Ukuphilisa umhlaza: Unyango lokugcina iso

Umxholo

• Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy
• Isitofu
• Unyango lwe-T-cell
• Amachiza omzimba monoclonal
• Ii-inhibitors zokujonga ukungasebenzi komzimba
• Unyango lwe-Gene
• Ukuhlela kweGene
• Unyango
• Unyango lweHormone
• AmaNanoparticles
• Hlala unolwazi

Sisondele kangakanani?

Umhlaza liqela lezifo elibonakaliswa kukukhula kweseli okungaqhelekanga. Ezi seli zinokuhlasela izicwili ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, zikhokelele kwiingxaki ezinzulu zempilo.

Ngokwesi sifo, umhlaza ungunobangela wesibini okhokelela ekufeni eUnited States emva kwesifo sentliziyo.

Ngaba likhona iyeza lokunyanga umhlaza? Ukuba kunjalo, ngaba sisondele kangakanani? Ukuphendula le mibuzo, kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwonyango kunye noxolelo:

• Aunyango isusa yonke imizila yomhlaza emzimbeni kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ayizukubuya.
• Uxolelo kuthetha ukuba bambalwa kungabikho zimpawu zomhlaza emzimbeni.
• Gcwalisa uxolelo kuthetha ukuba akukho zimpawu zibonakalayo zomhlaza.

Okwangoku, iiseli zomhlaza zihlala emzimbeni, nasemva kokuxolelwa ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umhlaza ungabuya. Xa oku kusenzeka, kuhlala ngaphakathi kweyokuqala emva konyango.

Abanye oogqirha basebenzisa igama elithi "wanyanga" xa bethetha ngomhlaza ongabuyiyo kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu. Kodwa umhlaza usenokubuya emva kweminyaka emihlanu, ngenxa yoko awunyangeki kwaphela.

Okwangoku, akukho nyango lokwenyani lomhlaza. Kodwa inkqubela phambili yamayeza kunye netekhnoloji iyasinceda ukusisondeza ngakumbi kunangaphambili kunyango.

Funda ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nonyango olusakhulayo kunye nokuba zinokuthetha ntoni ngekamva lonyango lomhlaza.

Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy

Umhlaza i-immunotherapy luhlobo lonyango olunceda amajoni omzimba alwe neeseli zomhlaza.

Inkqubo yokuzikhusela komzimba yenziwe ngamalungu ahlukeneyo, iiseli kunye nezicubu ezinceda umzimba ukuba ulwe nabahlaseli bamanye amazwe, kubandakanya iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane.

Kodwa iiseli zomhlaza azingabo abahlaseli bangaphandle, ke amajoni omzimba anokufuna uncedo lokuzichonga. Zininzi iindlela zokubonelela ngolu ncedo.

Isitofu

Xa ucinga ngezitofu zokugonya, mhlawumbi ucinga ngazo kwimeko yokuthintela izifo ezosulelayo, njengemasisi, isifo sokuqina kwemihlathi kunye nomkhuhlane.

Kodwa ezinye izitofu zokugonya zinokunceda ukunqanda-okanye ukunyanga-iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza. Umzekelo, isitofu sokugonya se-papilloma virus (HPV) sikhusela kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-HPV ezinokubangela umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Kananjalo abaphandi bebesebenzela ukuphuhlisa isitofu sokugonya esinceda amajoni omzimba alwe ngqo neeseli zomhlaza. Ezi seli zihlala zineemolekyuli kumphezulu wazo ezingekhoyo kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo. Ukulawula isitofu sokugonya esinezi molekyuli kunokunceda amajoni omzimba aqonde ngcono kwaye atshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza.

Mnye kuphela ugonyo oluvunyiweyo ngoku ukunyanga umhlaza. Ibizwa ngokuba yiSipuleucel-T. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza wesibeletho oqhubela phambili ongaphendulanga kolunye unyango.

