Iimpawu ze-9 ze-Anorexia Nervosa

Umxholo

• 1. Ukucoca uLawulo loBunzima
• 2. Ukujongwa ngokutya, iiCalori kunye nokutya
• 3. Utshintsho kwiMood and State Emotional State
• 4. Imbonakalo yomzimba egqwethekileyo
• 5. Ukuzilolonga kakhulu
• 6. Ukukhanyelwa yindlala nokwala ukutya
• 7. Ukuzibandakanya kwiiNkcubeko zokutya
• 8. Utywala okanye iziyobisi
• 9. Ukunciphisa kakhulu umzimba
• Iimpawu zoMzimba ezinokuKhula ngokuhamba kwexesha
• Umgca osezantsi

I-Anorexia nervosa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-anorexia, sisifo esibi apho umntu athatha iindlela ezingekho mpilweni kunye neendlela ezigqithileyo zokunciphisa umzimba okanye ukunqanda ukutyeba.

Zimbini iintlobo zokuphazamiseka: uhlobo lokuthintela kunye nokutya kakhulu okanye uhlobo lokucoca.

Abo bane-anorexia ethintelayo balawula ubunzima babo ngokuthintela ukutya kwabo, ngelixa abo batya kakhulu / behlambulula i-anorexia bakhupha into abayityileyo ngokugabha okanye ukusebenzisa amayeza afana ne-laxatives kunye ne-diuretics.

Izinto ezinobunzima obahlukeneyo zichaphazela ukukhula kweanorexia. Izizathu zokuphuhlisa i-anorexia zinokwahluka kumntu ngamnye kwaye zinokubandakanya ufuzo, ukwenzakala okudlulileyo, ezinye iimeko zempilo yengqondo ezinje ngoxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo.

Abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana i-anorexia babandakanya abantu ababhinqileyo kwiminyaka yabo yokufikisa nakwiminyaka yabantu abadala, nangona amadoda nabasetyhini abadala besemngciphekweni (,).

I-Anorexia ihlala ingafumaneki ngokukhawuleza kuba abantu abanengxaki yokutya abazi ukuba bayayifumana, ngenxa yoko abanakho ukufuna uncedo ().

Kuqhelekile ukuba abantu abane-anorexia bagcinwe kwaye bangaxoxi ngeengcinga zabo malunga nokutya okanye umfanekiso womzimba, okwenza kube nzima kwabanye ukubona iimpawu.

Akukho vavanyo lunye olunokuchonga ukungahambi kakuhle, njengoko izinto ezininzi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukwenza isifo esisemthethweni.

Nazi iimpawu ezi-9 eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu ze-anorexia.

1. Ukucoca uLawulo loBunzima

Ukucoca luphawu oluqhelekileyo lweanorexia. Ukuziphatha kokuziphatha kubandakanya ukugabha okuzenzekelayo kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamayeza athile anjenge laxatives okanye i-diuretics. Ingabandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweememas.

Ukutya kakhulu / ukucoca uhlobo lwe-anorexia luphawulwa ngeziqendu zokutya okugqithisileyo okulandelwa kukugabha okuzenzekelayo.

Sebenzisa izixa ezikhulu zokulahla enye indlela yokuhlanjwa. La mayeza athatyathwa ukuzama ukunciphisa ukutyiwa kokutya kunye nokukhawulezisa ukukhutshwa kwesisu kunye namathumbu.

Ngokufanayo, ii-diuretics zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwandisa ukuchama kunye nokunciphisa amanzi emzimbeni njengeendlela zokunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba.

Isifundo esivavanya ukuxhaphaka kokuhlanjululwa kwizigulana ezinengxaki yokutya kufumanise ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-86 basebenzise ukugabha okuzinyanzelayo, ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-56 behlukumeza i-laxatives ukuya kuthi ga kwi-49% ye-diuretics ().

Ukucoca kungakhokelela kubunzima obuninzi bempilo ().

Ukucoca kukuzihlanza okanye ukusebenzisa amayeza athile ukunciphisa iikhalori, ukunqanda ukutya kunye nokunciphisa umzimba.

