Barbiturates: Ukusetyenziswa, iifom, Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, kunye nokunye

Umxholo

• Iinyani ezikhawulezayo malunga neebarbiturates
• Yintoni iibarbiturates?
• Kutheni i-barbiturates imiselwe?
• Iifom zebharbiturates
• Ukudityaniswa kwemveliso esetyenziselwa iintloko:
• Zeziphi iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokubakho?
• Umngcipheko wokuthatha i-barbiturates
• Umngcipheko wokukhulelwa
• Iimpawu zokurhoxa
• Yeyiphi imiba yezomthetho ejikeleze iibarbiturates?
• Nini ukufuna unyango olungxamisekileyo
• Iibarbiturates zithelekisa njani ne-benzodiazepines?
• Umgca wezantsi

I-Barbiturates ijikeleze ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-150. Babedume ukusuka ekuqaleni kwee-1900 ukuya kwii-1970. Ezona zinto zimbini ziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo yayikukulala kunye noxinzelelo.

Ngexesha elinye zazingaphezu kwama-50 iintlobo zebarbiturates ezikhoyo eUnited States. Ekugqibeleni, batshintshwa ngamanye amayeza ngenxa yenkxalabo yezokhuseleko.

Funda ngokufunda malunga nokusetyenziswa, iziphumo, kunye nomngcipheko weebarbiturates.

Iinyani ezikhawulezayo malunga neebarbiturates

• IiBarbiturates zezi kunqabile isetyenzisiwe namhlanje. Banomngcipheko omkhulu wokunyamezelana, ukuxhomekeka, kunye nokudlula ngaphezulu.
• Eli klasi lamayeza linokuba neziphumo ezimfutshane nezisebenza ixesha elide. Kuxhomekeke kwichiza elithile.
• Ngokutsho kweZiko leLizwe ngokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (i-NIDA), ngo-2016 bekukho abantu abangama-409 ababhubhileyo kukudlula ngokweqile ngeebarbiturates. Iipesenti ezingamashumi amabini ananye zibandakanya ii-opioid zokwenziwa.
• Awunakuyeka ngesiquphe ukuthatha i-barbiturates emva kokuyisebenzisa rhoqo. Inokubangela iimpawu ezinzima zokurhoxa. Oku kubandakanya umngcipheko wokufa.

Yintoni iibarbiturates?

IiBarbiturates zinefuthe loxinzelelo kwingqondo. Bonyusa i-gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) yomsebenzi kwingqondo. I-GABA yikhemikhali yengqondo eyenza umphumo wokuhlala.

Amachiza enza umkhwa. Unokuphuhlisa ukunyamezelana kunye nokuxhomekeka kwii-barbiturates. Oku kuthetha ukuba ufuna imali ephezulu ukuze ufumane isiphumo esifanayo. Ukuyekisa ngesiquphe eliyeza kubangela iimpawu zokurhoxa.

Ukuthatha iidosi eziphezulu zebarbiturates kuyingozi kuba ungadlula ngaphezulu. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba la mayeza angabekwa njengangoku.

Kutheni i-barbiturates imiselwe?

Namhlanje, la mayeza asetyenziselwa:

• unxunguphalo kunye nokudumba okunxulumene notyando (ukuba ezinye iziyobisi azisebenzi)
• ukulala (kunqabile)
• ukuxhuzula (ukuba ezinye iziyobisi azisebenzi)
• Ukubulawa
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• ukwenzakala kwengqondo ebuhlungu (i-TBI)

Iifom zebharbiturates

Ii-barbiturates ziyafumaneka kwifom ye-injeksi, ulwelo, ithebhulethi kunye nefomule. Ziza ngamandla amaninzi kunye nokudibanisa.

I-Barbiturates yi-Drug Enforcing Administration (i-DEA) into elawulwayo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa gwenxa.