Eli chiza lahlukile kuba lisisitofu sokugonya esenziwe ngokwezifiso. Iiseli zomzimba zomzimba ziyasuswa emzimbeni zize zithunyelwe elebhu apho ziguqulwa khona ukuze zikwazi ukubona iiseli zomhlaza wamadlala endlala. Emva koko bafakwa emzimbeni wakho, apho banceda amajoni omzimba afumane kwaye atshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza.

Abaphandi ngoku basebenza ekuphuhliseni nasekuvavanyeni amayeza amatsha okuthintela kunye nokunyanga iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza.

Unyango lwe-T-cell

Iiseli ze-T ziluhlobo lweseli yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Batshabalalisa abahlaseli bamanye amazwe abafunyenwe ngamajoni akho omzimba. Unyango lwe-T-cell lubandakanya ukususa ezi seli kunye nokuzithumela elebhu. Iiseli ezibonakala ngathi ziyaphendula ngokuchasene neeseli zomhlaza zahlulwe kwaye zakhula ngobuninzi. Ezi seli ze-T ziye emva koko zifakwe emzimbeni wakho.

Uhlobo oluthile lonyango lwe-T-cell lubizwa ngokuba yi-CAR T-cell therapy. Ngexesha lonyango, iiseli ze-T ziyakhutshwa kwaye ziguqulwe ukongeza i-receptor kumphezulu wazo. Oku kunceda iiseli ze-T ziqonde ngcono kwaye zitshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza xa ziphinde zangeniswa emzimbeni wakho.

Unyango lwe-CAR T-cell ngoku lusetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo zomhlaza, ezinje nge-lymphoma yabantu abadala engekho kwi-Hodgkin kunye neleukemia ebuntwaneni ebukhali.

Uvavanyo lwezonyango luyaqhubeka ukumisela ukuba unyango lwe-T-cell lunokukwazi njani ukunyanga ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza.

Amachiza omzimba monoclonal

Ama-antibodies ziiproteni eziveliswa ziiseli ze-B, olunye uhlobo lweseli yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Bayakwazi ukuqaphela iithagethi ezithile, ezibizwa ngokuba ziiantigen, kwaye bazibophe kubo. Nje ukuba i-antibody ibophele kwi-antigen, iiseli ze-T zinokuyifumana ziyitshabalalise i-antigen.

Unyango lwe-Monoclonal antibody lubandakanya ukwenza izixa ezikhulu zeentsholongwane eziqonda iantigens ezihlala zifumaneka kwiindawo zeeseli zomhlaza. Baye batofelwa emzimbeni, apho banokunceda ekufumaneni nasekunciphiseni iiseli zomhlaza.

Zininzi iintlobo zee-antibodies ze-monoclonal ezenzelwe unyango lomhlaza. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya:

• I-Alemtuzumab. Le antibody ibophelela kwiprotein ethile kwiiseli zegazi, ijolise ekutshatyalalisweni. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-lymphocytic leukemia.
• Ibritumomab tiuxetan. Le anti-ntsholongwane ine-particle radioactive eqhotyoshelwe kuyo, ivumela i-radioactivity ukuba ihanjiswe ngqo kwiiseli zomhlaza xa i-antibody ibopha. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga ezinye iintlobo ze-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• Ado-trastuzumab emtansine. Le ntsholongwane inechiza le-chemotherapy eliqhotyoshelwe kuyo. Nje ukuba i-antibody inamathele, ikhupha iyeza kwiiseli zomhlaza. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza wamabele.
• IBlinatumomab. Oku kuqulethe ii-antibodies ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-monoclonal. Omnye unamathela kwiiseli zomhlaza, ngelixa elinye linamathela kwiiseli zomzimba. Oku kuzisa iiseli zomzimba nezomhlaza kunye, ukuvumela amajoni omzimba ukuba ahlasele iiseli zomhlaza. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-lymphocytic leukemia.

