Mingaphi imithambo-luvo esemzimbeni womntu?

Umxholo

• Imithambo-luvo emzimbeni
• Umbutho wenkqubo yemithambo-luvo
• Iimbilini ze-Cranial
• Imithambo yomqolo
• Ke zingaphi iimithambo xa zizonke?
• Yintoni eyenza iiseli zemithambo-luvo?
• Zenza ntoni imithambo-luvo?
• Ngaba ubude bomsebenzi bubalulekile?
• Iinyani zokuzonwabisa malunga nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo
• 1. Iziphumo zombane zemithambo-luvo zinokulinganiswa
• 2. Iimpembelelo zemithambo-luvo ziyakhawuleza
• 3. I-Neurons ayidluli kwicandelo leeseli
• 4. Awusebenzisi nje iipesenti ezili-10 zengqondo yakho
• 5. Ingqondo yakho isebenzisa amandla amaninzi
• 6. Ukakayi lwakho ayikuphela kwento ekhusela ingqondo yakho
• 7. Unobuninzi bee-neurotransmitters
• 8. Iindlela ezinokubakho zokulungisa ukonakala kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo zahlukile
• 9. Ukukhuthaza i-vagus nerve kunokunceda isifo sokuwa kunye nokudakumba
• 10. Kukho iiseti zemithambo-luvo ezixhumeke kwizicwili ezinamanqatha
• 11. Izazinzulu ziyile imithambo-luvo yemvakalelo yokufakelwa
• Umgca wezantsi

Inkqubo yakho yemithambo luvo lwenethiwekhi engundoqo yomzimba wakho. Kunye nenkqubo yakho ye-endocrine, ilawula kwaye igcina imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yomzimba wakho. Ukongeza, kuyanceda ukuba unxibelelane nendawo ekungqongileyo.

Inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo yenziwe ngothungelwano lwemithambo-luvo kunye neeseli zemithambo-luvo ezihambisa imiyalezo ukuya nokubuya kwingqondo nakumnqonqo kunye nawo wonke umzimba.

Imithambo-luvo yinyanda yemisonto efumana kwaye ithumele imiyalezo phakathi komzimba nengqondo. Imiyalezo ithunyelwa ngotshintsho lweekhemikhali kunye nombane kwiiseli, ezibizwa ngokuba zi-neurons, ezenza imithambo-luvo.

Ke, zingaphi kwezi luvo zisemzimbeni wakho? Ngelixa kungekho mntu wazi ngokuchanekileyo, kukhuselekile ukuthi abantu banamakhulu-luvo-kunye neebhiliyoni zee-neuron! - ukusuka phezulu entloko ukuya kwiincam zeenzwane zethu.

Funda ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga ne-cranial enegama kunye negama lomqolo, kunye nokuba zeziphi ii-neurons ezenziweyo, kunye nezinye iinyani ezimnandi malunga nenkqubo yakho yeemvakalelo.

Imithambo-luvo emzimbeni

Umbutho wenkqubo yemithambo-luvo

Inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo inezahlulo ezibini:

• Inkqubo ye-nervous central (CNS): I-CNS liziko lokuyalela lomzimba kwaye lenziwe ngengqondo kunye nomqolo womqolo. Ingqondo ikhuselwe ngaphakathi kukakayi lwakho ngelixa i-vertebrae yakho ikhusela intambo yakho yomqolo.
• Inkqubo ye-peripheral nervous (PNS): I-PNS yenziwe yimithambo yegazi ephuma kwi-CNS yakho. Imithambo zizidumbu zee-axon ezisebenza kunye ukudlulisa imiqondiso.

