Yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ngeAutism

Umxholo

• Yintoni iAuthism?
• Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-autism?
• Zithini iimpawu zentsholongwane?
• Yintoni ebangela i-autism?
• Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-autism?
• Ukuvavanywa kophuhliso
• Olunye uhlolo kunye novavanyo
• Inyangwa njani i-autism?
• Olunye unyango
• Ngaba ukutya kunokuba nefuthe kwi-autism?
• I-autism ibachaphazela njani abantwana?
• Autism kunye nokuzilolonga
• I-autism iwachaphazela njani amantombazana?
• I-autism ibachaphazela njani abantu abadala?
• Kutheni kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi nge-autism?
• Nguwuphi umahluko phakathi kwe-autism kunye ne-ADHD?
• Yintoni imbonakalo yabantu abane-autism?

Sibandakanya iimveliso esicinga ukuba ziluncedo kubafundi bethu. Ukuba uthenga amakhonkco kweli phepha, sinokufumana ikhomishini encinci. Nantsi inkqubo yethu.

Yintoni iAuthism?

Ukuphazamiseka kwembonakalo ye-Autism (ASD) ligama elibanzi elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza iqela lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.

Ezi ngxaki zibonakaliswa ziingxaki zonxibelelwano kunye nokunxibelelana kwezentlalo. Abantu abane-ASD bahlala bebonisa imida ethintelweyo, ephindaphindayo, kunye neendlela ezithile zokuziphatha.

I-ASD ifumaneka kubantu kwihlabathi liphela, nokuba ngabaluphi na uhlanga, inkcubeko, okanye imvelaphi yezoqoqosho. Ngokuka, i-autism yenzeka rhoqo kubafana kunakwamantombazana, nge-4 ukuya kwe-1 kumlinganiso wamadoda ukuya kwabasetyhini.

I-CDC iqikelele ngo-2014 ukuba phantse omnye kwabangama-59 abantwana baye bachongwa nge-ASD.

Kukho imiqondiso yokuba iimeko ze-ASD ziyanda. Abanye bathi oku kwanda kubume bendalo. Nangona kunjalo, iingxoxo zengxoxo malunga nokuba kukho ukwanda okwenyani kwamatyala okanye ukuxilongwa nje rhoqo.

Thelekisa amazinga e-autism kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwilizwe lonke.

Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-autism?

I-DSM (iDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) ipapashwa yiAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) kwaye isetyenziswa ngoochwephesha ekuchongeni iingxaki zengqondo.

Uhlelo lwesihlanu nolona lutshanje lweDSM lwakhutshwa ngo-2013. I-DSM-5 kungokunje yamkela iindidi ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo ze-ASD, okanye izikhankanyi. Bazi:

• kunye okanye ngaphandle kokuhamba nokonakala kwengqondo
• nokonakala okanye ngaphandle kokukhapha ulwimi
• enxulunyaniswa nemeko yonyango okanye yemfuza okanye imeko yendalo esingqongileyo
• inxulunyaniswa nenye ingxaki yengqondo, yengqondo, okanye yokuziphatha
• kunye nekatatonia

Umntu unokufunyanwa ngesikhombisi esinye okanye nangaphezulu.

Ngaphambi kwe-DSM-5, abantu abakwi-autism spectrum banokufumanisa ukuba banezinye zezi ngxaki zilandelayo:

• ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo
• Isifo sika-Asperger
• Ingxaki ebanzi yophuhliso-engachazwanga ngenye indlela (PDD-NOS)
• Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubuntwana

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba umntu ofumene olunye lolu hlolisiso kwangoko akakhange alahlekelwe sisifo kwaye akazukufuna ukuphinda aqwalaselwe.

Ngokwe-DSM-5, ukuxilongwa ngokubanzi kwe-ASD kubandakanya iingxaki ezifana ne-Asperger's syndrome.

Zithini iimpawu zentsholongwane?

