IAgraphia: Xa ukuBhala akukho lula njenge-ABC

Umxholo

• Yintoni iAgraphia?
• I-Agraphia ngokuchasene neAlexia vs. Aphasia
• Zithini iintlobo ze-agraphia?
• I-agraphia esembindini
• Nzulu agraphia
• UAlexia ene-agraphia
• I-agraphia yesicatshulwa
• I-agraphia yezandi
• Isifo sikaGerstmann
• Umda we-agraphia
• Iapraxic agraphia
• I-Visuospatial agraphia
• Ukuphindaphinda i-agraphia
• IDysexecutive agraphia
• I-agraphia yomculo
• Yintoni ebangela iagraphia?
• Ukubetha
• Ukonzakala kwengqondo ebuhlungu
• Isifo sengqondo esiyingozi
• Izilonda eziqhelekileyo
• Ifunyaniswa njani i-agraphia?
• Yintoni unyango lwe-agraphia?
• Umgca wezantsi

Khawufane ucinge ngokuthatha uluhlu lwezinto ozifunayo kwivenkile kwaye ufumane ukuba awunalwazi lokuba ngoonobumba abaphi abapela igama isonka.

Okanye ukubhala ileta esuka entliziyweni kwaye ufumanise ukuba amagama owabhalileyo awanangqondo komnye umntu. Khawufane ulibale ukuba sisiphi isandi sonobumba "Z" yenza.

Le nto yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-agraphia, okanye ukuphulukana nokubanakho ukunxibelelana ngokubhaliweyo, okuvela kumonakalo kwingqondo.

Yintoni iAgraphia?

Ukubhala, kuya kufuneka ubenakho ukwenza kunye nokudibanisa uninzi lwezakhono ezahlukeneyo.

Ingqondo yakho kufuneka ikwazi ukuqhubekeka nolwimi. Ngamanye amagama, kuya kufuneka ukwazi ukuguqula iingcinga zakho zibe ngamagama.

Kuya kufuneka ubenakho:

• khetha oonobumba abafanelekileyo ukupela amagama
• Cwangcisa indlela yokuzoba iisimboli zemizobo esiyibiza ngoonobumba
• zikopishe ngokomzimba wakho

Ngelixa ukopa oonobumba, kuya kufuneka ubenakho ukubona ukuba ubhala ntoni ngoku kwaye ucwangcise into oza kuyibhala ngokulandelayo.

I-Agraphia yenzeka xa nayiphi na indawo yengqondo yakho ebandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokubhala yonakele okanye yenzakele.

Kuba ulwimi oluthethwayo nolubhaliweyo luveliswa ziinethiwekhi ezinxibelelana ngokuxakekileyo kwingqondo, abantu abane-agraphia bahlala bekwanokuphazamiseka kolwimi.

Abantu abane-agraphia bahlala bekwanobunzima bokufunda okanye ukuthetha ngokuchanekileyo.

I-Agraphia ngokuchasene neAlexia vs. Aphasia

I-Agraphia kukuphulukana nokubanakho ukubhala. I-Aphasia ihlala ibhekisa ekuphulukaneni nobuchule bokuthetha. UAlexia, kwelinye icala, kukuphulukana namandla okuqonda amagama owakha wafunda. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-alexia ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba "kukungaboni ngelizwi."

Zonke ezi zinto zintathu zokuphazamiseka zibangelwa ngumonakalo kumaziko okulungisa ulwimi kwingqondo.

Zithini iintlobo ze-agraphia?

Indlela i-agraphia ejongeka ngayo iyahluka ngokommandla wobuchopho owonakalisiweyo.

I-Agraphia inokuqhekeka ngokwamacandelo amabini abanzi:

• embindini
• peripheral

Inokuphinda yahlulwe-hlulwe ngokungqinelana nokuba yeyiphi na inkqubo ebhaliweyo engalunganga.

I-agraphia esembindini

I-agraphia esembindini ibhekisa ekulahlekelweni kokubhala okususela kukungasebenzi kakuhle kulwimi, ekubonakaleni, okanye kumaziko emoto yengqondo.