Ii-inhibitors zokujonga ukungasebenzi komzimba

Amajoni okuthintela ukomelela omzimba anyusa ukuphendula kwamajoni omzimba kumhlaza. Amajoni omzimba ayilelwe ukuba ancamathisele abahlaseli bangaphandle ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa ezinye iiseli emzimbeni. Khumbula, iiseli zomhlaza azibonakali zingaqhelekanga kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela.

Ngokwesiqhelo, iimolekyuli zokujonga indawo ekubonakala kuyo iiseli zithintela iiseli ze-T ekubeni zibahlasele. I-Checkpoint inhibitors zinceda iiseli ze-T ziphephe ezi ndawo zokujonga, zivumela ukuba bahlasele ngcono iiseli zomhlaza.

Ii-immune checkpoint inhibitors zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlobo zomhlaza, kubandakanya umhlaza wemiphunga kunye nomhlaza wolusu.

Nalu olunye ujongo kwi-immunotherapy, ebhalwe ngumntu ochithe amashumi amabini eminyaka efunda malunga nokuzama iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Unyango lwe-Gene

Unyango lwe-Gene luhlobo lonyango lwezifo ngokuhlela okanye ngokutshintsha ii-genes ngaphakathi kweeseli zomzimba. Imfuza inekhowudi evelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeproteni. Iiproteni zona zichaphazela indlela iiseli ezikhula ngayo, indlela eziphatha ngayo kunye nokunxibelelana ngayo.

Kwimeko yomhlaza, zofuzo zinesiphene okanye zonakaliswe, zikhokelela ekubeni ezinye iiseli zikhule zingalawuleki kwaye zenze ithumba. Injongo yonyango lomhlaza kunyango kukunyanga izifo ngokutshintsha okanye ukuguqula olu lwazi lonakeleyo ngemfuza kunye nekhowudi esempilweni.

Abaphandi basaqhubeka nokufunda uninzi lonyango lwemfuza kwiilebhu okanye kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Ukuhlela kweGene

Ukuhlelwa kweGene yinkqubo yokongeza, ukususa, okanye ukuguqula imfuza. Ikwabizwa ngokuba kukuhlela kwegenome. Kwimeko yonyango lomhlaza, ufuzo olutsha luya kufakwa kwiiseli zomhlaza. Oku kunokubangela ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zife okanye zibathintele ekukhuleni.

Uphando lusekumanqanaba okuqala, kodwa luyaboniswa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lophando malunga nokuhlelwa kwemfuza lubandakanye izilwanyana okanye iiseli ezizimeleyo, endaweni yeeseli zomntu. Kodwa uphando luyaqhubeka ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokuvela.

Inkqubo yeCRISPR ngumzekelo wokuhlelwa kwemfuza okufumana ingqalelo enkulu. Le nkqubo ivumela abaphandi ukuba bajolise kulandelelwano oluthile lwe-DNA besebenzisa i-enzyme kunye nesiqwenga esiguqulweyo senucleic acid. I-enzyme isusa ulandelelwano lwe-DNA, ivumela ukuba itshintshwe ngokulandelelana okwenziweyo. Luhlobo olufana nokusebenzisa umsebenzi "wokufumana nokutshintsha" kwinkqubo yokulungisa amagama.

Inkqubo yokuqala yovavanyo lweklinikhi yokusebenzisa i-CRISPR igqityiwe kutshanje. Kwilingo elizayo leklinikhi, abaphandi bacebisa ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji yeCRISPR ukuguqula iiseli ze-T kubantu abane-myeloma, melanoma, okanye i-sarcoma.

Dibana nabanye babaphandi abasebenzayo ukwenza ukuhlela kwemfuza kube yinyani.

Unyango

Iindidi ezininzi zeentsholongwane zitshabalalisa iseli yazo yokubamba njengenxalenye yomjikelo wobomi bazo. Oku kwenza ukuba intsholongwane ibe nokunyanga okunomdla kumhlaza. I-Virotherapy kukusetyenziswa kweentsholongwane ukukhetha ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza.