2. Ukujongwa ngokutya, iiCalori kunye nokutya

Ukuxhalaba rhoqo malunga nokutya kunye nokubeka esweni ukufakwa kweekhalori ziimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeanorexia.

Abantu abane-anorexia banokurekhoda konke ukutya abakutyayo, kubandakanya amanzi. Ngamanye amaxesha, bade babambe ngentloko umxholo wekhalori wokutya.

Ukukhathazeka ngokufumana ubunzima kunegalelo ekuthatheni ukutya. Abo bane-anorexia banokunciphisa ikhalori yabo yokutya kakhulu kwaye benze ukutya okugabadeleyo. Abanye banokuphelisa ukutya okuthile okanye onke amaqela okutya, anje ngeecarbohydrate okanye amafutha, kwindlela abatya ngayo.

Ukuba umntu uthintela ukutya ixesha elide, oko kungakhokelela kukungondleki kakhulu kunye nokusilela kwezondlo, ezinokuthi ziguqule imeko kwaye zonyuse isimilo esingalawulekiyo malunga nokutya (,).

Ukutya okunciphisiweyo kunokuchaphazela ukutya okulawula ukutya, njenge-insulin kunye ne-leptin. Oku kunokukhokelela kwezinye iingxaki zempilo njengokulahleka kwamathambo, kunye nokuzala, imiba yengqondo kunye nokukhula (,).

Ukuxhalaba okugqithileyo malunga nokutya luphawu lwe-anorexia. Ukuziqhelanisa kunokubandakanya ukungena kokutya kunye nokuphelisa amaqela athile okutya ngenxa yenkolelo yokuba oko kutya kunokunyusa ubunzima.

3. Utshintsho kwiMood and State Emotional State

Abantu abafunyaniswe ukuba bane-anorexia bahlala befumana iimpawu zezinye iimeko, kubandakanya ukudakumba, unxunguphalo, uxinzelelo, ukugqibelela kunye nokunyanzeliswa ().

Ezi mpawu zinokubangela ukuba abo bane-anorexia bangalufumani ukonwaba kwimisebenzi edla ngokuzonwabisa kwabanye [[15]).

Ukuzilawula ngokugqithiseleyo kuqhelekile kwi-anorexia. Olu phawu lubonakaliswa ngokuthintela ukutya ukutya ukuze kufezekiswe ukunciphisa umzimba (,).

Kwakhona, abantu abane-anorexia banokuba novakalelo kakhulu kugxekwa, ukusilela kunye neempazamo ().

Ukungalingani kwezinye iihomoni, ezinje nge-serotonin, i-dopamine, i-oxytocin, i-cortisol kunye ne-leptin, inokuchaza ezinye zeempawu kwezi ze-anorexia (,).

Kuba ezi hormone zilawula imood, ukuthanda ukutya, inkuthazo kunye nokuziphatha, amanqanaba angaqhelekanga anokukhokelela kutshintsho lweemvakalelo, ukuthanda ukutya ngokungagungqiyo, isimilo esingxamisekileyo, unxunguphalo noxinzelelo (,,,).

Ukongeza, ukunciphisa ukutya kunokukhokelela ekusweleni kwezakhamzimba ezichaphazelekayo kulawulo lwemood ().

Ukutshintsha kwemo kunye neempawu zoxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, ukugqibelela kunye nokunyanzeliswa kuqhelekile kufunyanwa kubantu abane-anorexia. Ezi mpawu zinokubangelwa kukungalingani kwehomoni okanye ukusilela kwezondlo.

4. Imbonakalo yomzimba egqwethekileyo

Ubume bomzimba kunye nomtsalane ziinkxalabo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abane-anorexia ().

Umxholo womfanekiso womzimba ubandakanya ukuqonda komntu ngobungakanani bomzimba wabo kunye nendlela abaziva ngayo ngomzimba wabo ().

I-Anorexia ibonakaliswa ngokuba nomfanekiso ongalunganga womzimba kunye neemvakalelo ezingalunganga ngokubonakalayo ().

