Sisebenza kangakanani iSitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19?

Umxholo

• Lisebenza njani isitofu sokugonya i-COVID-19?
• Ingaba isitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19 sisebenza kangakanani?
• Kuthetha ntoni oku kuwe?
• Uphengululo lwe

Ulawulo lokutya kunye neziyobisi (i-FDA) sele igunyazisile izitofu ezimbini ze-COVID-19 e-US ukuba zisetyenziswe luluntu jikelele. Abaviwa bokugonya kuzo zombini iPfizer kunye neModerna babonise iziphumo ezithembisayo kulingo olukhulu lwezonyango, kwaye iinkqubo zempilo kwilizwe liphela ngoku zikhupha ezi zitofu ebantwini.

Ziindaba ezimnandi zonke - ngakumbi emva kokutsala unyaka we #pandemiclife - kodwa kungokwemvelo ukuba nemibuzo malunga nokusebenza kogonyo lwe-COVID-19 kwaye, kanye, kuthetha ntoni kuwe.

Lisebenza njani isitofu sokugonya i-COVID-19?

Zimbini iindlela zokugonya eziphambili ezifumana ingqalelo e-U.S ngoku: Esinye senziwe nguPfizer, kwaye esinye senziwa nguModerna. Zombini ezi nkampani zisebenzisa uhlobo olutsha lwesitofu esibizwa ngokuba yi-messenger RNA (mRNA).

Ezi zitofu ze-mRNA zisebenza ngokufaka ikhowudi inxalenye yeprotein ye-spike efumaneka kumphezulu we-SARS-CoV-2, intsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19, ngokutsho kwamaZiko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo. Endaweni yokubeka intsholongwane engasebenziyo emzimbeni wakho (njengoko kusenziwa ngesitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane), izitofu zokugonya ze-mRNA zisebenzisa iziqwenga zeprotheyini efakwe kwi-SARs-CoV-2 ukukhuthaza impendulo yokuzikhusela komzimba emzimbeni wakho kunye nokuphuhlisa amajoni omzimba, icacisa ingcali yezifo ezosulelayo u-Amesh A. UAdalja, MD, umphengululi omkhulu kwiziko likaJohn Hopkins loKhuseleko lwezeMpilo.

Umzimba wakho ekugqibeleni uyayiphelisa iprotheni kunye ne-mRNA, kodwa ii-antibodies zinamandla okuhlala. I-CDC inika ingxelo yokuba kufuneka idatha engaphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba zithatha ixesha elingakanani ii-antibodies ezakhiwe kulo naliphi na ugonyo. (Inxulumene: Sithetha ntoni isiPhumo seCoronavirus Antibody esiqinisekileyo?)

Olunye ugonyo oluhla ngombhobho luvela kuJohnson & Johnson. Inkampani kutshanje ibhengeze isicelo sayo kwi-FDA sokufumana isigunyaziso sokusetyenziswa ngokungxamisekileyo kugonyo lwe-COVID, olusebenza ngokwahlukileyo kancinci kunezitofu ezenziwe nguPfizer noModerna. Enye into, ayisiyo isitofu sokugonya se-mRNA. Endaweni yoko, isitofu sokugonya iJohnson & Johnson COVID-19 sisisitofu sokugonya i-adenovector, oko kuthetha ukuba sisebenzisa intsholongwane engasebenziyo (i-adenovirus, ebangela ukubanda okuqhelekileyo) njengophetheyo ukuhambisa iiproteni (kule meko, iprotein ye-spike kumphezulu we-SARS -CoV-2) umzimba wakho onokuwuqonda njengesoyikiso kwaye wenze ii-antibodies ezichasene nawo. (Ngaphezulu apha: Yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga noJohnson & Johnson's COVID-19 Vaccine)

Ingaba isitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19 sisebenza kangakanani?

