Ukukhula kwabantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo

Ukukhula komntwana ofikelela kubudala bokuhamba isikolo kuchaza amandla okulindeleka emzimbeni, ngokweemvakalelo nangokwengqondo yabantwana abaneminyaka emi-6 ukuya kweli-12.

UKUPHUHLISWA KOMZIMBA

Abantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo bahlala benobuchule obugudileyo nobomeleleyo bezithuthi. Nangona kunjalo, ukulungelelaniswa kwabo (ngakumbi isandla seso), unyamezelo, ukulinganisela kunye namandla omzimba ayahluka.

Izakhono zemoto ezintle zinokwahluka kakhulu. Ezi zakhono zinokuchaphazela amandla omntwana okubhala ngokucocekileyo, anxibe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye enze imisebenzi ethile, enjengokwenza iibhedi okanye ukuhlamba izitya.

Kuya kubakho umohluko omkhulu kubude, ubunzima, kunye nokwakha phakathi kwabantwana beli banga lobudala. Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba imvelaphi yemfuza, kunye nokutya kunye nokuzilolonga, kunokuchaphazela ukukhula komntwana.

Imvakalelo yomzimba womzimba iqala ukukhula malunga neminyaka eyi-6. Imikhwa yokuhlala nabantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo inxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko wokutyeba kakhulu kunye nesifo sentliziyo kubantu abadala. Abantwana abakule minyaka yobudala kufuneka bafumane iyure e-1 yokwenza umthambo ngosuku.

Kunokubakho umahluko omkhulu kubudala apho abantwana baqala khona ukukhulisa iimpawu zesini zesibini. Kumantombazana, iimpawu zesini zesibini zibandakanya:

• Ukukhula kwebele
• Ukukhula kweenwele ezingaphantsi nangaphantsi

Kubafana, baquka:

• Ukukhula kwekhwapha, isifuba kunye neenwele zasesidlangalaleni
• Ukukhula kwamasende kunye nelungu lobudoda

ISIKOLO

Ngeminyaka emi-5, uninzi lwabantwana sele bekulungele ukuqala ukufunda kwimeko yesikolo. Iminyaka embalwa yokuqala kugxilwe ekufundeni iziseko.

Kwinqanaba lesithathu, ukugxila kuya kusiba nzima. Ukufunda kuba ngakumbi ngomxholo kunokuchonga iileta namagama.

Ukukwazi ukuthathela ingqalelo kubalulekile kwimpumelelo esikolweni nasekhaya. Umntwana oneminyaka emi-6 ubudala kufuneka abe nakho ukugxila emsebenzini ubuncinci imizuzu eli-15. Ngeminyaka eli-9 ubudala, umntwana kufuneka abe nakho ukugxila ingqalelo kangangeyure.

Kubalulekile ukuba umntwana afunde ukujongana nokusilela okanye ukukhathazeka ngaphandle kokuphulukana nokuzithemba. Zininzi izizathu zokungaphumeleli kwesikolo, kubandakanya:

• Ukukhubazeka ekufundeni, ukukhubazeka kokufunda
• Uxinzelelo, njengokuxhaphaza
• Imicimbi yezempilo yengqondo, enje ngoxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo

Ukuba ukrokrela nayiphi na kwezi kumntwana wakho, thetha notitshala womntwana wakho okanye umboneleli wezempilo.

UPHUHLISO LWEELWIMI

Abantwana abakwiminyaka yokuqala yesikolo kufuneka babe nakho ukusebenzisa izivakalisi ezilula, kodwa ezizeleyo, eziqulethe umndilili wamagama ama-5 ukuya kwasi-7. Njengokuba umntwana esiya kwiminyaka yamabanga aphantsi, igrama kunye nokubiza amagama kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Abantwana basebenzisa izivakalisi ezimbaxa njengoko bekhula.

Ukulibaziseka kolwimi kunokuba ngenxa yeengxaki zokuva okanye zobukrelekrele. Ukongeza, abantwana abangakwaziyo ukuthetha kakuhle banokuba kwimeko yokuziphatha kakubi okanye ukuba nomsindo.

Umntwana oneminyaka emi-6 ubudala ngesiqhelo unokulandela uthotho lwemiyalelo emi-3 ngokulandelelana. Ngeminyaka eli-10, uninzi lwabantwana lunokulandela imiyalelo emi-5 ngokulandelelana. Abantwana abanengxaki kule ndawo banokuzama ukuyigubungela nge-backtalk okanye ngokuhlekisa ngeenxa zonke. Kunqabile ukuba bacele uncedo kuba boyika ukugezelwa.

INDLELA YOKUZIPHATHA

Izikhalazo eziqhelekileyo zomzimba (ezinjengomqala obuhlungu, isisu esibuhlungu, okanye ingalo okanye iintlungu emlenzeni) kunokuba ngenxa yokwanda komzimba womntwana. Nangona kungekho bungqina obuphathekayo bezikhalazo, izikhalazo kufuneka ziphandwe ukuthintela iimeko zempilo ezinokubakho. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa umntwana ukuba umzali ukhathazekile ngentlalo-ntle yakhe.

Ukwamkelwa koontanga kubaluleke ngakumbi ngexesha lokuhamba isikolo. Abantwana banokuthatha inxaxheba kwiindlela ezithile zokuziphatha ukuze babe yinxalenye "yeqela." Ukuthetha ngezi ndlela zokuziphatha nomntwana wakho kuyakuvumela umntwana ukuba azive amkelekile kwiqela, ngaphandle kokuwela imida yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yosapho.