I-PNS inokuphinda ihlukaniswe ibe ziimvakalelo kunye nolwahlulo lweemoto:

• Inkqubo ye-ulwahlulo lweemvakalelo Idlulisa ulwazi oluvela ngaphakathi nangaphandle komzimba wakho kwi-CNS yakho. Oku kunokubandakanya izinto ezinjengeemvakalelo zentlungu, amavumba kunye nokubona.
• Inkqubo ye-Icandelo leemoto ifumana imiqondiso evela kwi-CNS ebangela ukuba kwenzeke isenzo. Ezi ntshukumo zinokuba zezokuzithandela, njengokuhambisa ingalo yakho, okanye ukungazibandakanyi njengezihlunu zemisipha ezinceda ukuhambisa ukutya kwindlela yakho yokwetyisa.

Iimbilini ze-Cranial

Iimbilini ze-Cranial ziyinxalenye ye-PNS yakho. Unezibini ezili-12 zemithambo yegazi.

Iimbilini ze-cranial zinemisebenzi yeemvakalelo, imisebenzi yemoto, okanye zombini. Umzekelo:

• I-nerve ye-olfactory inomsebenzi woluvo. Idlulisa ulwazi ngevumba kwingqondo.
• I-nerve ye-oculomotor inomsebenzi wemoto. Ilawula ukuhamba kwamehlo akho.
• Iimbilini zobuso zinemvakalelo kunye nokusebenza kwemoto. Ihambisa ukungcamla kulwimi lwakho kwaye ilawula nentshukumo yeminye yemisipha ebusweni bakho.

Iimbilini ze-cranial zivela kwingqondo kwaye zihambela ngaphandle ukuya entlokweni, ebusweni nasentanyeni. Ukwahluka koku yi-vagus nerve, eyimithambo-luvo ye-cranial. Inxulunyaniswa neendawo ezininzi zomzimba kubandakanya umqala, intliziyo, kunye nokugaya ukutya.

Imithambo yomqolo

Imithambo-luvo yomqolo ikwayinxalenye ye-PNS yakho. Benza isebe kumqolo wakho womqolo. Unezibini ezingama-31 zemithambo-luvo yomqolo. Ziqokelelwe kwindawo yomqolo ezinxulumene nayo.

Imithambo-luvo yomqolo ineemvakalelo kunye nokusebenza kwemoto.Oko kuthetha ukuba banokuthumela ulwazi oluvakalayo kwi-CNS kunye nokudlulisa imiyalelo evela kwi-CNS ukuya kumda womzimba wakho.

Imithambo-luvo yomqolo ikwanxulunyaniswa needermatomes. Idermatome yindawo ekhethekileyo yolusu enikezelwa luvo olunye lomqolo. Yonke inye kuphela yemithambo-luvo yakho ehambisa ulwazi oluvela kule ndawo lubuyela kwi-CNS.

Ke zingaphi iimithambo xa zizonke?

Kukho amakhulu aliqela emithambo-luvo emzimbeni wakho. Iimbilini ezininzi ezizisa imvakalelo kulusu nakwizitho zangaphakathi ziyahlangana ukuze zenze amasebe emizwa ye-cranial kunye ne-spinal nerves.

Iinxalenye zemoto zemithambo-luvo ye-cranial kunye neethambo zomqolo zahlulahlula zibe ziimithambo ezincinci ezahlulahlula zibe yimithambo-luvo emincinci. Ke inye yomqolo okanye ye-cranial nerve inokwahlula naphakathi kwe-2 ukuya kwi-30 ye-neripheral nerves.

Yintoni eyenza iiseli zemithambo-luvo?

I-neurons yakho isebenza ukuqhuba iimpembelelo zentliziyo. Banamalungu amathathu:

• Umzimba weseli: Ifana nezinye iiseli emzimbeni wakho, lo mmandla uqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo zeselfowuni njengenyuksiyasi.
• Abatyali: IiDendrites lulwandiso oluvela kumzimba weseli. Bafumana imiqondiso evela kwezinye iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Inani lama-dendrites kwi-neuron lingahluka.
• Izembe: I-axon ikwa projekthi kumzimba weseli. Ihlala ixesha elide kunedendrites kwaye ithwala imiqondiso kude nomzimba weseli apho inokufunyanwa ngamanye amaseli emithambo-luvo. Ii-Axon zihlala zigutyungelwa yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-myelin, enceda ukukhusela nokufaka i-axon engxoweni.