Iimpawu ze-Autism zihlala zibonakala ngokucacileyo ngexesha lobuntwana, phakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-24 yeenyanga ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu zinokubonakala kwangoko okanye kamva.

Iimpawu zokuqala zinokubandakanya ukulibaziseka okuphawulweyo kulwimi okanye kuphuhliso lwentlalo.

I-DSM-5 yahlulahlula i-autism kwiindidi ezimbini: iingxaki zonxibelelwano kunye nokunxibelelana kwezentlalo, kunye nokuthintelwa okanye ukuphindaphinda iipatheni zokuziphatha okanye imisebenzi.

Iingxaki zonxibelelwano kunye nokunxibelelana kwezentlalo kubandakanya:

• imiba ngonxibelelwano, kubandakanya ubunzima ekwabelaneni ngeemvakalelo, ukwabelana ngemidla, okanye ukugcina incoko yokubuyela umva
• imiba yokunxibelelana ngokungengomlomo, njengengxaki yokugcina unxibelelwano ngamehlo okanye ukufunda ulwimi lomzimba
• ubunzima ekuphuhliseni nasekulondolozeni ubudlelwane

Iipateni ezithintelweyo okanye eziphindaphindayo zokuziphatha okanye imisebenzi ibandakanya:

• ukuphinda-phinda iintshukumo, iintshukumo, okanye iipateni zentetho
• ukubambelela ngokungqongqo kwiinkqubo ezithile okanye kwiindlela zokuziphatha
• ukwanda okanye ukwehla kobuntununtunu kulwazi oluthile lweemvakalelo oluvela kwindawo eziyingqongileyo, ezinje ngempendulo engalunganga kwisandi esithile
• umdla ozinzileyo okanye ukuzixakekisa

Abantu bavavanywa kudidi ngalunye kwaye ubunzima beempawu zabo buqwalaselwe.

Ukuze ufumane ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD, umntu kufuneka abonakalise zontathu iimpawu kudidi lokuqala kunye neempawu ezimbini kudidi lwesibini.

Yintoni ebangela i-autism?

Oyena nobangela weASD awaziwa. Olona phando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba akukho sizathu sinye.

Eminye yemingcipheko yomngcipheko we-autism ibandakanya:

• ukuba nelungu losapho elikufutshane ne-autism
• utshintsho kwimfuza
• ethe-ethe X syndrome kunye nezinye izifo zemfuza
• ukuzalwa ngabazali abadala
• ubunzima bokuzalwa obuphantsi
• ukungalingani kwemetabolism
• ukubonakaliswa kwizinyithi ezinzima kunye neetyhefu zokusingqongileyo
• imbali yokusuleleka kwintsholongwane
• Ukuvezwa komntwana kumayeza e-valproic acid (Depakene) okanye i-thalidomide (Thalomid)

Ngokutsho kweZiko leSizwe lokuPhazamiseka kweNeurological and Stroke (NINDS), zombini imfuza kunye nokusingqongileyo kunokumisela ukuba umntu uphuhlisa i-autism.

Imithombo emininzi, endala kwaye, igqibe kwelokuba ukuphazamiseka akubangelwa zizitofu, nangona kunjalo.

Isifundo esinempikiswano ngo-1998 saphakamisa ikhonkco phakathi kwe-autism kunye nemasisi, uqwilikana, kunye nogonyo lwe-rubella (MMR). Nangona kunjalo, olo phononongo luye lwenziwa olunye uphando kwaye ekugqibeleni lwarhoxiswa ngo-2010.

Funda ngakumbi malunga ne-autism kunye nemingcipheko yayo.

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-autism?

Ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD kubandakanya ukuhlolwa okuhlukeneyo, iimvavanyo zofuzo kunye nokuvavanywa.

Ukuvavanywa kophuhliso

IAmerican Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) icebisa ukuba bonke abantwana bayokuvavanywa iASD beneminyaka eli-18 nengama-24 ubudala.

