Into ekufuneka uyazi ngobumfama

Umxholo

• Ziintoni iimpawu zobumfama?
• Iimpawu zobumfama kwiintsana
• Yintoni ebangela ubumfama?
• Iimbangela zobumfama kwiintsana
• Ngubani osemngciphekweni wobumfama?
• Kufunyaniswa njani ukungaboni?
• Ukuchonga ubumfama kwiintsana
• Uphathwa njani ubumfama?
• Ithini imbonakalo yexesha elide?
• Bungathintelwa njani ubumfama?

Ushwankathelo

Ubumfama kukungakwazi ukubona nantoni na, kubandakanya ukukhanya.

Ukuba uyimfama ngokungaphelelanga, unombono olinganiselweyo. Umzekelo, unokuba nombono ongacacanga okanye ukungakwazi ukwahlula iimilo zezinto. Gcwalisa ubumfama kuthetha ukuba awukwazi ukubona konke konke.

Ubumfama bomthetho bubhekisa kumbono osengozini enkulu. Yintoni umntu onombono oqhelekileyo anokuyibona ukusuka kwi-200 yeenyawo kude, umntu ongaboniyo ngokusemthethweni unokubona ukusuka kwi-20 yeenyawo kuphela.

Funa unyango ngokukhawuleza ukuba ulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba ungaboni. Yiba nomntu okuzisa kwigumbi likaxakeka ukuze afumane unyango. Musa ukulinda ukuba umbono wakho ubuye.

Kuxhomekeke kwisizathu sobumfama, unyango lwangoko lunokunyusa amathuba akho okubuyisela umbono wakho. Unyango lunokubandakanya utyando okanye amayeza.

Ziintoni iimpawu zobumfama?

Ukuba uyimfama ngokupheleleyo, awuboni nto. Ukuba uyimfama ngokuthe ngcembe, unokufumana ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• umbono onamafu
• ukungakwazi ukubona iimilo
• ukubona izithunzi kuphela
• ukungaboni kakuhle ebusuku
• umbono wetonela

Iimpawu zobumfama kwiintsana

Inkqubo yokubonakalayo yomntwana wakho iqala ukukhula esibelekweni. Ayimi ngokupheleleyo de kube malunga neminyaka emibini ubudala.

Kwiiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8 ubudala, umntwana wakho kufuneka akwazi ukulungisa amehlo akhe kwinto kwaye alandele ukuhamba kwayo. Ngeenyanga ezi-4 ubudala, amehlo abo kufuneka alungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye angajiki ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Iimpawu zokungaboni kakuhle kubantwana abancinci zingabandakanya:

• ukurabha amehlo rhoqo
• uvakalelo olugqithisileyo ekukhanyeni
• ugxile ekujongeni
• ukuba bomvu kwamehlo okungapheliyo
• ukukrazuka okungapheliyo emehlweni abo
• umhlophe endaweni yomfundi omnyama
• ukungalandelwa kakuhle, okanye ingxaki yokulandela into ngamehlo
• ukulungelelaniswa okungaqhelekanga kwamehlo okanye ukuhamba emva kweenyanga ezi-6 ubudala

Yintoni ebangela ubumfama?

Ezi zigulo zamehlo zilandelayo kunye neemeko zinokubangela ubumfama:

• I-Glaucoma ibhekisa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zamehlo ezinokonakalisa i-optic nerve yakho, ephethe ulwazi olubonakalayo ukusuka kwamehlo akho ukuya kwingqondo yakho.
• Ukonakala kweMacular kutshabalalisa inxenye yamehlo akho akwenza ukuba ubone iinkcukacha. Ihlala ichaphazela abantu abadala.
• I-cataract ibangela umbono onamafu. Ziqheleke ngakumbi kubantu abadala.
• Iliso elonqenayo linokwenza kube nzima ukubona iinkcukacha. Ingakhokelela ekuphulukaneni nombono.
• I-Optic neuritis kukudumba okunokubangela ukulahleka kombono okwethutyana okanye okusisigxina.
• I-Retinitis pigmentosa ibhekisa kumonakalo we-retina. Kukhokelela kubumfama kuphela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo.
• Izidumbu ezichaphazela i-retina okanye i-optic nerve nazo zinokubangela ukungaboni.

Ubumfama yinto enokubakho xa unesifo seswekile okanye unestroke. Ezinye izizathu eziqhelekileyo zobumfama zibandakanya:

• iziphene zokuzalwa
• ukwenzakala kwamehlo
• iingxaki zoqhaqho lwamehlo

Iimbangela zobumfama kwiintsana

Ezi meko zilandelayo zinokuphazamisa umbono okanye zibangele ubumfama kwiintsana:

• usulelo, njengeliso elipink
• ivaliwe imibhobho
• ngamehlo
• strabismus (amehlo awele)
• i-amblyopia (iliso elinobuvila)
• I-ptosis (ijwabu leso)
• iglaucoma yesibeleko
• Ukuphinda ubenokubona kwangaphambili (ROP), okwenzeka kwiintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi kwexesha xa imithambo yegazi ebonelela ngeretina yabo ingaphuhliswanga ngokupheleleyo
• ukungakhathaleli okubonakalayo, okanye ukulibaziseka ukukhula kwenkqubo yokubonakalayo yomntwana wakho

Ngubani osemngciphekweni wobumfama?