Ingqondo yakho iyodwa iqulethe malunga ne-100 yezigidigidi zemithambo-luvo (nangona umphandi omnye esithi eli nani lisondele).

Zenza ntoni imithambo-luvo?

Ke isebenza njani ngokuchanekileyo? Makhe sihlolisise uhlobo olunye lwe-neuron signaling engezantsi:

1. Xa i-neurons isayina enye i-neuron, amandla ombane athunyelwa ezantsi kubude be-axon.
2. Ekupheleni kwe-axon, isiginali yombane iguqulwa ibe ngumqondiso weekhemikhali. Oku kukhokelela ekukhululweni kweemolekyuli ezibizwa ngokuba zii-neurotransmitters.
3. I-neurotransmitters ivala umsantsa, obizwa ngokuba yi-synapse, phakathi kwe-axon kunye ne-dendrites ye-neuron elandelayo.
4. Xa ii-neurotransmitters zibophelela kwi-dendrites ye-neuron elandelayo, umqondiso weekhemikhali uphinde uguqulwe ube ngumqondiso wombane kwaye uhambe ubude be-neuron.

Imithambo yenziwa ziinyanda ze-axon ezisebenza kunye ukuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-CNS kunye ne-PNS. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba "i-peripheral nerve" ibhekisa kwi-PNS. Iinyanda zeAxon zibizwa ngokuba "ziitrakiti" kwi-CNS.

Xa imithambo-luvo yonakele okanye ingakhange ibonakalise ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo kunokubangela. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo kwaye banezizathu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye onokuthi uqhelene nazo zibandakanya:

• ukuxhuzula
• isifo sokugubhuka
• Isifo sikaParkinson
• Isifo se-Alzheimer

Ngaba ubude bomsebenzi bubalulekile?

Ubude be-axon ye-neuron bunokwahluka. Ezinye zinokuba zincinci ngelixa ezinye zinokufikelela.

Ngokufanayo, imithambo-luvo iyahluka ngobukhulu ngokunjalo. Njengamasebe akho e-PNS, iinzwa zakho zihlala zincinci.

I-nerve ye-sciatic yile emzimbeni wakho. Iqala kumqolo wakho osezantsi kwaye ihambe yonke indlela iye ezantsi kwisithende sonyawo lwakho.

Usenokuba ukhe weva ngemeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-sciatica apho iimvakalelo ezibuhlungu ziphuma kumqolo wakho osezantsi nasemazantsi omlenze wakho. Oku kuyenzeka xa i-nerve ye-sciatic icinezelwe okanye icatshukisiwe.

Iinyani zokuzonwabisa malunga nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo

Qhubeka nokufunda apha ngezantsi ngezinye iinyani ezikhawulezayo zokonwaba malunga nenkqubo yakho yeemvakalelo.

1. Iziphumo zombane zemithambo-luvo zinokulinganiswa

Ngapha koko, ngexesha le-nerve impulse utshintsho lomnatha lwenzeka kuyo yonke inwebu ye-axon.

2. Iimpembelelo zemithambo-luvo ziyakhawuleza

Banokuhamba ngesantya ukuya kuthi ga.

3. I-Neurons ayidluli kwicandelo leeseli

Oko kuthetha ukuba ukuba batshatyalalisiwe abanakubuyiselwa. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba ukwenzakala kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo kunokuba nzima kakhulu.

4. Awusebenzisi nje iipesenti ezili-10 zengqondo yakho

Ingqondo yakho yahlulwe yangamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukudityaniswa kwale misebenzi kusinceda ukuba siqonde kwaye siphendule kukhuthazo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle.

