I-COVID-19 vs. SARS: Zahluka njani?

Umxholo

• Yintoni i-coronavirus?
• Yintoni i-SARS?
• Ihluke njani i-COVID-19 kwi-SARS?
• Iimpawu
• Ubunzima
• Unikezelo
• Izinto zeMolekyuli
• Ukubopha umamkeli
• Ngaba i-COVID-19 iyakujikeleza ngaphezulu kuneSARS?
• Umgca wezantsi

Eli nqaku lahlaziywa ngo-Epreli 29, 2020 ukubandakanya iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ze-coronavirus ka-2019.

I-COVID-19, ebangelwa yicorononavirus entsha, ibisoloko isongamela iindaba kungekudala. Nangona kunjalo, unokuqala ukuqhelana nekota ye-coronavirus ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwesifo sokuphefumula (SARS) ngo-2003.

Zombini i-COVID-19 kunye ne-SARS zibangelwa zii-coronaviruses. Intsholongwane ebangela i-SARS yaziwa ngokuba yi-SARS-CoV, ngelixa intsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19 yaziwa ngokuba yi-SARS-CoV-2. Kukho nezinye iintlobo zeekoronavirus zabantu.

Ngaphandle kwegama elifanayo, kukho umahluko phakathi kweekoronaviruses ezibangela i-COVID-19 kunye ne-SARS. Qhubeka ufunda njengoko siphonononga ii-coronaviruses kunye nendlela ezithelekisa ngayo.

Yintoni i-coronavirus?

IiCoronaviruses lusapho olwahlukileyo lweentsholongwane. Banoluhlu olukhulu lokubamba, olubandakanya abantu. Nangona kunjalo, elona nani likhulu lokwahlukahluka kwe-coronavirus liyabonwa.

IiCoronaviruses zinezinto eziqikelelweyo kumphezulu wazo ezibonakala ngathi zizithsaba. I-Corona ithetha "isithsaba" ngesiLatini - kwaye yile ndlela le ntsapho yeentsholongwane ifumana igama layo.

Uninzi lwexesha, ii-coronaviruses zabantu zibangela izifo zokuphefumla ezinje ngengqele eqhelekileyo. Ngapha koko, zine iintlobo zeekoronavirus zabantu ezibangela usulelo oluphezulu lokuphefumla kubantu abadala.

Uhlobo olutsha lwe-coronavirus lunokuvela xa isilwanyana coronavirus sikhulisa amandla okudlulisela isifo ebantwini. Xa iintsholongwane zihanjiswa zisuka kwisilwanyana ziye emntwini, ibizwa ngokuba yi-zoonotic transmission.

IiCoronaviruses ezenza ukuba kuthi xhaxhe kwimikhosi yabantu zinokubangela ukugula kakhulu. Oku kunokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi ukuswela kwabantu ukhuseleko kwintsholongwane entsha. Nayi eminye imizekelo yezo coronaviruses:

• I-SARS-CoV, intsholongwane eyabangela ukuba i-SARS, eyaqala ukuchongwa ngo-2003
• I-MERS-CoV, intsholongwane ebangele ukuba isifo sokuphefumla eMiddle East (MERS), eyaqala ukubonwa ngo-2012
• I-SARS-CoV-2, intsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19, eyaqala ukubonwa ngo-2019

Yintoni i-SARS?

I-SARS ligama lesifo sokuphefumla esibangelwa yi-SARS-CoV. Igama elifinyeziweyo elithi SARS limele isifo esiqatha sokuphefumla.

Ukuqhambuka kweSARS kwihlabathi liphela kwaqala ngasekupheleni kuka-2002 ukuya phakathi ku-2003. Ngeli xesha, babegula kwaye abantu abangama-774 basweleka.

Imvelaphi yeSARS-CoV kucingelwa ukuba ngamalulwane. Kukholelwa ukuba intsholongwane idlulela kumalulwane iye kumamkeli wezilwanyana ophakathi, ikati ye-civet, ngaphambi kokutsiba ebantwini.

Umkhuhlane yenye yeempawu zokuqala zeSARS. Oku kunokuhamba kunye nezinye iimpawu, ezinje:

• ukukhohlela
• ukudinwa okanye ukudinwa
• iintlungu zomzimba

Iimpawu zokuphefumla zinokuba mandundu, zikhokelele ekuphefumlweni okufutshane. Amatyala abalulekileyo aqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza, akhokelela kwinyumoniya okanye uxinzelelo lokuphefumla.

