Sisondele kangakanani kwiNyango leMelanoma?

Umxholo

• Ukujolisa iiseli ezinomhlaza
• Isebenza njani i-immunotherapy
• Apho uphando lubhekisa khona
• Ukuthatha

Ndiyabulela kuphuhliso lonyango olutsha, amaxabiso okusinda kwi-melanoma aphezulu kunakuqala. Kodwa sisondele kangakanani kunyango?

I-Melanoma luhlobo lomhlaza wolusu. Ihlala ichongwa kumanqanaba okuqala, xa inyangeka kakhulu. Ngokwe-American Society of Clinical Oncology, ukususa i-melanoma ngotyando kunika unyango kwiimeko ezininzi.

Kodwa xa i-melanoma ingafunyanwa kwaye inyangwe kwangethuba, inokusasazeka ukusuka eluswini iye kwii-lymph node kunye namanye amalungu omzimba. Xa oko kusenzeka, yaziwa njenge-advanced-stage melanoma.

Ukunyanga i-melanoma ekumgangatho ophakamileyo, oogqirha bahlala bemisela ezinye iindlela zonyango kunye okanye endaweni yotyando. Ngokwandayo, basebenzisa unyango ekujoliswe kulo, unyango lwe-immunotherapy, okanye zombini. Nangona i-melanoma ekumgangatho ophakamileyo kunzima ukuyinyanga, olu nyango luphucule kakhulu amanqanaba okusinda.

Ukujolisa iiseli ezinomhlaza

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo luyilelwe ukufumanisa nokujolisa iiseli zomhlaza, ubukhulu becala ngaphandle kokonakalisa iiseli eziqhelekileyo.

Iiseli zomhlaza wemelanoma ziye zatshintsha IBRAF ufuzo olunceda umhlaza ukuba ukhule. Malunga nokuba ngubani onesifo se-melanoma esisasazekileyo okanye i-melanoma engenakususwa ngotyando ineenguqu kule geni, ngokwe-National Cancer Institute.

I-BRAF kunye ne-MEK inhibitors zijolise kunyango ekunceda ukuthintela ukukhula kweeseli ze-melanoma xa IBRAF Utshintsho lwemfuza lukhona. La mayeza athintela iprotein ye-BRAF okanye iproteni enxulumene neMEK.

Nangona kunjalo, uphando lufumanisile ukuba uninzi lwabantu abathi ekuqaleni baphendule kakuhle kwezi zonyango zijolise kuzo zikhule zichasane nazo kungaphelanga nonyaka. Izazinzulu zisebenza ukuthintela oko kuchasana nokufumana iindlela ezintsha zokunika nokudibanisa unyango esele lukhona. Izifundo ziyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa iindlela zonyango ezijolise kwezinye iintlobo kunye neeproteni ezinxulumene neeseli ze-melanoma.

Isebenza njani i-immunotherapy

I-Immunotherapy inceda amajoni akho omzimba ahlasele iiseli zomhlaza.

Elinye iqela lamachiza e-immunotherapy ngokukodwa libonakalise ithemba elikhulu kunyango lwe-melanoma ekumgangatho ophezulu. La machiza ayaziwa njengendawo yokutshekisha inhibitors. Zinceda amajoni omzimba T iiseli ukuba ziqonde kwaye zihlasele iiseli ze-melanoma.

Izifundo zifumanise ukuba la mayeza aphucula amazinga okusinda kwabantu abane-melanoma ekumgangatho ophambili, xela ababhali benqaku lokuphononongwa kwiAmerican Journal of Clinical Dermatology. Uphando olupapashwe kwi-Oncologist lufumanise ukuba abantu abane-melanoma banokuxhamla kunyango ngala machiza, nokuba angakanani na ubudala.

Kodwa i-immunotherapy ayisebenzi kuwo wonke umntu. Ngokutsho kweleta yophando epapashwe kwiphephancwadi i-Nature Medicine, kuphela yinxalenye yabantu abane-melanoma abaxhamla kunyango ngee-inhibitors zokutshekisha. Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukuze ufunde ukuba ngawaphi abantu abanokuthi baphendule kakuhle kolu nyango.

Apho uphando lubhekisa khona

Ukuphononongwa ngo-2017 kwesigaba sesithathu sovavanyo lweklinikhi kufumanise ukuba unyango lwangoku olujolisiweyo kunye ne-immunotherapy zisebenza kakuhle ukuphucula amaqondo okusinda ngokubanzi kubantu abane-melanoma esezingeni eliphambili. Kodwa ababhali bathi uphando oluninzi luyafuneka ukuze kufundwe ukuba loluphi unyango oluza kuqala.

Oososayensi bayaphuhlisa kwaye bavavanye iindlela zokuchonga ukuba zeziphi izigulana ezinokuthi zixhamle kunyango. Umzekelo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba abantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu eeproteni ezithile egazini labo banokuphendula ngcono kunabanye kwii-checkpoint inhibitors.

Izifundo ziyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa kunye nokuvavanya iindlela zonyango ezintsha. Ngokwenqaku kwi-Gland Surgery, iziphumo zophando zakuqala zibonisa ukuba izitofu zokulwa ne-tumor ezinokuthi zibeyindlela ekhuselekileyo yonyango. Izazinzulu zikwavavanya amayeza ajolise kwi-melanoma eneempawu ezithile zofuzo ezingaqhelekanga, inikela ingxelo iAmerican Cancer Society.

Ukuhlanganiswa okutsha kwonyango olukhoyo kunokunceda ukuphucula iziphumo kwabanye abantu abane-melanoma. Izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka nokufunda ngokhuseleko, ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokukuko kwamayeza esele evunyiwe ukunyanga esi sifo.

Ukuthatha

Ngaphambi kowe-2010, unyango oluqhelekileyo kubantu abane-melanoma ephezulu yayiyi-chemotherapy, kwaye amazinga okusinda aphantsi.

Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, amaxabiso okusinda kwabantu abane-melanoma esezingeni eliphambili aphuculwe ngokumangalisayo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yonyango ekujoliswe kulo kunye ne-immunotherapy. Olu nyango yimigangatho emitsha yokhathalelo lwamanqanaba aphambili e-melanoma. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi basazama ukufunda ukuba zeziphi iindlela zonyango ezinokunceda abaguli.

Izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka nokuvavanya unyango olutsha kunye nokudityaniswa okutsha kunyango esele lukhona. Enkosi ngokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo, abantu abaninzi kunakuqala bayaphiliswa kwesi sifo.