I-DEA ihlela iziyobisi ngokweendidi ezintlanu zeshedyuli yamachiza, ukusukela kwiShedyuli I ukuya kwiShedyuli V. Inombolo yeshedyuli ibonisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba into ingasetyenziswa gwenxa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezonyango okwamkelweyo.

Umzekelo, iShedyuli I iziyobisi azamkelekanga njengangoku kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa. Ishedyuli V iziyobisi zinokubakho ekusebenziseni gwenxa.

Amagama aqhelekileyo (aqhelekileyo kunye nophawu) lweebarbiturates zibandakanya:

• i-amobarbital injectable (Amytal), ishedyuli ye-DEA II
• Ithebhulethi yebutabarbital (Butisol), iShedyuli III ye-DEA
• i-methohexital injectable (Brevital), iShedyuli ye-DEA IV
• ipentobarbital injectable (Nembutal), iShedyuli II ye-DEA
• Iicapsules ze-secobarbital (Seconal), iShedyuli II ye-DEA
• ithebhulethi yeprimidone (Mysoline). Eli yeza lisebenza emzimbeni we-phenobarbital. Isetyenziselwa ukuphazamiseka kokuthimba kwaye ayinaso iShedyuli ye-DEA.

Ukudityaniswa kwemveliso esetyenziselwa iintloko:

• I-butalbital / acetaminophen capsule kunye nethebhulethi
• I-butalbital / acetaminophen / icaffeine capsule, ithebhulethi, kunye nesisombululo samanzi, iShedyuli ye-DEA III
• I-butalbital / acetaminophen / caffeine / ithebhulethi yekhowudi (i-Fioricet ene-codeine), iShedyuli ye-DEA III
• I-butalbital / aspirin / icaffeine tablet kunye necapsule (Fiorinal, Lanorinal), iShedyuli ye-DEA III
• I-butalbital / aspirin / i-caffeine / i-codeine capsule (i-Fiorinal kunye ne-codeine), i-DEA iShedyuli III

Zeziphi iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokubakho?

Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo ze-barbiturates zizongoko kunye nokuzela. Imisebenzi efuna ukuba uqaphele, njengokuqhuba, kunokuba ngumceli mngeni.

Ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zinqabile kodwa zibi kakhulu. Oku kubandakanya:

• ubunzima bokuphefumla, iintlungu zesifuba, okanye ukuqina
• irhashalala
• ifiva
• intlungu edibeneyo
• ukudumba kobuso, imilebe, okanye umqala
• ukopha okungaqhelekanga okanye ukugruzuka

Shayela umboneleli wakho wezempilo ngokukhawuleza ukuba ufumana nayiphi na imiphumo emibi.

Ezinye iziphumo ezinokubakho zibandakanya:

• intloko ebuhlungu
• ukudideka
• ukucaphuka
• ixhala
• ukudakumba
• ukuphazamiseka ebuthongweni
• uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi
• isicaphucaphu
• ukugabha
• iingxaki ngokulingana kunye nokunyakaza
• iingxaki ngentetho, ukugxila, kunye nenkumbulo

Thetha nomboneleli wakho wezempilo ukuba uxoxe malunga nayiphi na inkxalabo malunga nemiphumo emibi.

Umngcipheko wokuthatha i-barbiturates

Izinto ezithile zinokunyusa umngcipheko weziphumo ebezingalindelekanga okanye ukugqithisa ekusebenziseni ibarbiturate. Oku kubandakanya ubudala bakho, iimeko zempilo, kunye nawaphi na amanye amayeza owathathayo.

I-Barbiturates inokongeza kwiziphumo zokulalisa amanye amayeza. Oku kubandakanya:

• amayeza okunyanga amayeza afana ne-antihistamines
• amayeza eentlungu, ngakumbi iiopioid ezinjenge morphine kunye nehydrocodone
• ukulala okanye ukuxhalabisa amayeza (benzodiazepines)
• utywala
• amanye amayeza abangela ukulala okanye ukozela

Olu didi lweziyobisi lusetyenziselwe umda namhlanje kuba amachiza amatsha anerekhodi engcono yezokhuseleko.