Ukuhlola kunganceda ekuchongeni abantwana kwangoko abanoluphazamiseko. Aba bantwana banokuxhamla kuvavanyo kwangoko kunye nongenelelo.

Uluhlu oluLungisiweyo lweAustism kwiintsana (M-CHAT) sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuhlola esisetyenziswa ziiofisi ezininzi zabantwana. Olu vavanyo lwemibuzo engama-23 luzaliswe ngabazali. Oogqirha babantwana banokusebenzisa iimpendulo ezinikiweyo ukuchonga abantwana abanokuba semngciphekweni wokuba ne-ASD.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuhlolwa akuyiyo ukuxilongwa. Abantwana abajonga i-ASD ngokuqinisekileyo abanaso esi sifo. Ukongeza, ukuhlolwa ngamanye amaxesha akuboni wonke umntwana one-ASD.

Olunye uhlolo kunye novavanyo

Ugqirha womntwana wakho unokucebisa ngokudityaniswa kovavanyo lwe-autism, kubandakanya:

• Uvavanyo lwe-DNA lwezifo zemfuzo
• uvavanyo lokuziphatha
• iimvavanyo ezibonakalayo nezivakalayo zokulawula nayiphi na imiba ngombono kunye nokuva okungahambelani ne-autism
• Ukuvavanywa kwonyango emsebenzini
• iphepha lemibuzo lophuhliso, njenge-Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)

Uxilongo lwenziwa liqela leengcali. Eli qela linokubandakanya iingcali zeengqondo zabantwana, iingcali kwezomsebenzi, okanye intetho kunye neengcali zezifo zolwimi.

Funda ngakumbi malunga neemvavanyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa isifo se-autism.

Inyangwa njani i-autism?

Akukho "unyango" lwe-autism, kodwa unyango kunye nezinye izinto zonyango ezinokunceda abantu bazive ngcono okanye ukunciphisa iimpawu zabo.

Iindlela ezininzi zonyango zibandakanya iindlela zonyango ezinje:

• unyango lokuziphatha
• dlala unyango
• unyango lomsebenzi
• ulungiso lwenyama
• unyango lokuthetha

Ukuthanjiswa komzimba, iingubo kunye nempahla yokunxiba, kunye neendlela zokucamngca zinokubangela ukuphumla. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zonyango ziya kwahluka.

Abanye abantu kwimbonakalo bangaphendula kakuhle kwiindlela ezithile, ngelixa abanye bengenako.

Thenga iingubo ezinobunzima apha.

Olunye unyango

Olunye unyango lokulawula i-autism lunokubandakanya:

• iivithamini zedosi ephezulu
• unyango lwe-chelation, olubandakanya ukugungxula isinyithi emzimbeni
• Unyango lweoksijini lwehyperbar
• melatonin ukujongana nemiba yokulala

Uphando malunga nolunye unyango luxubene, kwaye olunye lonyango lunokuba yingozi.

Ngaphambi kokutyala imali kuyo nayiphi na kuzo, abazali kunye nabanonopheli kufuneka bavavanye uphando kunye neendleko zemali ngokuchasene naziphi na izibonelelo ezinokubakho. Funda ngakumbi malunga nolunye unyango lwe-autism.

Ngaba ukutya kunokuba nefuthe kwi-autism?

Akukho ndlela ityiwayo yokutya eyenzelwe abantu abanoluphazamiseko. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abameli be-autism baphonononga utshintsho kwindlela yokutya njengendlela yokunceda ukunciphisa imiba yokuziphatha kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wobomi.

Isiseko sokutya kwe-autism kukuphepha izongezo ezingezizo ezokufakelwa. Oku kubandakanya izinto zokulondoloza, imibala kunye nezinto eziswiti.