Ihluke njani i-COVID-19 kwi-SARS?

I-COVID-19 kunye ne-SARS ziyafana ngeendlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, zombini:

• zizifo zokuphefumla ezibangelwa zii-coronaviruses
• ukuvela kumalulwane, ukutsiba ebantwini ngommkeli ophakathi wezilwanyana
• zisasazwa ngamathontsi okuphefumla aveliswa xa umntu onentsholongwane ekhohlela okanye ethimla, okanye ngokudibana nezinto ezingcolileyo okanye imiphezulu.
• uzinzo olufanayo emoyeni nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo
• kunokukhokelela kwisifo esibi kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha kufuna ioksijini okanye umoya opholileyo
• unokuba neempawu kamva kwesi sigulo
• babe namaqela afanayo asemngciphekweni, njengabantu abadala kunye nabo baneemeko zempilo ezingaphantsi
• abanalo unyango oluthile okanye izitofu

Nangona kunjalo, ezi zigulo zimbini kunye neentsholongwane ezibangela zona zahlukile ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Makhe sijonge ngakumbi.

Iimpawu

Ngokubanzi, iimpawu ze-COVID-19 kunye ne-SARS ziyafana. Kodwa kukho umahluko ocashileyo.

Ubunzima

Kuqikelelwa ukuba kubantu abane-COVID-19 kuyakufuneka ukuba balaliswe esibhedlele ukuze bafumane unyango. Ipesenti encinci yeli qela iya kufuna umoya wokungenisa umoya.

Amatyala eSARS ayenzima kakhulu, ngokubanzi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kubantu abane-SARS bafuna umoya opholileyo.

Uqikelelo lwenqanaba lokufa le-COVID-19 lahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinje ngendawo kunye neempawu zabemi. Ngokubanzi, amazinga okusweleka kwe-COVID-19 aqikelelwa ukuba aphakathi kwe-0.25 kunye ne-3 yepesenti.

I-SARS ibulala kakhulu kune-COVID-19. Umyinge wokufa kwabantu umalunga.

Unikezelo

I-COVID-19 ibonakala igqithisile kuneSARS. Enye inkcazo enokwenzeka kukuba inani lentsholongwane, okanye umthamo wentsholongwane, ubonakala uphezulu kakhulu empumlweni nasemqaleni wabantu abane-COVID-19 kungekudala emva kokuvela kweempawu.

Oku kwahlukile kwi-SARS, apho imithwalo yentsholongwane yanda kakhulu emva kwexesha ekuguleni. Oku kubonisa ukuba abantu abane-COVID-19 banokudlulisa intsholongwane kwangaphambili kwintsholongwane, njengokuba iimpawu zabo zikhula, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukuba nzima.

Ngokutsho kwe, uphando oluthile lubonisa ukuba i-COVID-19 ingasasazeka ngabantu abangabonakali mpawu.

Omnye umahluko phakathi kwezi zigulo zibini kukuba kukho naziphi na iimeko ezichaziweyo zosasazo lwe-SARS ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kweempawu.

Izinto zeMolekyuli

Ulwazi olupheleleyo lwemfuza (i-genome) lweesampulu ze-SARS-CoV-2 lufumanise ukuba intsholongwane ibisondele kakhulu kwi-bat coronaviruses kune-SARS virus. I-coronavirus entsha ine-79 yepesenti yemfuza efanayo kwintsholongwane ye-SARS.

Indawo yokubopha eyamkela i-SARS-CoV-2 nayo yathelekiswa nezinye ii-coronaviruses. Khumbula ukuba ukungena kwiseli, intsholongwane kufuneka inxibelelane neeproteni kumphezulu weseli (ii-receptors). Intsholongwane iyakwenza oku ngokusebenzisa iiproteni kumphezulu wayo.

Xa ukulandelelana kweprotein ye-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding site yahlaziywa, kwafunyanwa iziphumo ezinomdla. Ngelixa i-SARS-CoV-2 ngokubanzi ifana kakhulu ne-bat coronaviruses, indawo yokubopha ye-receptor yayifana ngakumbi ne-SARS-CoV.

Ukubopha umamkeli

Izifundo ziyaqhubeka ukubona indlela i-coronavirus entsha ebopha ngayo kwaye ingene kwiiseli ngokuthelekisa intsholongwane ye-SARS. Iziphumo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zahlukile. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uphando olungezantsi lwenziwe kuphela ngeeproteni kwaye hayi kwimeko yentsholongwane iphela.