IiBarbiturates zinomngcipheko omkhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezibonelelo. Abantu abamiselweyo la machiza kufuneka babekwe esweni ngononophelo ukuthintela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Umngcipheko wokukhulelwa

Kukho umngcipheko onxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwebarbiturate ngexesha lokukhulelwa. La machiza ngamanye amaxesha asetyenziswa ukuba ezinye iindlela zonyango azifumaneki.

Uninzi lwabadala luye lwasungula ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-barbiturate ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunye neziphene zokuzalwa. Iintsana zinokuba nazo ngokukhula kunye nokukhula ukuba zivelisiwe kwi-barbiturates yexesha elide ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Iintsana nazo zinokuzalwa zixhomekeke kwii-barbiturates kwaye zinengxaki yokurhoxa emva kokuzalwa.

Isilwanyana esifumene ukuvezwa kwiigundane ezisandul 'ukuzalwa sabangela iingxaki ekukhuleni kwengqondo. Iyeza (pentobarbital) lichaphazele ukufunda, inkumbulo, kunye neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

Iimpawu zokurhoxa

IiBarbiturates zinokubangela ukufa ukuba ziyekwe ngesiquphe. Ubunzima bokusabela buxhomekeke kwimpilo yomntu iyonke, ezinye iimeko zempilo abanokuba nazo, kunye namanye amayeza asetyenziswayo.

Ukuba uthathe i-barbiturate, qiniseka ukuba uthethe nogqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuyeka iyeza.

Ezinye zeempawu zokurhoxa kweebarbiturates zibandakanya:

• isicaphucaphu nokugabha
• isisu esiswini
• Uxinzelelo, unxunguphalo, okanye ukuphumla
• ubunzima bokulala, ukugxila, kunye nokugxila
• iingxaki zentliziyo
• ukwanda kobushushu bomzimba
• ukuxhuzula
• ukungcangcazela
• Ukuphambuka
• nemibono

Ngeempawu ezinzulu zokurhoxa, unokufuna ukubekwa esweni esibhedlele ide iphume emzimbeni wakho iyeza. Oku kungathatha iintsuku ezininzi.

Yeyiphi imiba yezomthetho ejikeleze iibarbiturates?

IiBarbiturates ziyafumaneka ngugqirha kumacandelo amathathu eshedyuli ye-DEA. Oku kusekwe kumandla abo okulutha kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa.

Zisasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni esibhedlele kwi-anesthesia, sedation, TBI, ukuxhuzula, kunye nezinye iimeko ezikhethiweyo. Baye bamiselwa iintloko kunye nokulala ukuba amanye amayeza akasebenzi.

Nangona kunjalo, i-barbiturates isekhona ngokufikelela ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kukhokelele ekuswelekeni kokudlula kwexesha ngenxa yokuba amayeza ayingozi ekuzinyangeni. Ingozi iyanda xa ii-barbiturates zidityaniswa notywala, ii-opioids, i-benzodiazepines ezifana ne-diazepam, okanye ezinye iziyobisi.

IiBarbiturates zisasetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi kuba zingabizi kakhulu. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba basekhona. Zikwafumaneka kwimithombo yezilwanyana nakwiilebhu ngeenjongo zophando.

Ukuthengwa kwe-Intanethi ngomnye umthombo ongekho semthethweni weebarbiturates. Ziza nezikhulu kuba amachiza anokuphelelwa lixesha okanye angcoliswe zezinye izinto.

Akukho mthethweni ukuthenga okanye ukusebenzisa i-barbiturates ngaphandle kommiselo kagqirha. Kukho izohlwayo zombuso kunye nezaseburhulumenteni zokuthenga, ukuthengisa, okanye ukuthatha iziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni.