Kuxhomekeka ekubeni ukwenzakala kukuphi, abantu abane-agraphia esembindini abanakho ukubhala amagama aqondakalayo. Ukubhala kwabo kunokuba neempazamo zopelo rhoqo, okanye is syntax inokuba yingxaki.

Iifom ezithile ze-agraphia esembindini zibandakanya:

Nzulu agraphia

Ukwenzakala kwilungu lasekhohlo leparietali yobuchopho ngamanye amaxesha kuyonakalisa ukukwazi ukukhumbula indlela yokupela amagama. Obu buchule baziwa njengememori yokubhala.

Nge-agraphia enzulu, umntu akoneli nje ukukhumbula upelo lwegama, kodwa banokuba nobunzima bokukhumbula indlela "yokulivakalisa" igama.

Obu buchule baziwa ngokuba sisakhono sefowuni. I-agraphia enzulu ikwabonakaliswa ziimpazamo ze-semantic-amagama adidayo aneentsingiselo ezinxulumene-umzekelo, ukubhala umatiloshe ngaphandle kwe ulwandle.

UAlexia ene-agraphia

Esi sifo sidala ukuba abantu baphulukane nobuchule bokufunda nokubhala. Basenokukwazi ukulikhwaza igama, kodwa abanakukwazi ukufikelela kwinxalenye yememori yabo yokubhala apho kugcinwa khona oonobumba begama.

Amagama anokupela okungaqhelekanga ahlala enengxaki kunamagama alandela iipateni zopelo ezilula.

I-agraphia yesicatshulwa

Esi sifo sidibanisa ukulahleka kwamandla okupela amagama angapelwanga ngefowuni.

Abantu abakolu hlobo lwe-agraphia abasakwazi kupela amagama angaqhelekanga.La ngamagama asebenzisa inkqubo yohlelo lopelo endaweni yenkqubo yopelo lwefowuni.

I-agraphia yezandi

Esi sifo sisichasi se-agraphia ene-lexical.

Isakhono sokukhwaza igama sonakalisiwe. Ukupela igama ngokuchanekileyo, umntu one-phonological agraphia kufuneka exhomekeke kupelo lwentloko.

Abantu abanale ngxaki abanangxaki yokubhala amagama aneentsingiselo eziphathekayo ezifana intlanzi okanye itafile, ngelixa banexesha elinzima ukubhala iikhonsepthi ezinje nge ukholo kwaye imbeko.

Isifo sikaGerstmann

Isifo sikaGerstmann sineempawu ezine:

• umnwe agnosia (ukungakwazi ukubona iminwe)
• ukudideka ngasekhohlo
• iphe
• i-acalculia (ukulahleka kwamandla okwenza imisebenzi elula yamanani njengokongeza okanye ukukhupha)

Isifo esi sivela ngenxa yomonakalo kwi-angular gyrus yasekhohlo, ihlala ibangelwa sistroke.

Kodwa ikwanomonakalo obanzi wobuchopho ngenxa yeemeko ezinje:

• ilupus
• utywala
• ityhefu yekharbon monoksayidi
• ukubonakaliswa okugqithisileyo ekukhokeleni

Umda we-agraphia

I-Peripheral agraphia ibhekisa ekuphulukaneni nobuchule bokubhala. Ngelixa kubangelwa ukonakala kwengqondo, ngempazamo kunokubonakala kunxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi weemoto okanye umbono obonakalayo.

Kubandakanya ukuphulukana nobuchule bokuqonda bokukhetha kunye nokudibanisa oonobumba ukwenza amagama.

Iapraxic agraphia

Ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba "acocekileyo" agraphia, apraxic agraphia kukuphulukana nokubhala xa usakwazi ukufunda nokuthetha.

Esi sigulo ngamanye amaxesha xa kukho isilonda okanye ukopha kwilobhu yangaphambili, iparietal lobe, okanye i-lobe yexeshana yengqondo okanye kwi-thalamus.

Abaphandi bakholelwa ekubeni i-apraxic agraphia ibangela ukuba ulahlekelwe lufikelelo kwiindawo zobuchopho bakho ezikuvumela ukuba ucwangcise iintshukumo ekufuneka uzenzile ukuze uzobe iimilo zoonobumba.