Iintsholongwane ezisetyenziswa kwi-virotherapy zibizwa ngokuba ziintsholongwane ze-oncolytic. Ziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ukujolisa kuphela kwaye ziphindaphindwe ngaphakathi kweeseli zomhlaza.

Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba xa intsholongwane ye-oncolytic ibulala iseli yomhlaza, ii-antigen ezinxulumene nomhlaza ziyakhululwa. Ama-antibodies angazibophelela kula ma-antigen kwaye aqalise ukuphendula komzimba.

Ngelixa abaphandi bejonga ukusetyenziswa kweentsholongwane ezininzi zolu hlobo lonyango, inye kuphela evunyiweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec). Yintsholongwane ye-herpes eguqulweyo. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza wolusu we-melanoma ongenakususwa ngotyando.

Unyango lweHormone

Umzimba ngokwendalo uvelisa iihomoni, ezisebenza njengezithunywa kwizicwili nakwiiseli zomzimba wakho. Banceda ukulawula imisebenzi emininzi yomzimba.

Unyango lwehormone lubandakanya ukusebenzisa iyeza ukuthintela ukuveliswa kwehomoni. Eminye imihlaza inovakalelo kumanqanaba eehomoni ezithile. Utshintsho kula manqanaba lunokuchaphazela ukukhula kunye nokusinda kwezi seli zomhlaza. Ukunciphisa okanye ukuvimba inani lehomoni efunekayo kunokucothisa ukukhula kwezi ntlobo zomhlaza.

Unyango lweHormone ngamanye amaxesha lusetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza wamabele, umhlaza webele, kunye nomhlaza wesibeleko.

AmaNanoparticles

IiNanoparticles zizinto ezincinci kakhulu. Zincinci kuneeseli. Ubungakanani babo bubavumela ukuba bahambe emzimbeni wonke kwaye banxibelelane neeseli ezahlukeneyo kunye neemolekyuli zebhayiloji.

IiNanoparticles zithembisa izixhobo zonyango lomhlaza, ngakumbi njengendlela yokuhambisa iziyobisi kwindawo enethumba. Oku kunokunceda ekwenzeni unyango lomhlaza lusebenze ngakumbi ngelixa kuncitshiswa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Ngelixa olo hlobo lonyango lwe-nanoparticle lusekwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa, iinkqubo zokuhambisa ezisekwe kwi-nanoparticle zamkelwe kunyango lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Olunye unyango lomhlaza olusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-nanoparticle okwangoku kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Hlala unolwazi

Ihlabathi lonyango lomhlaza lihlala likhula kwaye liyatshintsha. Hlala usesikhathini ngezi zixhobo:

• . IZiko leSizwe loMhlaza (i-NCI) ​​ligcina le ndawo. Ihlaziywa rhoqo ngamanqaku malunga nophando lomhlaza lwamva nje kunye nonyango.
• . Esi sisiseko sedatha esinokukhangelwa kulwazi malunga neemvavanyo zeklinikhi ezixhaswa yi-NCI.
• Ibhlog yeZiko loPhando lweCancer. Le bhlog yeZiko loPhando lweCancer. Ihlaziywa rhoqo ngamanqaku malunga nophando lwamva nje.
• Umbutho waseMelika woMhlaza. Umbutho waseMelika woMhlaza ubonelela ngolwazi oluhlaziyiweyo kwizikhokelo zokuvavanywa komhlaza, unyango olukhoyo kunye nohlaziyo lophando.
• Unyango lwezeMpilo.gov. Kwezilingo zangoku nezivuliweyo zeklinikhi kwihlabathi liphela, jonga kwiDathabheyisi yeSizwe yeZonyango kwiziko ledatha lezifundo ezizimeleyo nezixhaswa ngurhulumente.