Nini ukufuna unyango olungxamisekileyo

Ii-barbiturates azisetyenziswanga kakhulu namhlanje ngenxa yerekhodi labo elikhuselekileyo lokufumana ngaphezulu. Zininzi izinto ezenza nzima ukuba kutheni umntu esesichengeni sokudlula ngaphezulu.

Oku kubandakanya:

• amanye amayeza aneziphumo zokudakumba kwingqondo, ezinje ngeopioids kunye ne-benzodiazepines
• utywala, obunokucothisa ukususwa kweziyobisi kwaye kubangele ukwakha emzimbeni
• Imbali yoxinzelelo, iingcinga zokuzibulala, okanye iimeko zempilo yengqondo
• Imbali yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi
• iingxaki zokuphefumla, ezifana nesifuba, isifo semiphunga, kunye ne- emphysema
• iingxaki zentliziyo
• iingxaki zezintso okanye zesibindi, ezinokubangela ukuba ichiza lakheke emzimbeni
• ubudala, obunokuchaphazela ubungozi kwiziphumo ebezingalindelekanga

Kukho ezinye izizathu zokuphendula ngamandla kwi-barbiturates. Qiniseka ukuba uxoxa ngonyango lwakho kunye nembali yezempilo.

Tsalela umnxeba ku-911 okanye inombolo yakho yongxamiseko kwangoko ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo uthathe i-barbiturate kakhulu okanye ukuba unayo nayiphi na le mpawu:

• ukozela kakhulu
• unengxaki yokuthetha
• ubuthathaka obukhulu okanye ukudinwa
• ukuphefumla kancinci
• ukudideka
• ingxaki ngokulungelelanisa kunye nokulinganisela
• isantya sentliziyo esicothayo
• ukujika luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• ukuhla kobushushu bomzimba

Akukho siyobisi sibuyela umva kunyango lwe-barbiturate overdose. Amalahle asebenzayo angasetyenziselwa ukususa iziyobisi ezingaphezulu komzimba. Amanye amanyathelo abandakanya ukugcina umoya, ukujikeleza, kunye nokuphefumla.

Iibarbiturates zithelekisa njani ne-benzodiazepines?

I-Barbiturates ithathelwe indawo yi-benzodiazepines efana ne-alprazolam (Xanax) kunye ne-diazepam (Valium) yokunyanga uxinzelelo kunye nengxaki yokulala. Zineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa xa zimiselwe ukusetyenziswa kwekhaya xa kuthelekiswa neebarbiturates.

I-Benzodiazepines isebenza ngendlela efanayo ngokwandisa umsebenzi we-GABA kwingqondo. Benza isiphumo sokuthomalalisa okanye sokuphumla. Kodwa ukuba zisetyenziswa kunye neebarbiturates, zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokudlula.

I-Benzodiazepines ikwakhwa xa isetyenziswa ixesha elide. Zineempembelelo ezifanayo kunye nomngcipheko wokusetyenziswa gwenxa. I-Benzodiazepines kufuneka isetyenziswe ixesha elincinci kuphela.

Umgca wezantsi

I-Barbiturates yathandwa ukusuka ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1900 ukuya kwi-1970. Kwakukho iindlela ezimbalwa zonyango zokunyanga ukuxhalaba, uxinzelelo kunye nokuqaqanjelwa sisisu.

Oogqirha bayeka ukuzisebenzisa xa ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kunye nokugqithisa ngaphezulu kwexesha. Ii-barbiturates zisetyenziselwa umda namhlanje, kwaye amayeza akhuselekileyo ayafumaneka.

Nangona kunjalo, ii-barbiturates zisasetyenziswa gwenxa namhlanje. Imingcipheko yokufa libanda libanda xa zisetyenziswa ngokudibanisa notywala, iiopioids, benzodiazepines, okanye amanye amayeza.

Ii-barbiturates zifuna ukubekwa esweni ngokungqongqo ngenxa yomngcipheko wokudlula kwaye akufuneki zisetyenziswe ngaphandle kolawulo lukagqirha.