I-Pfizer yabelwa ekuqaleni kukaNovemba ukuba iyeza layo "lingaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-90" ekukhuseleni umzimba kusulelo lwe-COVID-19. UModerna ukwaveze ukuba iyeza lakhe lokugonya lisebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwiipesenti ezingama-94.5 ekukhuseleni abantu kwi-COVID-19.

Ngokomxholo, akukhange kubekho isitofu sokugonya se-mRNA esivunywe yi-FDA ngaphambili. "Azikho izitofu ze-mRNA ezinelayisensi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku njengoko le yitekhnoloji entsha yokugonya," utshilo uJill Weatherhead, MD, isekela likanjingalwazi wezonyango kunye nezifo ezosulelayo eBaylor College of Medicine. Ngenxa yoko, akukho datha ifumanekayo, ekusebenzeni okanye ngenye indlela, wongeza uGqirha Weatherhead.

Oko kwathiwa, ezi zitofu kunye netekhnoloji esemva kwazo "zivavanywe ngokuqatha," uSarah Kreps, Ph.D., unjingalwazi kwisebe likarhulumente kunye nanjingalwazi wezomthetho kwiYunivesithi yaseCornell, osandula ukupapasha iphepha lezenzululwazi Izinto ezinokuphembelela ukuzimisela kwabantu abadala baseMelika ukufumana isitofu sokugonya i-COVID-19, uxelele Ubume.

Ngapha koko, i-CDC inika ingxelo yokuba abaphandi bebefunda amayeza okugonya i-mRNA "kumashumi eminyaka" kuvavanyo lokuqala lweklinikhi yomkhuhlane, iZika, umgada kunye necytomegalovirus (uhlobo lweherpesvirus). Ezo zitofu azikhange zidlule kumanqanaba okuqala ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kubandakanya "iziphumo zokudumba ebezingalindelekanga" kunye "neempendulo zokhuselo lomzimba," ngokweCDC. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji "iyinciphisile le mingeni kwaye yaphucula uzinzo, ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwabo," ngaloo ndlela kuvulelwa indlela izitofu ze-COVID-19, ngokwe-arhente. (Eyeleleneyo: Ngaba i-Flu Shot inokukukhusela kwi-coronavirus?)

Ngokuphathelele ugonyo lukaJohnson & Johnson's adenovector, inkampani yathi kwingxelo yeendaba ukuba uvavanyo lwayo olukhulu lweklinikhi lwabantu abaphantse babe ngama-44,000 lufumanise ukuba, lilonke, iyeza layo le-COVID-19 lalisebenza ngeepesenti ezingama-85 ekuthinteleni i-COVID-19 eqatha, “ngokupheleleyo. ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nokulaliswa esibhedlele okunxulumene ne-COVID kunye nokufa" kwiintsuku ezingama-28 emva kokugonywa.

Ngokungafaniyo nogonyo lwe-mRNA, ugonyo lwe-adenovector olufana noJohnson & Johnson ayisiyonto inoveli. Isitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19 se-Oxford kunye ne-AstraZeneca - esamkelwa ukuba sisetyenziswe kwi-EU nase-UK ngoJanuwari (i-FDA okwangoku ilinde idatha evela kulingo lwezonyango lwe-AstraZeneca ngaphambi kokuqwalasela isigunyaziso sase-US,INew York Times iingxelo) - isebenzisa iteknoloji ye-adenovirus efanayo. UJohnson noJohnson nabo basebenzisa le teknoloji ukwenza isitofu sokugonya i-Ebola, ebonakaliswe ukuba ikhuselekile kwaye iyasebenza ekuveliseni impendulo yokuzivikela emzimbeni.

Kuthetha ntoni oku kuwe?

Ukuthi isitofu sokugonya ngama-90 epesenti (okanye ngaphezulu) sivakala sisebenza kakuhle. Kodwa ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba izitofu zokugonya thintela COVID-19 okanye khusela ukuba wosulelekile - okanye zombini? Iyabhida kancinci.

