Kutheni iyeza lokuthintela ingqolowa lishiya umqala?

Umxholo

• Lwalusebenza njani ugonyo?
• Kutheni le nto kukho amabala?
• I-BCG vs scarpox scar
• Iingcebiso zokuphelisa isiva
• Ukuthatha

Ushwankathelo

Ingqakaqha sisifo esosulelayo esibangela irhashalala kunye nomkhuhlane. Ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwengqakaqha ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngabantu abathathu kwabali-10 abasweleke ngenxa yentsholongwane ngelixa abanye abaninzi beshiyeke bengekho semthethweni, ngokuka.

Ngethamsanqa, abaphandi babenako ukwenza isitofu sokulwa nale ntsholongwane. Intsholongwane ejoyiweyo yintsholongwane ephilayo, kodwa ayisiyiyo intsholongwane ye-variola eyaziwa ngokubangela ingqakaqha. Endaweni yokuba intsholongwane igonyo. Ngenxa yokuba le ntsholongwane ifana kakhulu ne-variola virus, umzimba unokuhlala wenza ii-antibodies ezaneleyo zokulwa intsholongwane yengqakaqha.

Ngolawulo olubanzi lweyeza lokuthintela ingqakaqha, oogqirha babika ukuba intsholongwane yengqakaqha “ayisekho” e-United States ngo-1952.

Ukudalwa kweyeza lokuthintela ingqakaqa yayiyimpumelelo enkulu kwezonyango. Kodwa isitofu sokugonya sishiye ngasemva uphawu olwahlukileyo okanye inxeba.

Ngelixa uninzi lwabantu abanesibetho sokuthintela ingqakaqha sebebadala, iSebe lezeMpilo laseMelika kunye neenkonzo zoLuntu laqhuba isitofu sokugonya emva kowe-1972 kubasebenzi bezempilo kunye namaqela aphendula ingqakaqha asuka kumasebe ezempilo ngenxa yokoyika intsholongwane yengqakaqha inokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo se-biological ngabanqolobi.

Lwalusebenza njani ugonyo?

Isitofu sokuthintela ingqaka sihanjiswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izitofu zokugonya ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje. Umzekelo, ukudubula komkhuhlane kuhanjiswa kwisithuba sexesha elinye kusetyenziswa inaliti enye yenqanaba elihamba ngeendlela ezininzi zesikhumba nakwisihlunu. Isitofu sokugonya se-smallpox sinikezelwa kusetyenziswa inaliti ekhethekileyo ye-bifurcated (two-prong). Endaweni yokugqobhoza ulusu ngaxeshanye, umntu ohambisa isitofu sokugonya uyakwenza ukubhoboza okuninzi kulusu ukuhambisa intsholongwane kulusu lwesikhumba, eluleko olungezantsi nje kwesikhumba esibonakalayo kwihlabathi. Isitofu sokugonya asingeni kwiindawo ezinzulu zolusu, ezifana nezicwili ezingaphantsi.

Xa intsholongwane ifikelela kule nwebu yedermal, iqala ukuphindaphindeka. Oku kubangela ukuba ibump encinci, engqukuva eyaziwa ngokuba yipapule ukuze iphuhle. Ipapule ke ikhula ibe yingubo, ebonakala ngathi iblister egcwele ulwelo. Ekugqibeleni, le ndawo ine-blisted iya kukhaba ngaphezulu. Ngelixa oku kubonakalisa oko oogqirha bahlala bekujonga njengokugonya okunempumelelo, kunokushiya uphawu kwabanye abantu.

Kutheni le nto kukho amabala?

Amabala afana nefom yokuthintela intsholongwane ngenxa yenkqubo yokuphulukisa indalo yomzimba. Xa ulusu lonzakele (njengoko kunjalo nogonyo lwengqakaqha), umzimba uphendula ngokukhawuleza ukulungisa izicwili. Isiphumo sisibazi, esiselulusu, kodwa imicu yolusu ilungelelaniswe kwicala elinye endaweni yeendlela ezahlukeneyo njengolusu lonke. Iiseli zesikhumba eziqhelekileyo zithatha ixesha ukukhula ngelixa izicwili ezibomvu zinokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngelixa iziphumo zikhusela, abantu banokushiyeka benesikhumbuzi esibonakalayo sokwenzakala kolusu.

Kubantu abaninzi, intsholongwane yengqakaqha yincinci, inqabileyo enqabileyo engaphantsi kwesikhumba esijikelezileyo. Uninzi lwabantu olunezikhuselo alukho lukhulu ngaphezu kobunzima bokusula ipensile, nangona abanye banokuba neziva ezinkulu. Ngamanye amaxesha banokurhawuzelela kwaye ulusu luziva luqinile xa lubangqongile. Esi sisiphumo sendalo sophuhliso lwezihlunu ezibomvu.

Abanye abantu baneempendulo ezahlukeneyo zokukrala kukonzakala kolusu. Banokuthi bathambekele ekwenzeni izicubu ezinobunzima obugqithisileyo ngohlobo lweekeloid. Esi sisibazi esiphakamileyo esikhula ngokuphendula ukwenzakala kolusu. Ziyaziwa ukuba zenziwe egxalabeni kwaye zinokubangela ukuphakama, ukusasazeka kwesikremu okukhangeleka ngathi yinto echithekileyo kulusu kwaye yaqina. Oogqirha abazi ukuba kutheni abanye abantu befumana i-keloids kwaye abanye bengenayo. Bayabazi abo banembali yosapho ye-keloids (abaneminyaka eli-10 ukuya kwengama-30), kwaye abo baseAfrika, baseAsia, okanye abemi baseSpain banamathuba okuba neekeloidi, ngokweAmerican Academy of Dermatology.