I-Visuospatial agraphia

Xa umntu ene-visuospatial agraphia, abanakukwazi ukugcina ukubhala kwabo ngesandla kuthe tyaba.

Banokubeka amaqela amagama ngokungachanekanga (umzekelo, ukubhala Ia msomeb ody ngaphandle kwe Ndingomnye umntu). Okanye banokugcina ukubhalwa kwabo kwikota enye yephepha.

Ngamanye amaxesha, abantu abanolu hlobo lwe-agraphia bashiya oonobumba kumagama okanye bongeze imivumbo koonobumba abathile njengoko bebabhala. I-Visuospatial agraphia inxulunyaniswa nomonakalo kwi-hemisphere yasekunene yengqondo.

Ukuphindaphinda i-agraphia

Ikwabizwa ngokuba kukuphinda-phinda i-agraphia, oku kuphazamiseka kokubhala kubangela ukuba abantu baphindaphinde iileta, amagama, okanye iinxalenye zamagama njengoko bebhala.

IDysexecutive agraphia

Olu hlobo lwe-agraphia lunempawu ze-aphasia (ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi kwintetho) kunye ne-apraxic agraphia. Inxulunyaniswa nesifo sika-Parkinson okanye ukonakala kumphambili wobuchopho.

Kuba inxulunyaniswa neengxaki zokubhala ezinxulumene nokucwangcisa, ukuququzelela, kunye nokugxila, ethathwa njengemisebenzi yesigqeba, olu hlobo lokuphazamiseka kokubhala ngamanye amaxesha lubizwa.

I-agraphia yomculo

Rhoqo, umntu owakha wakwazi ukubhala umculo uphulukana nobuchule ngenxa yokwenzakala kwengqondo.

Kwingxelo ka-2000, utitshala wepiyano owayenziwe utyando lwengqondo waphulukana namandla akhe okubhala amagama kunye nomculo.

Amandla akhe okubhala amagama kunye nezivakalisi ekugqibeleni abuyiselwa, kodwa amandla akhe okubhala iingoma kunye nezingqisho azange ziphinde zibuye.

Yintoni ebangela iagraphia?

Ukugula okanye ukwenzakala okuchaphazela iindawo zobuchopho ezichaphazelekayo kwinkqubo yokubhala kunokukhokelela kwi-agraphia.

Izakhono zolwimi zifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi zecala eliphambili lobuchopho (icala eliphambeneyo nesandla sakho esiphambili), kwi-parietal, ngaphambili, kunye ne-lobes yexeshana.

Amaziko olwimi kwingqondo anonxibelelwano lwe-neural phakathi komnye nomnye olungiselela ulwimi. Ukonakala kwamaziko olwimi okanye unxibelelwano phakathi kwawo kunokubangela i-agraphia.

Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ze-agraphia ziquka:

Ukubetha

Xa ukunikezelwa kwegazi kwiindawo zolwimi kwengqondo yakho kuphazamiseka yistroke, ungaphulukana namandla akho okubhala. Bafumanise ukuba ukuphazamiseka kolwimi sisiphumo esibuhlungu sokubethwa sistroke.

Ukonzakala kwengqondo ebuhlungu

Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo (CDC) ukwenzakala kwengqondo okubuhlungu njenge "bump, blow, or jolt to the head that disrupt the function of the brain."

Nakuphi na ukwenzakala okunjalo okuchaphazela indawo yolwimi ebuchotsheni, nokuba kungenxa yokuwa eshawa, ingozi yemoto, okanye ukubethabethana kwibala lebhola, kunokubangela i-agraphia yethutyana okanye esisigxina.

Isifo sengqondo esiyingozi

I-Agraphia eya isiba mandundu ngakumbi kukuba, abanye bakholelwa, yenye yeempawu zokuqala zesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo.

Ngeentlobo ezininzi zesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo, kubandakanya ne-Alzheimer's, abantu abaphulukani nesakhono sokunxibelelana ngokucacileyo ngokubhaliweyo, kodwa banokuphuhlisa iingxaki ngokufunda nokuthetha njengoko imeko yabo iqhubeka.