Uvavanyo luka [Moderna kunye noPfizer] lwaluyilelwe ukubonakalisa ukusebenza ngokuchasene nezifo ezibonisa iimpawu, nokuba zintoni na ezo mpawu, utshilo uThomas Russo, MD, unjingalwazi kunye nomphathi wezifo ezosulelayo kwiYunivesithi yaseBuffalo eNew York. Ngokusisiseko, ipesenti ephezulu yokusebenza icebisa ukuba ungalindela ukuba ungabinazo iimpawu ze-COVID-19 emva kokuba ugonywe ngokupheleleyo (zombini izitofu zikaPfizer kunye neModerna zifuna iidosi ezimbini- iiveki ezintathu phakathi kokudubula iPfizer, iiveki ezine phakathi kokudutyulwa kweModerna) , kuchaza uGqr. Russo. Kwaye, ukuba wena yenza usaphuhlisa ukosuleleka yi-COVID-19 emva kogonyo, ngekhe ubenalo uhlobo olomeleleyo lwentsholongwane, uyongeza. (Idibeneyo: Ngaba iCoronavirus ingabangela isifo sohudo?)

Ngelixa izitofu zokugonya zibonakala ngathi "zisebenza ngokukuko" ekukhuseleni umzimba kwi-COVID-19, "ngoku sizama ukuqonda ukuba ngaba bayakuthintela na ukusasazeka," utshilo uGqirha Adalja. Intsingiselo, idatha yangoku ibonisa ukuba izitofu zokugonya zinokunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba uphuhlise iimpawu ze-COVID-19 (okanye, ubuncinci, iimpawu ezinzima) ukuba uthe wadibana nentsholongwane. Kodwa uphando okwangoku alubonisi ukuba usenako na ukufumana i-COVID-19, ungaqondi ukuba unayo intsholongwane, kwaye uyigqithisele kwabanye emva kokugonywa.

Unaloo nto engqondweni, "akucacanga okwangoku" ukuba isitofu sokugonya siya kubanqanda abantu ekusasazeni intsholongwane, utshilo uLewis Nelson, MD, unjingalwazi kunye nosihlalo wamayeza kaxakeka eRutgers New Jersey Medical School kunye nentloko yenkonzo kwisebe likaxakeka. Isibhedlele saseYunivesithi.

Okukwintsusa: "Ngaba eli chiza lingakhokelela ekuphelisweni kwentsholongwane ngokupheleleyo, okanye lisikhusele kwisifo esingumqondiso? Asazi," utshilo uGqirha Russo.

Kananjalo, izitofu zokugonya azikhange zifundwe ngamanani amakhulu abantwana, okanye kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo okanye abancancisayo, okwenza kube nzima koogqirha ukucebisa isitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19 kwabo bantu okwangoku. Kodwa iyatshintsha, kuba uPfizer noModerna babhalisa abantwana abaneminyaka eli-12 nangaphezulu, utshilo uGqirha Weatherhead. Nangona "idatha yokusebenza kubantwana ihlala ingaziwa," "akukho sizathu sokucinga ukuba [umphumo] uya kwahluka kakhulu kunokuba uphando [lwangoku] lubonisa," wongezelela uDkt Nelson.

Lilonke, iingcali zibongoza abantu ukuba babe nomonde kwaye bagonywe xa bekwazi. "Ezi zitofu ziya kuba yinxalenye yesisombululo kulo bhubhane," utshilo uGqirha Adalja. "Kodwa kuya kuthatha ixesha ukuba baphume kwaye babone zonke izibonelelo abazibonelelayo."

Ulwazi kweli bali luchanekile ngexesha lokushicilelwa. Njengoko uhlaziyo malunga ne-coronavirus i-COVID-19 iqhubeka nokuvela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ulwazi kunye neengcebiso kweli bali zitshintshile okoko kwapapashwa okokuqala. Siyakukhuthaza ukuba ujonge rhoqo ngezixhobo ezinjenge-CDC, i-WHO, kunye nesebe lezempilo likarhulumente kwindawo yakho yokufumana olona lwazi lwanamhlanje kunye neengcebiso.

Uphengululo lwe