Kwisifundo esinye, abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa ukungaqondi malunga nokubonakala komzimba kunye nokubonakala kwabo. Bakwabonisa idrive ephezulu yokubhitya ().

Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-anorexia lubandakanya ubungakanani bomzimba obugqithisileyo, okanye umntu ocinga ukuba mkhulu kunokuba kunjalo ([29], [30]).

Olunye uphononongo luye lwaphanda lo mbono kubantu abangama-25 abane-anorexia ngokubenza bagwebe ukuba babebakhulu kakhulu ukuba bangadlula kumnyango ofana nokuvula.

Abo bane-anorexia bandisa kakhulu ubungakanani bomzimba wabo, xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo ().

Ukuphononongwa kwakhona komzimba yenye into ebonakaliswa yianorexia. Imizekelo yale ndlela yokuziphatha ibandakanya ukuzijonga esipilini, ukujonga imilinganiselo yomzimba kunye nokucofa amanqatha kwiindawo ezithile zomzimba wakho ().

Ukujonga umzimba kunokunyusa ukungoneliseki komzimba kunye noxinzelelo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthintelwa kokutya kubantu abane-anorexia (,).

Ukongeza, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba imidlalo ekujongwa kuyo ubunzima kunye ne-aesthetics kunokunyusa umngcipheko we-anorexia kubantu abasesichengeni ([34], [35]).

I-Anorexia ibandakanya umbono oguqulweyo womzimba kunye nokujonga ubukhulu bomzimba. Ukongeza, ukuziqhelanisa nokujonga umzimba kukonyusa ukungoneliseki komzimba kwaye kukhuthaza indlela yokuziphatha ethintela ukutya.

5. Ukuzilolonga kakhulu

Abo bane-anorexia, ngakumbi abo banohlobo lothintelo, bahlala bezilolonga kakhulu ukunciphisa umzimba ().

Ngapha koko, olunye uphononongo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abali-165 lubonise ukuba iipesenti ezingama-45 zabo banengxaki yokutya basebenzise isixa esigqithisileyo.

Phakathi kweli qela, kwafumanisa ukuba ukuzilolonga kakhulu kuxhaphake kakhulu kwabo banesithintelo (80%) kunye nokuzinkcinkca ngokutya / ukucoca (43%) iintlobo zeanorexia ().

Kwishumi elivisayo elinengxaki yokutya, umthambo ogqithisileyo ubonakala uxhaphakile phakathi kwabafazi kunamadoda ().

Abanye abantu abane-anorexia banamava okuziva benetyala xa umthambo uphoswa (,).

Ukuhamba, ukuma kunye nokujikeleza rhoqo ezinye iintlobo zomsebenzi oqhelekileyo obonwa kwi-anorexia ().

Ukuzivocavoca umzimba ngokufuthi kuhlala kubakho ngokudibanisa amanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuziphatha okungathandekiyo kunye nokuziphatha (,).

Okokugqibela, kubonakala ngathi amanqanaba asezantsi e-leptin afunyanwa kubantu abane-anorexia anokunyusa uxinzelelo kunye nokungazinzi (,).

Ukuzilolonga kakhulu luphawu oluqhelekileyo lweanorexia, kwaye abantu abaneanorexia banokuziva benetyala kakhulu ukuba baphoswa kukuzilolonga.

6. Ukukhanyelwa yindlala nokwala ukutya

Iipateni zokutya ezingaqhelekanga kunye nenqanaba lokutya eliphantsi zibalulekile iimpawu zeanorexia.

Uhlobo lokuthintela i-anorexia lubonakaliswa ngokwala rhoqo indlala kunye nokwala ukutya.

Zininzi izinto ezinokuba negalelo kule ndlela yokuziphatha.

Okokuqala, ukungalingani kwehomoni kunokubangela abantu abane-anorexia ukuba baqhubeke benoloyiko lokufumana ubunzima, okukhokelela ekwenqabeni ukutya.