Ngexesha lokuphakama kwenkxalabo yengqakaqha, ukuba nesibalo sokuthintela ingqaka ebonakalayo kwakuyimpawu eluncedo kuba amagosa ezempilo anokucinga ukuba umntu ugonyelwe intsholongwane. Umzekelo, amagosa ajongene nokufudukela kwabantu kwisiqithi sase-Ellis eNew York ayesaziwa ngokuhlola iingalo zabaphambukeli ngobukho besitofu sokuthintela ingqakaqha ngaphambi kokuba bamkelwe eUnited States.

Ngaphandle kokudaleka kwebala, iyeza liyaziwa ngokubangela iimpembelelo ezimbalwa xa unikwe ingalo, xa kuthelekiswa neempundu okanye ezinye iindawo.

I-BCG vs scarpox scar

Ukongeza kwisikrelemnqa esaziwayo kwisitofu sokuthintela ingqakaqha, kukho esinye isitofu esibangela isikrweqe esifanayo. Oku kwaziwa njenge Bacillus Calmette-Guérin okanye isitofu sokugonya se BCG. Eliyeza lisetyenziselwa ukukhusela abantu kwisifo sephepha. Zombini ezi ntlobo zokugonya zingashiya amanxeba engalo ephezulu.

Rhoqo, umntu unokuwuchaza umahluko phakathi kwento yokuthintela i-smallpox kunye ne-BCG, ngokuthathela ingqalelo oku kulandelayo:

• Iyeza logonyo lwengqakaqha alizange lisasazwe ngokubanzi e-United States emva ko-1972. Ukuba umntu wazalwa emva kweli xesha, inxeba labo lokugonya kusenokwenzeka ukuba sisibetho se-BCG.
• Ugonyo lwe-BCG alusetyenziswa rhoqo e-United States, kuba isifo sephepha senzeka kumazinga asezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, isitofu sokugonya sisetyenziswa rhoqo kumazwe apho kukho amazinga aphezulu e-TB, afana neMexico.
• Nangona iintlobo ezinqabileyo zinokwahluka, intsholongwane ye-BCG ihlala iphakanyiswa kwaye ijikelezwe kancinane. Ingqakaqha yengqakaqha ithanda ukuba noxinzelelo, okanye ngaphantsi kolusu. Ijikelezwe kancinane, inemiphetho edibeneyo.

Inaliti ye-BCG ikwahanjiswa ngaphakathi, njengeyeza lokuthintela ingqakaqha.

Iingcebiso zokuphelisa isiva

Unyango lwengqakaqha yengqakaqha iyafana naleyo yokunqanqatheka ngokubanzi. Ezinye iingcebiso zokunciphisa ukubonakala kwebala zibandakanya:

• Ukunxiba i-sunscreen ngalo lonke ixesha ngaphezulu kwesikhafu. Ukuvezwa lilanga kunokubangela ukuba izicwili ezibomvu zibonakale zimnyama kwaye zitshonile. Oku kunokwenza ukuba isitofu sokuthintela ingqakaqha sibonakale ngakumbi.
• Ukuthambisa amafutha okuthambisa ulusu anokunceda ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwesibazi. Imizekelo ibandakanya ibhotolo yekoko, ioyile yendalo, ikhala, okanye iioyile eziqukethe i-allium cepa (ibhalbhu yeetswele). Nangona kunjalo, olu nyango aluzange lubonakaliswe ngokwenzululwazi ukunciphisa ngokupheleleyo ukubonakala kwezikrelemnqa.
• Ukuthetha nogqirha malunga nedermabrasion, inkqubo esebenzayo yokususa ulusu lwangaphandle ukukhuthaza ukuphilisa. Iziphumo zale ndlela yokunyanga amanxeba azichazeki.
• Ukuthetha nogqirha malunga nokuhlaziywa kwesikrewu, inkqubo ebandakanya ukususa ulusu oluchaphazelekayo kunye nokuqinisa isikhumba kunye. Ngelixa oku kudala esinye isibetho, ngokuqinisekileyo, inxeba elitsha alibonakali kangako.
• Ukuthetha nogqirha malunga nokufakelwa kolusu, okutshintsha indawo enebala kunye nolusu olusempilweni. Nangona kunjalo, imiphetho yolusu ejikeleze apho kufakwe khona utyani inokubonakala yahlukile.

Ukuba intsholongwane yengqakaqha yakho ikhule yaba yi-keloid, ungafaka amashiti e-silicone (njengebhandeji) okanye ijeli kwi-keloid. Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa ubungakanani beekeloid.

Ukuthatha

Kwabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-37 500 abasebenzi abafumene iyeza lokuthintela ingqaka ngo-2003, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho amanxeba angama-21 emva kokugonywa, ngokutsho kwephephancwadi i-Clinical Infectious Diseases. Kwabo bafumana ukonakala, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuqaphela isibetho yayiziintsuku ezingama-64.

Ngelixa amabala erholbhaka asekhona, umntu kufuneka avavanye ukuba ngaba isikhumba sabo sifuna unyango ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwaso. Uninzi lwamakhonkco luyasuswa okanye luhlaziywe imbonakalo yezithambiso, hayi inkxalabo yezempilo.