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo zabantu zisengozini yokungaboni:

• abantu abanezifo zamehlo, ezinje ngokuwohloka kwemisipha kunye neglaucoma
• abantu abanesifo seswekile
• abantu abanestroke
• abantu abatyandwa amehlo
• abantu abasebenza kunye okanye kufutshane izinto ezibukhali okanye imichiza enetyhefu
• iintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi kwexesha

Kufunyaniswa njani ukungaboni?

Ukuvavanywa ngamehlo ngugqirha wamehlo kuya kunceda ekuchongeni unobangela wobumfama okanye ukulahleka kombono ngokuyinxenye.

Ugqirha wamehlo wakho uya kulawula uthotho lweemvavanyo ezilinganisa:

• Ukucaca kombono wakho
• ukusebenza kwezihlunu zamehlo akho
• indlela abafundi bakho abasabela ngayo ekukhanyeni

Baza kuvavanya impilo ngokubanzi yamehlo akho besebenzisa isibane esikrazukileyo. Yimicroscope yamandla asezantsi edityaniswe nokukhanya okuphezulu.

Ukuchonga ubumfama kwiintsana

Ugqirha wabantwana uza kuvavanya umntwana wakho kwiingxaki zamehlo kungekudala emva kokuzalwa. Kwiinyanga ezi-6 ubudala, kufuneka ube nogqirha wamehlo okanye ugqirha wabantwana ahlole kwakhona umntwana wakho ukuba unawo na amandla okubona, ukugxila kunye nokulungelelana kwamehlo.

Ugqirha uza kujonga ulwakhiwo lomntwana wakho kwaye abone ukuba angalandela into elula okanye enemibala ngamehlo abo.

Umntwana wakho kufuneka akwazi ukuhoya izinto ezibonakalayo kwiiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8 ubudala. Ukuba umntwana wakho akasabeli ekukhanyeni okukhanya emehlweni abo okanye agxile kwizinto ezinemibala ngeenyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 ubudala, jongisisa amehlo abo kwangoko.

Ngaba ujonge amehlo omntwana wakho ukuba uphawula amehlo aweleyo okanye naziphi na ezinye iimpawu zokungaboni kakuhle.

Uphathwa njani ubumfama?

Ngamanye amaxesha ukungaboni kakuhle, enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi zilandelayo zinokunceda ukubuyisela umbono:

• iiglasi zamehlo
• iilensi zokujonga
• utyando
• amayeza

Ukuba ufumana ukungaboni okungaphelelanga okungenakulungiswa, ugqirha wakho uya kukubonelela ngesikhokelo sendlela yokusebenza ngombono omda. Umzekelo, ungasebenzisa iglasi yokukhulisa ukufunda, ukwandisa ubungakanani bokubhaliweyo kwikhompyuter yakho, kwaye usebenzise iiwotshi zomsindo kunye neencwadi ezimanyelwayo.

Ukuphelela kobumfama kufuna ukusondela ebomini ngendlela entsha kunye nokufunda izakhono ezitsha. Umzekelo, kuya kufuneka ufunde ukuba:

• funda iBraille
• sebenzisa inja ekhokelayo
• cwangcisa ikhaya lakho ukuze ufumane izinto lula kwaye uhlale ukhuselekile
• Songa imali ngeendlela ezahlukileyo zokwahlula imali

Unokucinga ngokufumana iimveliso eziguqukayo, ezinje nge-smartphone ekhethekileyo, isazisi sombala, kunye nokufikeleleka kokupheka. Kukho izixhobo zemidlalo eziguqukayo, njengebhola ekhatywayo yeemvakalelo.

Ithini imbonakalo yexesha elide?

Umbono wexesha elide lomntu wokubuyisela umbono kunye nokucothisa ukulahleka kombono kungcono xa unyango luthintela kwaye lufunwa kwangoko.

Utyando lunokunyanga ngokufanelekileyo i-cataract. Ayibangeli ukuba ubumfama. Ukuchongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango kubalulekile kwiimeko ze-glaucoma kunye ne-macular degeneration ukunceda ukucothisa okanye ukumisa ukulahleka kombono.

Bungathintelwa njani ubumfama?

Ukufumanisa izifo zamehlo kunye nokunceda ukuthintela ukulahleka kombono, fumana iimviwo zamehlo rhoqo. Ukuba ufumana ukuxilongwa kwemeko ezithile zamehlo, ezifana ne-glaucoma, unyango ngamayeza lunokunceda ukuthintela ukungaboni.

Ukunceda ukuthintela ukulahleka kombono, iAmerican Optometric Association icebisa ukuba uhlolwe amehlo omntwana wakho:

• kwiinyanga ezi-6 ubudala
• kwiminyaka emi-3 ubudala
• minyaka le phakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-17 yeminyaka ubudala

Ukuba uqaphela iimpawu zokulahleka kombono phakathi kotyelelo oluqhelekileyo, yenza idinga nogqirha wabo wamehlo kwangoko.