I-Estrogen kunye ne-oxytocin ziihomoni ezimbini ezichaphazelekayo kulawulo loloyiko.

Amanqanaba asezantsi ala mahomoni afunyanwa kubantu abane-anorexia angenza kube nzima ukoyisa uloyiko lokutya kunye namafutha (,,).

Izitenxo kwindlala kunye nokuzalisa iihormoni, ezinje ngecortisol kunye nepeptide YY, kunokuba negalelo kuthintelo lokutya (,).

Abantu abane-anorexia banokufumana ukunciphisa umzimba kunokwanelisa ngaphezu kokutya, okunokubenza bafune ukuqhubeka nokuthintela ukutya (,,).

Uloyiko oluqhubekayo lokufumana ubunzima lunokubangela abantu abane-anorexia ukwala ukutya kunye nokukhanyela indlala. Kwakhona, ixabiso eliphantsi lomvuzo wokutya linokubakhokelela ekubeni banciphise ngakumbi ukutya kwabo.

7. Ukuzibandakanya kwiiNkcubeko zokutya

Ukuziphatha okuqwalaselekileyo malunga nokutya kunye nobunzima kuhlala kubangela imikhwa yokutya ejolise kulawulo ().

Ukuzibandakanya kwezi zithethe kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo, kuzise intuthuzelo kunye nokuvelisa imeko yolawulo ().

Ezinye zeendlela zokutya eziqhelekileyo ezibonwe kwi-anorexia zibandakanya:

• Ukutya ukutya ngendlela ethile
• Ukutya kancinci nokuhlafuna kakhulu
• Ukulungisa ukutya kwipleyiti ngendlela ethile
• Ukutya ngamaxesha afanayo yonke imihla
• Ukusika ukutya kube ngamaqhekeza amancinci
• Ukulinganisa, ukulinganisa kunye nokujonga ubungakanani bokutya
• Ukubala iikhalori ngaphambi kokutya ukutya
• Ukutya kuphela kwiindawo ezithile

Abantu abane-anorexia banokujonga ukuphambuka kwezi zithethe njengokusilela kunye nelahleko yokuzeyisa ().

I-Anorexia inokukhokelela kwimikhwa eyahlukeneyo yokutya enokuthi izise imvakalelo yokulawula kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo oluhlala lubangelwa kukutya.

8. Utywala okanye iziyobisi

Ngamanye amaxesha, ianorexia ingakhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okungapheliyo kotywala, amayeza athile kunye neepilisi zokutya.

Utywala bungasetyenziselwa ukucinezela ukutya kwaye ujongane noxinzelelo noxinzelelo.

Abo bazinkcinkca ekudleni / ekuhlanjululeni malunga namaxesha ali-18 kunokwenzeka ukuba basebenzise gwenxa utywala neziyobisi kunohlobo lokuthintela (,,).

Kwabanye, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kotywala kunokulandelwa kukuncitshiswa okungathethekiyo kokutya ekubuyekezeni iikhalori eziseliweyo ngokusela ().

Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamanye amachiza, kubandakanya iamphetamines, icaffeine okanye i-ephedrine, kuxhaphakile kuhlobo oluthintelayo, kuba ezi zinto zinokuthintela ukutya, zonyuse imetabolism kwaye zikhuthaze ukunciphisa umzimba ngokukhawuleza ().

Ukuthintelwa kokutya kunye nokwehla kobunzima ngokukhawuleza kunokuchaphazela ingqondo ngeendlela ezinokonyusa umnqweno weziyobisi (,).

Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi ixesha elide kudityaniswe nokutya okuncitshisiweyo kunokubangela ukungondleki kwaye kubangele ezinye iingxaki zempilo.

I-Anorexia ingakhokelela ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kotywala kunye neziyobisi ezithile ukunceda ukunciphisa ukutya okanye ukuzolisa uxinzelelo kunye noloyiko ekutyeni.

9. Ukunciphisa kakhulu umzimba

Ukunciphisa umzimba ngokugqithileyo luphawu oluphambili lweanorexia. Ikwayenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo.