Ukutya kwe-autism kunokuba kugxile ekutyeni okupheleleyo, njenge:

• iziqhamo nemifuno
• Iinkukhu ezibhityileyo
• intlanzi
• Amafutha angaqinisekiswanga
• amanzi amaninzi

Abanye abameli be-autism baxhasa ukutya okungahambisani ne-gluten. Iprotein gluten ifumaneka kwingqolowa, irhasi, kunye nezinye iinkozo.

Abo bathetheleli bakholelwa ukuba i-gluten idala ukudumba kunye nokusabela okungalunganga komzimba kubantu abathile abane-ASD. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwezenzululwazi aluhambelani kubudlelwane phakathi kwe-autism, gluten, kunye nenye iprotein eyaziwa njenge-casein.

Olunye uphononongo, kunye nobungqina be-anecdotal, bucebise ukuba ukutya kunokunceda ekuphuculeni iimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ADHD), imeko efana ne-autism. Fumana ngakumbi malunga nokutya kwe-ADHD.

I-autism ibachaphazela njani abantwana?

Abantwana abane-autism abanakufikelela kwinqanaba elifanayo lokukhula njengontanga yabo, okanye banokubonisa ukulahleka kwezakhono zentlalo okanye zolwimi eziphuhliswe ngaphambili.

Umzekelo, unyaka-2 ubudala ngaphandle kwe-autism unokubonisa umdla kwimidlalo elula yokwenza-ukukholelwa. Umntwana oneminyaka emi-4 ubudala ngaphandle kwe-autism angakonwabela ukuzibandakanya nakwabanye abantwana. Umntwana one-autism unokuba nengxaki yokunxibelelana nabanye okanye angayithandi kwaphela.

Abantwana abane-autism banokuzibandakanya nokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo, kubenzima ukulala, okanye ngokunyanzelwa batye izinto ezingezizo zokutya. Banokukufumanisa kunzima ukuphumelela ngaphandle kwendalo eyakhiweyo okanye inkqubo engaguquguqukiyo.

Ukuba umntwana wakho une-autism, kungafuneka usebenze ngokusondeleyo nootitshala babo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayaphumelela eklasini.

Izixhobo ezininzi ziyafumaneka ukunceda abantwana abane-autism kunye nabathandekayo babo.

Amaqela enkxaso asekuhlaleni anokufunyanwa ngokungenzi nzuzo kukazwelonke Umbutho weAutism. Umbutho iAutism Speaks ikwabonelela ngezixhobo ezijolise kubazali, abantakwabo, ootatomkhulu kunye nabahlobo babantwana abane-autism.

Autism kunye nokuzilolonga

Abantwana abane-autism banokufumanisa ukuba imithambo ethile inokudlala indima ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo kunye nokukhuthaza impilo-ntle jikelele.

Naluphi na uhlobo lomthambo umntwana wakho aluthandayo lunokuba luncedo. Ukuhamba kunye nokuzonwabisa nje ebaleni lokudlala zombini zilungile.

Ukuqubha nokuba semanzini kunokusebenza njengokubamba kunye nokudlala. Imisebenzi yokudlala ebonakalayo inokunceda abantu abane-autism abanokuba nengxaki yokulungisa imiqondiso kwiimpawu zabo.

Ngamanye amaxesha umdlalo wezonxibelelwano unokuba nzima kubantwana abane-autism. Endaweni yoko unokukhuthaza ezinye iindlela zovavanyo kodwa zomeleze umthambo. Qalisa ngezi ngcebiso kwizangqa zengalo, ukutsiba kweenkwenkwezi, kunye nolunye uqeqesho lwe-autism yabantwana.

I-autism iwachaphazela njani amantombazana?

Ngenxa yokuxhaphaka kwayo okuthe ngqo ngokwesini, i-autism ihlala ichazwa njengesifo samakhwenkwe. Ngokwe-ASDs, amaxesha aphindwe kane axhaphake kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazana.

Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba i-autism ayenzeki kumantombazana. Ngapha koko, i-CDC iqikelela ukuba iipesenti ezi-0.66, okanye ngeenxa zonke kumantombazana ali-152, ane-autism. I-Autism inokubonisa ngokwahlukileyo kwabasetyhini.