5. Ingqondo yakho isebenzisa amandla amaninzi

Ingqondo yakho inobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezintathu. Oku kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima bomzimba wakho wonke, kodwa ngokweSmithsonian Institute, ingqondo yakho ifumana iipesenti ezingama-20 zokubonelela ngeoksijini kunye nokuhamba kwegazi.

6. Ukakayi lwakho ayikuphela kwento ekhusela ingqondo yakho

Isithintelo esikhethekileyo esibizwa ngokuba ngumqobo wegazi nengqondo sithintela izinto ezinobungozi egazini ukuba zingene kwingqondo yakho.

7. Unobuninzi bee-neurotransmitters

Ukusukela oko kwafunyanwa i-neurotransmitter yokuqala kwi-1926, ngaphezulu kwezinto ze-100 ziye zanyanzeliswa kukuhanjiswa komqondiso phakathi kwemithambo-luvo. Isibini onokuthi uqhelene naso yi-dopamine kunye ne-serotonin.

8. Iindlela ezinokubakho zokulungisa ukonakala kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo zahlukile

Kunzima emsebenzini ukwenza iindlela zokulungisa umonakalo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Ezinye iindlela zinokubandakanya kodwa azikhawulelwanga ukongezwa kweeseli ezikhuthaza ukukhula, izinto ezithile zokukhula, okanye iiseli ezinqamlezileyo ukukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa ngokutsha okanye ukulungiswa kwethishu yentliziyo.

9. Ukukhuthaza i-vagus nerve kunokunceda isifo sokuwa kunye nokudakumba

Oku kufezekiswa kusetyenziswa isixhobo esithumela imiqondiso yombane kwi-vagus nerve yakho. Oku kuthi, kuthumele imiqondiso kwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho.

Ukuvuselelwa kwentliziyo yeVagus kunokunceda ukunciphisa inani lokuxhuzula kubantu abaneentlobo ezithile zokuxhuzula. Inokuphucula iimpawu zokudakumba ngokuhamba kwexesha kubantu abadandathekileyo abangakhange baphendule kolunye unyango. Ukusebenza kwayo kuvavanywa kwiimeko ezinjengeentloko kunye nesifo samathambo ngokunjalo.

10. Kukho iiseti zemithambo-luvo ezixhumeke kwizicwili ezinamanqatha

Uphononongo luka-2015 kwiimpuku ezisetyenziselwa ukucinga ukujonga iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezijikeleze izicwili ezityebileyo. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukuvuselela le mithambo-luvo kukwakhuthaze ukonakala kwethishyu. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka, kodwa oku kunokuba nefuthe kwiimeko ezifana nokutyeba kakhulu.

11. Izazinzulu ziyile imithambo-luvo yemvakalelo yokufakelwa

Inkqubo iyakwazi ukuqokelela ulwazi kuxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo kwaye iguqulwe ibe ziimpembelelo zombane ezinokudityaniswa kwi-transistor.

Le transistor emva koko ikhupha iimpembelelo zombane kwiipateni ezihambelana nezo ziveliswe zii-neurons. Abaphandi babenakho nokusebenzisa le nkqubo ukuhambisa izihlunu kumlenze weqhude.

Umgca wezantsi

Unamakhulu emithambo-luvo kunye neebhiliyoni zee-neuron emzimbeni wakho.

Inkqubo ye-nervous yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini-i-CNS kunye ne-PNS. I-CNS ibandakanya ubuchopho bakho kunye nentambo yomqolo ngelixa i-PNS inemithambo-luvo ephuma kwi-CNS nakwipheriphery yomzimba wakho.

Le nkqubo inkulu yemithambo-luvo isebenza kunye njengothungelwano lonxibelelwano. Imithambo-luvo inika ulwazi emzimbeni wakho nakwimeko-bume yakho kwi-CNS. Okwangoku, i-CNS iyadibanisa kwaye isebenzise olu lwazi ukuze ithumele imiyalezo ngendlela yokuphendula ngeemoto zemithambo-luvo.