Ubungqongqo be-anorexia buxhomekeke kwindlela umntu acinezela ngayo ubunzima babo. Ukucinezelwa kobunzima ngumahluko phakathi kobunzima bomntu obedlulileyo kunye nobunzima babo bangoku ().

Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba uxinzelelo lobunzima lwalunonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kubunzima, ukukhathazeka komzimba, ukuzilolonga kakhulu, ukuthintelwa kokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamayeza olawulo ().

Izikhokelo zokuchongwa kwe-anorexia zijonga ukwehla kobunzima kufanelekile ukuba ubunzima bomzimba obukhoyo buli-15% ngaphantsi kobunzima obulindelweyo bomntu obudala nobude, okanye ukuba isalathiso sobunzima bomzimba (BMI) ngu-17.5 okanye ngaphantsi ().

Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho kubunzima bomntu kunokuba nzima ukuba buqaphele kwaye kungonelanga ekuchongeni i-anorexia. Ke ngoko, zonke ezinye iimpawu kunye neempawu kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukwenza isigqibo esichanekileyo.

Ukwehla kobunzima kakhulu luphawu olubalulekileyo lweanorexia, njengaxa ubunzima bomzimba buyehla ngaphantsi kwe-15% yesisindo esilindelekileyo kulowo mntu uneminyaka yobudala nokuphakama, okanye i-BMI yabo ingaphantsi kwe-17.5.

Iimpawu zoMzimba ezinokuKhula ngokuhamba kwexesha

Iimpawu ezidweliswe apha ngasentla zinokuba zezokuqala kwaye zibonakalise ngokucacileyo ianorexia.

Kulabo abane-anorexia eqatha, amalungu omzimba anokuchaphazeleka kwaye axhokonxe ezinye iimpawu, kubandakanya:

• Ukudinwa, ukonqena kunye nokudinwa
• Ukwenziwa komqolomba ekugabheni
• Ulusu olomileyo nolutyheli
• Ukuba nesiyezi
• Ukucuthwa kwamathambo
• Ukukhula kweenwele ezintle nezithambileyo ezigqume umzimba
• Izinwele ezaphukileyo kunye neenzipho
• Ukuphulukana nemisipha kunye nobuthathaka bemisipha
• Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi kunye nokubetha
• Ukuqhinwa kakhulu
• Ukuziva ubanda ngalo lonke ixesha ngenxa yokwehla kobushushu bangaphakathi

Ngenxa yokuba ukubuyiswa okupheleleyo kuphezulu kunyango lwakwangoko, kubalulekile ukuba ufune uncedo kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba kuqatshelwe iimpawu.

Ukuqhubela phambili kweanorexia kunokubangela utshintsho oluninzi kwaye kuchaphazele onke amalungu omzimba. Iimpawu zinokubandakanya ukudinwa, ukuqhina, ukuziva ubanda, iinwele eziqhekekileyo kunye nolusu olomileyo.

Umgca osezantsi

I-Anorexia nervosa kukutya okuchaphazela ukwehla kobunzima, ukugqwethwa kwemifanekiso yomzimba kunye nokuziqhelanisa neendlela zokuphulukana nobunzima njengokucoca ukutya kunye nokuzilolonga okunyanzelekileyo.

Nazi ezinye izixhobo kunye neendlela zokufuna uncedo:

• Umbutho weSizwe wokuPhazamiseka kokutya (i-NEDA)
• IZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo yeNgqondo
• Umbutho weSizwe we-Anorexia Nervosa kunye neNgxaki eziHlangeneyo

Ukuba uyakholelwa ukuba wena okanye umhlobo okanye ilungu losapho linokuba ne-anorexia, yazi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uphinde ufumane kwaye uncedo luyafumaneka.

Inqaku lomhleli: Esi siqwenga saxelwa kwasekuqaleni ngo-Epreli 1, 2018. Umhla wokupapashwa kwawo wangoku ubonakalisa uhlaziyo, olubandakanya uphononongo lonyango nguTimothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD.