunokuphazamisa indlela aqhele ukwenza ngayo umntwana. Oku kunokwenza umntwana acaphuke ngakumbi. Kule meko, qinisekisa umntwana kwaye uzame ukubuyela kwisiqhelo ngendlela ezolileyo.

• Uphuhliso lwabantwana abaselula

Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo lwewebhusayithi. Amanqanaba abalulekileyo: umntwana wakho kwiminyaka emibini. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-2yr.html. Ukuhlaziywa ngoDisemba 9, 2019. Ifikeleleke ngo-Matshi 18, 2020.

UCarter RG, Feigelman S. Unyaka wesibini. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 23.

UFeldman HM, uChaves-Gnecco D. Uphuhliso / indlela yokuziphatha kwabantwana. Ku: Zitelli BJ, McIntire SC, Nowalk AJ, ii-eds. UZitelli no-Davis ’Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 3.

IHazen EP, iAbrams AN, iMuriel AC. Umntwana, ukukhula, kunye nokukhula kwabantu abadala. Ku: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, ii-eds. Isibhedlele saseMassachusetts Jikelele esiBanzi seNyango yoNyango. Ngomhla wesi-2. Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 5.

Reimschisel T. Ukulibaziseka kophuhliso lwehlabathi kunye nokuhlehla. Ku: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, ii-eds. I-Neurology kaBradley kwiKlinikhi yokuziqhelanisa. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahl 8.

Ngameva J. Uphuhliso, isimilo, kunye nempilo yengqondo. Ku: Isibhedlele saseJohn Hopkins; IHughes HK, Kahl LK, ii-eds. Isibhedlele saseJohns Hopkins: Incwadana yeHarriet Lane. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 9.