Uphononongo lwamva nje luqinisekisile ukuba zombini i-SARS-CoV-2 kunye ne-SARS-CoV zisebenzisa i-receptor yeseli efanayo. Ikwafumanise ukuba, kuzo zombini ezi ntsholongwane, iiproteni zentsholongwane ezisetyenziselwa ukungena kweseli yokubamba zibopha kwi-receptor ngokuqina okufanayo (ukudibana).

Omnye uthelekise indawo ethile yeprotein yentsholongwane enoxanduva lokuzibophelela kwi-receptor cell host. Iqwalasele ukuba indawo yokubopha eyamkelayo ye-SARS-CoV-2 ibophelela kwisamkeli seseli esine- ngaphezulu umanyano kunolo lwe-SARS-CoV.

Ukuba i-coronavirus entsha inesibophelelo esiphakamileyo sokubopha isamkeli sayo, oku kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni ibonakala isasazeka ngokulula kunentsholongwane ye-SARS.

Ngaba i-COVID-19 iyakujikeleza ngaphezulu kuneSARS?

Akubangakho kuqhambuko lweSARS kwihlabathi liphela. Amatyala okugqibela axeliweyo kwaye afunyanwa elebhu. Akukabikho matyala abikiweyo ukusukela ngoko.

I-SARS igcinwe ngempumelelo kusetyenziswa amanyathelo ezempilo oluntu, anje ngala:

• ukufunyanwa kwetyala kwangethuba kunye nokuba yedwa
• ukulandelwa komnxeba kunye nokuzihlukanisa
• ukubekelwa bucala kuluntu

Ngaba ukumiliselwa kwala manyathelo afanayo kuya kunceda i-COVID-19 ihambe? Kule meko, kunokuba nzima ngakumbi.

Ezinye zezinto ezinokuthi zibe negalelo kwi-COVID-19 ukuhlala ixesha elide zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• yabantu abane-COVID-19 banesigulo esincinci. Abanye basenokungazi nokuba bayagula. Oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani osulelekileyo kwaye ngubani ongekhoyo.
• Abantu abane-COVID-19 babonakala beyiphalaza intsholongwane kwangexesha losulelo lwabo kunabantu abane-SARS. Oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani onentsholongwane kwaye ubenze bodwa ngaphambi kokuba basasazeke kwabanye.
• I-COVID-19 ngoku isasazeka ngokulula kuluntu. Kwakungenjalo nge-SARS, eyayixhaphake kakhulu kuseto lokhathalelo lwempilo.
• Sidityaniswe ngakumbi kwihlabathi jikelele kunokuba besinjalo ngo-2003, isenza kube lula ukuba i-COVID-19 isasazeke phakathi kwemimandla namazwe.

Ezinye iintsholongwane, ezinjengomkhuhlane kunye nokubanda okuqhelekileyo, zilandela iipateni zonyaka. Ngenxa yoku, kukho umbuzo wokuba i-COVID-19 izakuhamba na xa imozulu ishushu. Ukuba oku kuyakwenzeka.

Umgca wezantsi

I-COVID-19 kunye ne-SARS zombini zibangelwa zii-coronaviruses. Iintsholongwane ezibangela ezi zigulo kungenzeka ukuba zivela kwizilwanyana ngaphambi kokuba zigqithiselwe ebantwini ngumbindi ophakathi.

Zininzi izinto ezifanayo phakathi kwe-COVID-19 kunye ne-SARS. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko obalulekileyo. Iimeko ze-COVID-19 zinokuthi ziqale ukusuka kophakathi ukuya kwezinzima, ngelixa iimeko zeSARS, ngokubanzi, zazinzima kakhulu. Kodwa i-COVID-19 isasazeka ngokulula. Kukho umahluko phakathi kweempawu phakathi kwezi zigulo zibini.

Akuzange kubekho tyala libhaliweyo le-SARS ukusukela ngo-2004, njengoko amanyathelo angqongqo ezempilo oluntu ayephunyezwa ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwayo. I-COVID-19 isenokuba ngumceli mngeni omkhulu ukuyifumana ngoba intsholongwane ebangela esi sifo isasazeka ngokulula kwaye ihlala ibangela iimpawu ezinobulali.