Yintoni i-Synaptic Prun?

Umxholo

• Ingcaciso
• Isebenza njani ukuthengela i-synaptic?
• Kuthenwa nini nge-synaptic?
• Inqanaba lokuqala le-embryonic ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2
• Iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kweli-10
• Ukufikisa
• Ukuba mdala
• Ngaba ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kuchaza ukuqala kweschizophrenia?
• Ngaba ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kunxulunyaniswa ne-autism?
• Lubhekiswa phi uphando malunga nokuthenwa kwe-synaptic?

Ingcaciso

Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic yinkqubo yendalo eyenzeka kwingqondo phakathi kobuntwana kunye nokuba mdala. Ngexesha lokuthena kwe-synaptic, ingqondo isusa ii-synapses ezongezelelweyo. I-Synapses zizakhiwo zobuchopho ezivumela ii-neurons ukuba zidlulise isiginali sombane okanye seekhemikhali kwenye i-neuron.

Ukuthenwa kwe-Synaptic kucingelwa ukuba yindlela yengqondo yokususa unxibelelwano kwingqondo engasafunekiyo. Kutshanje abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ingqondo “ineplastikhi” ngakumbi kwaye iyabumbeka kunangaphambili. Ukuthenwa kwe-Synaptic yindlela yomzimba wethu yokugcina ukusebenza kwengqondo okusebenzayo ngakumbi njengoko sikhula kwaye sifunda ulwazi olutsha oluntsonkothileyo.

Njengoko kufundwa okungakumbi malunga nokuthenwa kwe-synaptic, abaphandi abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokuthenwa kwe-synaptic kunye nokuqala kokuphazamiseka okuthile, kubandakanya i-schizophrenia kunye ne-autism.

Isebenza njani ukuthengela i-synaptic?

Ngexesha lokuzalwa komntwana, ingqondo ifumana isixa esikhulu sokukhula. Kukho ukuqhuma kobume bokubumbana phakathi kwee-neurons ngexesha lokukhula kwengqondo kwasekuqaleni. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-synaptogenesis.

Eli xesha likhawulezayo le-synaptogenesis lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni, ekwakhiweni kwememori, nasekuhleleni kwasekuqaleni ebomini. Malunga neminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-3 ubudala, inani lee-synapses libetha kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Kodwa emva nje kwexesha lokukhula kwe-synaptic, ingqondo iqala ukususa iisynapses ezingasafunekiyo.

Nje ukuba ingqondo yenze i-synapse, inokomelezwa okanye ibuthathaka. Oku kuxhomekeke ekubeni i-synapse isetyenziswa kangaphi. Ngamanye amagama, le nkqubo ilandela umgaqo othi “yisebenzise okanye uyilahle”: Iisynaps ezisebenza ngakumbi ziyomelezwa, kwaye iisynapse ezingasebenzi kakuhle ziyenziwa buthathaka kwaye ekugqibeleni ziyathenwa. Inkqubo yokususa ii-synapses ezingabalulekanga ngeli xesha kubhekiswa kuzo njengokuthena kwe-synaptic.

Ukuthena kwasekuqaleni kwe-synaptic ikakhulu kuchaphazeleka kwimfuza yethu. Emva kwexesha, isekwe kumava ethu. Ngamanye amagama, nokuba i-synapse ithenwe okanye ayiphenjelelwa ichaphazeleka ngamava umntwana okhulayo anayo kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Ukukhuthaza rhoqo kubangela ukuba ii-synapses zikhule kwaye zihlala zisisigxina. Kodwa ukuba umntwana ufumana uvuselelo oluncinci ingqondo iya kuhlala incinci kunxibelelwano.

Kuthenwa nini nge-synaptic?

Ixesha lokuthena kwe-synaptic liyahluka ngokwengingqi yengqondo. Olunye uthenwa lwe-synaptic luqala kwangoko kuphuhliso, kodwa ukuthenwa okukhawulezayo kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kweli-16.

Inqanaba lokuqala le-embryonic ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2

Ukukhula kwengqondo kumbungu kuqala kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa emva kokumitha. Kwinyanga yesixhenxe yokukhulelwa, umbungu uqala ukukhupha amaza alo obuchopho. Ii-neurons ezintsha kunye nee-synapses zenziwa yingqondo kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu ngeli xesha.

Ngexesha lonyaka wokuqala wobomi, inani leesynapses kwingqondo yosana likhula ngaphezulu kweshumi. Ngeminyaka emi-2 okanye emi-3 ubudala, usana lunee-synapses ezingama-15,000 kwi-neuron nganye.

Kwi-cortex ebonakalayo yengqondo (icandelo elijongene nombono), ukuveliswa kwe-synapse kubetha ukuphakama kwayo malunga neenyanga ezili-8 ubudala. Kwicortex yangaphambili, amanqanaba aphezulu eesynapses ayenzeka ngaxesha lithile kunyaka wokuqala wobomi. Eli candelo lobuchopho lisetyenziselwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, kubandakanya ukucwangcisa kunye nobuntu.

Iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kweli-10

Kunyaka wesibini wobomi, inani lee-synapses lehla kakhulu. Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu phakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kweli-10. Ngeli xesha, malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 zee-synapses ezongezelelweyo ziyasuswa. Kwi-cortex ebonakalayo, ukuthenwa kuyaqhubeka de kube malunga neminyaka emi-6 ubudala.

Ukufikisa

Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic kuyaqhubeka kwinqanaba lokufikisa, kodwa hayi ngokukhawuleza njengangaphambili. Inani elipheleleyo leesynapses liqala ukuzinza.