Oku kuhlala kwenzeka ngenxa ye-atrophy (ukuncipha) kweendawo zolwimi kwingqondo.

Izilonda eziqhelekileyo

Isilonda yindawo yethishu engaqhelekanga okanye umonakalo ngaphakathi kwengqondo. Izilonda zingaphazamisa ukusebenza kwesiqhelo kwindawo ezivele kuyo.

Oogqirha kwikliniki yaseMayo bathi izilonda zobuchopho kwizizathu ezininzi, kubandakanya:

• amathumba
• imithambo
• Imithambo engalunganga
• iimeko ezinjenge-multiple sclerosis kunye ne-stroke

Ukuba isilonda senzeka kwingingqi yengqondo ekunceda ukuba ubhale, i-agraphia inokuba yenye yeempawu.

Ifunyaniswa njani i-agraphia?

I-computed tomography (CT), i-imaging resonance imaging ephezulu (i-MRI) kunye ne-positron emission technology (PET) iskena ukunceda oogqirha babone ukonakala kwiindawo zobuchopho apho kukho amaziko okulungisa ulwimi.

Ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho lufihlekile kwaye alunakufunyanwa kwezi mvavanyo. Ugqirha wakho unokukunika iimvavanyo zokufunda, ukubhala, okanye zokuthetha ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo zolwimi ezinokuba ziphazamisekile ngokwenzakala kwakho.

Yintoni unyango lwe-agraphia?

Kwiimeko ezinzima apho ukwenzakala kwengqondo kusisigxina, akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo inqanaba lomntu langaphambili lobuchule bokubhala.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho uphando oluthile olubonisa ukuba xa ukubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo kubandakanya iindlela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zolwimi, iziphumo zokubuyisela zingcono kunokuba kusetyenziswe isicwangciso esinye.

Ngomnye u-2013 wafumanisa ukuba izakhono zokubhala ziphucukile kubantu abane-alexia ene-agraphia xa babeneeseshoni zonyango ezininzi apho babefunda isicatshulwa esifanayo kaninzi de babe bekwazi ukufunda amagama apheleleyo endaweni yeleta ngoonobumba.

Isicwangciso sokufunda sasibhangqiwe kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokupela apho abathathi-nxaxheba banokusebenzisa isixhobo sopelo ukubanceda babone kwaye balungise iimpazamo zabo zopelo.

Abanyangi bokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo banokusebenzisa indibaniselwano yokubonisa amagama, izixhobo ze-mnemonic, kunye neanagrams ukunceda abantu bafunde kwakhona.

Banokusebenzisa upelo kunye nokubhala izivakalisi kunye nokufunda ngomlomo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nopelo ukulungisa ukusilela kwiindawo ezininzi ngaxeshanye.

Abanye baye baphumelela ekusebenziseni i-drill ukuqinisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwezandi zamagama (iifonim) kunye nokwaziswa koonobumba abamele izandi (iigraphhemes).

Ezi ndlela zinokunceda ukuxhobisa abantu ngeendlela zokulwa, ukuze bakwazi ukusebenza ngcono, nokuba umonakalo wengqondo awunakubuyiselwa.

Umgca wezantsi

I-Agraphia kukulahleka kwesakhono sangaphambili sokunxibelelana ngokubhaliweyo. Ingabangelwa ngu:

• ukwenzakala kwengqondo ebuhlungu
• ukubetha
• iimeko zempilo ezinje ngesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo, isifo sokuwa, okanye izilonda zobuchopho

Uninzi lwexesha, abantu abane-agraphia nabo bafumana ukuphazamiseka kubuchule babo bokufunda nokuthetha.

Nangona ezinye iintlobo zomonakalo wobuchopho zingenakuguqulwa, abantu banokuphinda babenako ukubuyisela ubuchule babo bokubhala ngokusebenza nabanyangi ukuze baphinde bafunde ukucwangcisa, ukubhala, kunye nokupela ngokuchaneka okukhulu.