Visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar): yintoni, iimpawu kunye nonyango

Umxholo

• Iimpawu eziphambili
• Ngaba kwenzeka njani ukuhambisa
• Ukuchongwa kweCalazar
• Unyango lwenziwa njani

I-Kala azar, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-visceral leishmaniasis okanye i-splenomegaly yetropiki, sisifo esibangelwa ikakhulu yiprotozoa Leishmania chagasi kwaye Leishmania donovani, kwaye yenzeka xa isinambuzane esincinci koluhlobo ILutzomyia Ixesha elide, edume ngokuba yingcongconi yomququ okanye i-birigui, yosulelwe yenye yeprotozoa, iluma umntu kwaye ikhuphe esi sifunxi-gazi egazini lomntu, nto leyo ikhokelela kwisifo.

Olu hlobo lwe-leishmaniasis ikakhulu luchaphazela abantwana abadala kuneminyaka eyi-10 kunye nabantu abadala abanesondlo esithile, njengokungabinayo i-iron, iivithamini kunye neeproteni, kwaye bahlala kwiindawo ezinogutyulo lwelindle nococeko. Owona mmandla uchaphazelekayo eBrazil yiNyakatho-mpuma kwaye kukholelwa ukuba abantwana ngabona bachaphazeleke kakhulu kuba banesiphene sendlela yokutya, amajoni omzimba akakabumbeki ngokupheleleyo kwaye achanabeke kwizilwanyana.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Emva kokuluma okuhambisa esi sifo, iprotozoa isasazeka ngokuhamba kwegazi nangamalungu anoxanduva lokwenziwa kweeseli zegazi kunye nokhuselo lomzimba, njengepeni, isibindi, i-lymph node kunye nomongo wethambo, obangela ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Ukugodola kunye nefiva ephezulu, eza kwaye idlule, yexesha elide;
• Ukwanda kwesisu, ngenxa yokwanda kwepeni kunye nesibindi;
• Ubuthathaka kunye nokudinwa kakhulu;
• Ukuhla ukusinda;
• Imfama, ngenxa yokungena kwegazi okubangelwa sesi sifo;
• Ukopha ngokulula, ngenxa yentshungama, impumlo okanye ilindle, umzekelo;
• Ukusuleleka rhoqo, ziintsholongwane kunye neebhaktiriya, ngenxa yokwehla kokukhuseleka komzimba;
• Urhudo.

I-visceral leishmaniasis inexesha lokufukama leentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwiminyaka emibini, nanjengoko ingesosifo esiqhelekileyo kwaye iimpawu zaso zibonakala ngokuthe chu, zinokudideka nezinye izifo ezinje nge-malaria, typhoid, dengue okanye iZika, umzekelo. Ke ngoko, kubukho bezi mpawu, kubalulekile ukuba ufune unyango ukuze uxilongo lwenziwe kwaye kuqalwe ngonyango olufanelekileyo.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba izilonda zesikhumba kunye nezilonda zibangelwa lolunye uhlobo lwe-leishmaniasis, ekuthiwa kukusikwa okanye ukusikwa. Yazi ukuba yintoni unobangela kunye nendlela yokuchonga i-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo.

Ngaba kwenzeka njani ukuhambisa

Owona mthombo uphambili weprotozoa onoxanduva lwe-kala azar zizinja kwaye, ke ngoko, zithathwa njengeyona ndawo iphambili yosulelo lwenambuzane. Oko kukuthi, xa isinambuzane siluma inja esosulelekileyo, sifumana iprotozoan, ethi ikhule kumzimba wayo kwaye ingadluliselwa kumntu ngokuluma. Ayizizo zonke izinja ezithwala Leishmania chagasi okanye Leishmania donovani, exhaphake kakhulu kwizinja ezingafakwanga iintshulube okanye ezingafumani nkathalo ilungileyo.

Xa i-parasite ikwisidalwa sesinambuzane, inokukhula ngokulula kwaye emva koko iye kwiincindi zamathe. Xa isinambuzane esosulelekileyo siluma umntu, sidlulisa isifunxi-gazi kwidlala saso esinyinyithekayo kwigazi lomntu, sisasazeka ngokulula ngamalungu.

Ukuchongwa kweCalazar

Ukuchongwa kwe-visceral leishmaniasis kwenziwa ngovavanyo lweparasoloji, apho inkcubeko yomongo wethambo, udakada okanye isibindi senziwa ukuze kugcinwe enye yeendlela zeprotozoan. Ukongeza, ukuxilongwa kunokwenziwa kuvavanyo lwe-immunological, njenge-ELISA, okanye iimvavanyo ze-immunochromatographic, ezaziwa njengezivivinyo ezikhawulezayo.

Ukungancedi kovavanyo lwe-immunological kukuba nasemva konyango, kunokwenzeka ukuba kusekho isixa esaneleyo se-antibodies, esibonisa ukosuleleka. Nangona kunjalo, kwezi meko, kubalulekile ukuba ugqirha avavanye ubukho beempawu, kuba ukuba akukho zimpawu, unyango aliboniswanga.

Unyango lwenziwa njani

Unyango lwe-kala azar kufuneka luqale ngokukhawuleza kwaye lunokwenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamayeza athile, anje ngePententevalent Antimonial Compounds, Amphotericin B kunye nePentamidine, ekufuneka iboniswe ngugqirha kwaye isetyenziswe ngokwemiyalelo yakhe.

Xa uqala unyango kubalulekile ukuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko, njengokuhlola kunye nokuzinzisa iimeko zeklinikhi, ezinjengokungondleki kunye nokuphuma kwegazi, ukongeza kunyango lwezinye izifo ezihamba nazo. Kunganyanzeleka ukuba uhlale esibhedlele ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamayeza emthanjeni, kodwa kwimeko apho usulelo luzinzile kwaye kulula ukufikelela esibhedlele, ugqirha unokucebisa unyango ekhaya kwaye aye esibhedlele ukuze kulandelwe.

Esi sifo kufuneka sinyangwe ngokukhawuleza, njengoko sisiba mandundu kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kwaye ke umntu ochaphazelekayo unokufumana iingxaki ezisongela ubomi ezifana nosulelo lwemiphunga, ukusilela ekuphefumuleni, ukopha kokugaya ukutya, ukusilela kokujikeleza kwegazi okanye ngenxa yosulelo olungenelelayo, ziintsholongwane kunye neebhaktiriya. Fumana ezinye iinkcukacha malunga nonyango lwe-visceral leishmaniasis.