Ngelixa abaphandi babekhe bacinga ukuba ubuchopho buthengela kuphela i-synapses de kube kwinqanaba lokufikisa, ukuqhubela phambili kwangoku kufumanise ixesha lokuthena kwesibini ngexesha lokufikisa.

Ukuba mdala

Ngokophando olutsha, ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic okunene kuyaqhubeka nokuba mdala kwaye kuyeke ixesha elithile ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20.

Into enomdla kukuba, ngeli xesha ukuthenwa kwenzeka ikakhulu kwingqokelela yengqondo engaphambili, eyinxalenye yengqondo ebandakanyeka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, ukukhula kobuntu, kunye nokucinga okunzulu.

Ngaba ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kuchaza ukuqala kweschizophrenia?

Uphando olujonga ubudlelwane phakathi kokuthenwa kwe-synaptic kunye ne-schizophrenia lusekwizigaba zokuqala. Ithiyori kukuba iingqondo ze-schizophrenic "ziyathenwa ngaphezulu," kwaye oku kuthenwa kakhulu kubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemfuza okuchaphazela inkqubo yokuthenwa kwe-synaptic.

Umzekelo, xa abaphandi bejonga imifanekiso yobuchopho babantu abaneengxaki zengqondo, ezinje nge-schizophrenia, bafumanise ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo banee-synapses ezimbalwa kwingingqi ye-prefrontal xa kuthelekiswa nengqondo yabantu abangenangxaki yengqondo.

Emva koko, uhlalutyo lwasemva kokubhubha kwethishu yobuchopho kunye ne-DNA evela kubantu abangaphezulu kwe-100,000 kwaye wafumanisa ukuba abantu abane-schizophrenia banezinto ezithile ezinokuthi zinxulunyaniswe nokukhawulezisa kwenkqubo yokuthenwa kwe-synaptic.

Olunye uphando luyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ubungqina bokuba ukuthena ngokungaqhelekanga kwe-synaptic kunegalelo kwi-schizophrenia. Ngelixa oku kusekude, ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kunokubonisa umdla ekujolise kuwo kunyango lwabantu abanengxaki yokuphazamiseka engqondweni.

Ngaba ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic kunxulunyaniswa ne-autism?

Izazinzulu azikachazi oyena nobangela we-autism. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba zininzi izinto ezidlalayo, kodwa kutsha nje, uphando lubonise unxibelelwano phakathi kokutshintsha kwezinto ezithile ezinxulumene nomsebenzi we-synaptic kunye nokuphazamiseka kwembonakalo ye-autism (ASD).

Ngokungafaniyo nophando kwi-schizophrenia, ethi ingqondo “ithenwe ngokugqithisileyo,” abaphandi bacinga ukuba iingqondo zabantu abane-autism zisenokungathenwa. Ngokwethiyori, ke, oku kuthenwa kungakhokelela kugqithiso lwee-synapses kwezinye iindawo zobuchopho.

Ukuvavanya le hypothesis, abaphandi bajonga izicwili zobuchopho zabantwana abali-13 kunye nolutsha kunye nangaphandle kwe-autism osweleke phakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwengama-20. Oososayensi bafumanise ukuba ubuchopho babakwishumi elivisayo abane-autism babenee-synapses ezininzi ngakumbi kuneengqondo zabakwishumi elivisayo abafikisayo . Abantwana abancinci kuwo omabini la maqela babenenani elifanayo lee-synapses. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba imeko inokwenzeka ngexesha lokuthena. Olu phando lubonisa kuphela umahluko kwii-synapses, kodwa hayi nokuba lo mahluko unokuba sisizathu okanye sisiphumo se-autism, okanye ngumbutho nje.

Ithiyori engaphantsi kokuthenwa inokunceda ukucacisa ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo ze-autism, njengokunyanzelwa yingxolo, izibane, kunye namava entlalontle, kunye nokuxhuzula. Ukuba zininzi kakhulu iisynapses zokudubula ngaxeshanye, umntu one-autism uya kuba namava omthamo wengxolo endaweni yokuphendula kakuhle kwengqondo.

Ukongeza, uphando oludlulileyo luye lwadibanisa i-autism kunye noguquko kwimfuza esebenza kwiprotein eyaziwa ngokuba yi-MTOR kinase. Izixa ezikhulu ze-mTOR ezigqithileyo zifunyenwe kwingqondo yezigulana ze-autism. Umsebenzi ongaphezulu kwendlela ye-MTOR ikwabonakalisiwe inxulunyaniswa nemveliso egqithileyo yee-synapses. Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba iimpuku ezine-mTOR ezigqithileyo zazineziphene kuthenwa kwazo kunye nokubonisa isimilo esifana ne-ASD.

Lubhekiswa phi uphando malunga nokuthenwa kwe-synaptic?

Ukuthena kwe-Synaptic yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lobuchopho. Ngokususa ii-synapses ezingasasetyenziswayo, ingqondo isebenza ngakumbi njengoko umdala.

Namhlanje, uninzi lweembono malunga nokukhula kwengqondo yomntu zitsala kolu luvo lweplastiki yengqondo. Ngoku abaphandi bajonge kwiindlela zokulawula ukuthenwa ngamayeza okanye unyango olujolisiweyo. Bajonge nendlela yokusebenzisa le ndlela intsha yokuqonda ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic ukuphucula imfundo yabantwana. Abaphandi bafunda ngendlela imilo yee-synapses enokuthi idlale ngayo ekukhubazekeni kwengqondo.

Inkqubo yokuthenwa kwe-synaptic inokuba yinto ekujolise kuyo kunyango kubantu abaneemeko ezifana ne-schizophrenia kunye ne-autism. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lusekwizigaba zokuqala.