Ubuhlobo kule minyaka buhlala ikakhulu kubantu besini esifanayo. Ngapha koko, abantwana abancinci abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo bahlala bethetha ngabantu besini esahlukileyo njengabantu "abangaqhelekanga" okanye "aboyikekayo." Abantwana bayayeka ukujongela phantsi abantu besini esahlukileyo njengoko besondela kwinqanaba lokufikisa.

Ukuxoka, ukukopela, nokuba zonke ziyimizekelo yokuziphatha ukuba abantwana abakwiminyaka yokuya esikolweni "banokuzama" njengoko befunda indlela yokuxoxisana ngokulindelweyo kunye nemithetho ebekwe kubo lusapho, abahlobo, isikolo kunye noluntu. Abazali kufuneka bajongane nezi ndlela zokuziphatha ngasese kunye nomntwana wabo (ukwenzela ukuba abahlobo bomntwana bangabagculeli). Abazali kufuneka babonise ukuxolelwa, kwaye bohlwaye ngendlela enxulumene nokuziphatha.

Kubalulekile ukuba umntwana afunde ukujongana nokusilela okanye unxunguphalo ngaphandle kokuphulukana nokuzithemba.

UKHUSELEKO

Ukhuseleko lubalulekile kubantwana abahamba isikolo.

• Abantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo bakhuthele kakhulu. Bafuna imisebenzi yomzimba kunye nokwamkelwa ngoontanga, kwaye bafuna ukuzama iindlela zokuziphatha ezinesibindi kunye nokuzonwabisa.
• Abantwana kufuneka bafundiswe ukudlala imidlalo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo, ezikhuselekileyo, ezibekwe esweni, ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nemithetho. Iibhayisikile, iibhodi zokutyibilika kwizikeyiti, iziketi ezisemgceni, kunye nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo zemidlalo zokuzonwabisa kufuneka zilingane nomntwana. Kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela ngelixa zilandela imigaqo yezithuthi kunye neenyawo, kwaye ngelixa zisebenzisa izixhobo zokhuselo ezinje ngamadolo, ingqiniba, iiphedi zesihlahla okanye izihlangu zezilima, kunye neminqwazi. Izixhobo zemidlalo akufuneki zisetyenziswe ebusuku okanye kwiimeko zemozulu ezibi kakhulu.
• Ukuqubha kunye nezifundo zokhuselo lwamanzi kunokunceda ukuthintela ukuntywila.
• Imiyalelo yokhuseleko ngokubhekisele kwimatshisi, ilayita, ukosa inyama, izitovu kunye nemililo evulekileyo ingathintela ukutsha okukhulu.
• Ukunxiba amabhanti esihlalo yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuthintela ukwenzakala okanye ukufa ngenxa yengozi yemoto.

IINGCEBISO ZOKUKHULISA ABAZALI

• Ukuba ukukhula komzimba womntwana wakho kubonakala kungaphandle kwesiqhelo, thetha nomboneleli wakho.
• Ukuba izakhono zolwimi zibonakala ngathi zisalele, cela intetho kunye novavanyo lweelwimi.
• Gcina unxibelelwano olusondeleyo nootitshala, abanye abasebenzi besikolo, kunye nabazali babahlobo bomntwana wakho ukuze wazi iingxaki ezinokubakho.
• Khuthaza abantwana ukuba bathethe ngokuphandle kwaye bathethe ngezinto ezibaxhalabisayo ngaphandle kokoyika ukohlwaywa.
• Ngelixa ukhuthaza abantwana ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kumava ahlukeneyo entlalontle nasemzimbeni, ulumke ungazicwangcisi ixesha elingaphaya. Ukudlala ngokukhululekileyo okanye ngokulula, ixesha elizolileyo libalulekile ukuze umntwana angazisoli ukuba uza kwenza.
• Abantwana namhlanje bavezwa, ngamajelo eendaba noontanga babo, kwimicimbi emininzi ejongene nobundlobongela, isini kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi. Xoxa ngale micimbi ngokukhululekileyo nabantwana bakho ukuze babelane ngezinto ezixhalabisayo okanye nilungise iingcamango eziphosakeleyo. Kuya kufuneka ubeke imida yokuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana baya kuvezwa kwimiba ethile kuphela xa sele bekulungele.
• Khuthaza abantwana ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eyakhayo efana nezemidlalo, iiklabhu, ubugcisa, umculo kunye neeklabhu. Ukungasebenzi kule minyaka kwandisa umngcipheko wokutyeba kakhulu ebomini. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ungamcwangcisi ngaphezulu umntwana wakho. Zama ukufumana ibhalansi phakathi kwexesha losapho, umsebenzi wesikolo, ukudlala ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nemisebenzi eyakhiweyo.
• Abantwana abahamba isikolo kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yosapho, enjengokubeka itafile kunye nokucoca.
• Nciphisa ixesha lesikrini (umabonwakude kunye neminye imithombo yeendaba) kwiiyure ezi-2 ngosuku.

Kulungile umntwana uneminyaka emi-6 ukuya kweli-12

• Ukukhula komntwana kubudala bokufunda

IAmerican Academy yePediatrics iwebhusayithi. Iingcebiso zokhathalelo lwempilo yabantwana. www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/periodicity_schedule.pdf. Ukuhlaziywa ngoFebruwari 2017. Kufikeleleke ngoNovemba 14, 2018.

UFiigelman S. Ubuntwana obuphakathi. Ku: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla we-20. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 13.

UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM. Uphuhliso oluqhelekileyo. Ku: UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM, ii-eds. UNelson oBalulekileyo kwiPediatrics. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2019: isahluko 7.