Xa kuthelekiswa namashumi eminyaka akutshanje, i-autism ivavanywa kwangoko kwaye rhoqo ngoku. Oku kukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu axeliweyo kumakhwenkwe namantombazana.

I-autism ibachaphazela njani abantu abadala?

Iintsapho ezinabantu abathandekayo abane-ASD zinokukhathazeka malunga nokuba ubomi be-autism bukhangeleka njani kumntu omdala.

Abantu abambalwa abanoluphazamiseko banako ukuqhubeka nokuphila okanye ukusebenza ngokuzimela. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abadala abaninzi abane-ASD bafuna ukuqhubeka noncedo okanye ungenelelo kubo bonke ubomi babo.

Ukuzisa unyango kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango kwasekuqaleni ebomini kunokunceda ukukhokelela kwinkululeko engakumbi kunye nomgangatho wobomi obungcono.

Ngamanye amaxesha abantu abakwi-spectrum abafumaneki kude kube kamva ebomini. Oku kungenxa, ngokuyinxenye, kukungabikho kolwazi ngaphambili phakathi kweengcali zonyango.

Funa uncedo ukuba ukrokrela ukuba une-autism yabantu abadala. Akukashiywa lixesha ukuba kufunyanwe isifo.

Kutheni kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi nge-autism?

Ngo-Epreli yinyanga ye-Autism yeNyanga. Ikwabonwa njengeNyanga yoKwazisa nge-Autism yeSizwe eMelika. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabameli luye lwafuna ngokufanelekileyo imfuno yokwandisa ulwazi malunga nee-ASD unyaka wonke, hayi kuphela ngeentsuku ezingama-30 ezikhethiweyo.

Ukwazisa nge-Autism kukwafuna uvelwano kunye nokuqonda ukuba ii-ASD zahlukile kuye wonke umntu.

Unyango oluthile kunye nonyango lunokusebenzela abanye abantu kodwa hayi abanye. Abazali kunye nabanonopheli banokuba nemibono eyahlukileyo ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuxhasa umntwana one-autism.

Ukuqonda i-autism kunye nabantu abakwi-spectrum kuqala ngokwazisa, kodwa akupheleli apho. Jonga ibali likatata omnye "ekukhathazekeni" kwakhe ngolwazi lwe-autism.

Nguwuphi umahluko phakathi kwe-autism kunye ne-ADHD?

I-Autism kunye ne-ADHD ngamanye amaxesha ziyabhidana.

Abantwana abafunyaniswe benesifo se-ADHD bahlala benemicimbi ngokujija, ukugxila, kunye nokugcina unxibelelwano lwamehlo nabanye. Ezi mpawu ziyabonakala nakwabanye abantu kwibala.

Ngaphandle kokufana okufanayo, i-ADHD ayithathwa njenge-spectrum disorder. Omnye umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi zibini kukuba abantu abane-ADHD abathambekiyo ekusweleni izakhono zokunxibelelana noluntu.

Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho uneempawu zokungasebenzi kakuhle, thetha nogqirha wakhe malunga novavanyo olunokwenzeka lwe-ADHD. Ukufumana uxilongo olucacileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana wakho ufumana unyango oluchanekileyo.

Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu abe ne-autism kunye ne-ADHD. Jonga eli nqaku, elivavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-autism kunye ne-ADHD.

Yintoni imbonakalo yabantu abane-autism?

Akukho lunyango lweASD. Olona nyango lusebenzayo lubandakanya ungenelelo lwakwangoko kunye nolunzulu lokuziphatha. Okukhona umntwana ebhalisiwe kwezi nkqubo, kokukhona umbono wabo uya kuba ngcono.

Khumbula ukuba i-autism inzima, kwaye kuthatha ixesha kumntu one-ASD ukufumana eyona nkqubo ibalungeleyo.