Uqhambuko olubi kakhulu kwimbali yase-US

Umxholo

• 1633-1634: Ingqakaqha evela kubahlali baseYurophu
• 1793: Umkhuhlane omthubi ovela kwiCaribbean
• 1832-1866: Ikholera kumaza amathathu
• Ngo-1858: I-Scarlet fever nayo yafika ngamaza
• Ngo-1906-1907: "UMariya weTyphoid"
• Ngo-1918: H1N1 umkhuhlane
• 1921-1925: Ubhubhane wediphtheria
• 1916-1955: Incopho yepoliyo
• Ngo-1957: H2N2 umkhuhlane
• Ngo-1981-1991: Uqhambuko lwesibini lwemasisi
• Ngo-1993: Amanzi angcolileyo eMilwaukee
• Ngo-2009: Umkhuhlane weH1N1
• Ngo-2010, 2014: Ukukhwehlela
• I-1980s ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: i-HIV ne-AIDS
• Ngo-2020: I-COVID-19
• Hlala uhlaziyiwe
• Imfundo
• Zikhusele kunye nosapho lwakho

Ubhubhane ngamaZiko oLawulo lweZifo noKuthintela (i-CDC) njengokonyuka ngesiquphe kwenani lezehlo zesifo esosulelayo ekuhlaleni okanye kwindawo ngokwexesha elithile.

I-spike kwinani lamatyala okugula okufanayo kwindawo engaphaya kokulindelwe ngamagosa ezempilo kukuqhambuka. Amagama anokusetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo, nangona ubhubhane uhlala uthathwa njengosasazeke ngakumbi.

Kule minyaka, izifo ezininzi ezithathelwanayo zenzeke kwaye zisasazeka kwi-United States.

1633-1634: Ingqakaqha evela kubahlali baseYurophu

Ingqakaqha yeza kuMntla Merika ngeminyaka yee-1600. Iimpawu zibandakanya umkhuhlane omkhulu, ukugodola, iintlungu eziqatha umqolo kunye nerhashalala. Iqale eMantla mpuma kwaye amaMelika aseMelika ahlaselwa ngawo njengoko sasasazeka entshona.

Ngo-1721, iimeko ezingaphezu kwama-6,000 zaxelwa ngaphandle kwabantu baseBoston abangama-11,000. Phantse abantu abangama-850 babulawa sesi sifo.

Ngo-1770, uEdward Jenner wavelisa iyeza lokuthintela irhashalala. Inceda umzimba ukuba ukhuseleke kwingqakaqha ngaphandle kokubangela isifo.

Ngoku: Emva kwephulo elikhulu lokugonya ngo-1972, ingqakaqha isukile eMelika. Ngapha koko, izitofu zokugonya azisafuneki.

1793: Umkhuhlane omthubi ovela kwiCaribbean

Ngenye ihlobo elifumileyo, iimbacu ezibaleka ubhubhane we-yellow fever kwiiCaribbean Islands zaya eFiladelphia, ziphethe intsholongwane.

Umkhuhlane omthubi ubangela ukuba tyheli kolusu, umkhuhlane kunye nokugabha okunegazi. Ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwe-1793, kuqikelelwa ukuba ishumi leepesenti labemi besixeko bafa kwaye abanye abaninzi babaleka esixekweni ukuyiphepha.

Iyeza lokugonya laveliswa laze ke lagunyaziswa ngo-1953. Isitofu esinye sokugonya sanele ubomi. Iyacetyiswa ubukhulu becala kwezi iinyanga ziyi-9 nangaphezulu, ngakumbi ukuba uhlala okanye uhamba kwiindawo ezinobungozi obuphezulu.

Unokufumana uluhlu lwamazwe apho iyeza linconyelwa ukuhamba kwiziko lamaZiko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo (CDC).

Ngoku: Iingcongconi zibalulekile kwindlela esi sifo sisasazeka ngayo, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinje ngeCentral America, South America, naseAfrika. Ukuphelisa iingcongconi kuye kwaphumelela ekulawuleni i-yellow fever.

Ngelixa i-yellow fever ingenanyango, umntu ophilayo kwesi sifo uyakhuseleka ubomi babo bonke.

1832-1866: Ikholera kumaza amathathu

I-United States yayinamaza amathathu abukhali ekholera, isifo samathumbu, phakathi kowe-1832 nowe-1866. Ubhubhane waqala e-Indiya kwaye wasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi jikelele ngeendlela zorhwebo.

ISixeko saseNew York yayisisixeko sokuqala sase-US ukuziva impembelelo. Phakathi kwabantu bebonke bafa kwizixeko ezikhulu.

Akucaci ukuba yintoni ephelise ubhubhane, kodwa isenokuba lutshintsho lwemozulu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okuvalelwa. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1900, uqhambuko lwaluphelile.

Unyango olukhawulezileyo lubalulekile kuba ikholera inokubangela ukufa. Unyango lubandakanya i-antibiotics, i-zinc supplementation, kunye ne-rehydration.

Ngoku: Ikholera isabangela phantse unyaka wonke kwihlabathi liphela, ngokweCDC. Amanzi amdaka anamhlanje nonyango lwamanzi ancede yaphelisa ikholera kwamanye amazwe, kodwa intsholongwane isekhona kwenye indawo.

Unokufumana isitofu sokugonya ikholera ukuba ucwangcisa ukuhamba kwiindawo ezinobungozi obuphezulu. Eyona ndlela yokuthintela ikholera kukuhlamba izandla rhoqo ngesepha namanzi kwaye uphephe ukusela amanzi angcolileyo.

Ngo-1858: I-Scarlet fever nayo yafika ngamaza

I-Scarlet fever yintsholongwane yebacteria enokuthi yenzeke emva komqala womqala. Njengekholera, ubhubhane obomvu ebomvu weza ngamaza.

I-Scarlet fever ixhaphake kakhulu. Kunqabile kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-3. Abantu abadala abadibana nabantwana abagulayo banomngcipheko owandileyo.

Izifundo ezindala zithetha ukuba fever ebomvu yehlile ngenxa yesondlo esiphuculweyo, kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuphuculwa kwempilo yoluntu yeyona nto ingunobangela.

Ngoku: Akukho sitofu sokuthintela umqala womqala okanye umkhuhlane obomvu. Kubalulekile kwabo baneempawu zomqala womqala ukuba bafune unyango ngokukhawuleza. Ugqirha wakho uya kunyanga umkhuhlane obomvu ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane.

Ngo-1906-1907: "UMariya weTyphoid"

Esinye sezona zifo zikhulu zefiva sonke ixesha saqhambuka phakathi kowe-1906 nowe-1907 eNew York.

UMary Mallon, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngu "Mary weTyphoid," usasaze intsholongwane kubantu abayi-122 baseNew York ngexesha lakhe njengompheki kwilifa nakwiyunithi yesibhedlele.

Malunga nabantu baseNew York abafumana intsholongwane nguMary Mallon wasweleka. I-CDC iswele abantu abayi-13,160 ngo-1906 kunye ne-12,670 yokufa ngo-1907.

Uvavanyo lwezonyango lubonise ukuba uMallon wayengumthwali osempilweni womkhuhlane weTyphoid. Umkhuhlane weTyphoid unokubangela ukugula kunye namabala abomvu ukuba enze esifubeni nasesiswini.

Iyeza lokugonya laveliswa ngo-1911, kwaye unyango lwe-antibiotiki lwe-typhoid fever lwafumaneka ngo-1948.

Ngoku: Namhlanje ifiva yomkhuhlane wamanzi inqabile. Kodwa inokusasazeka ngokudibana ngqo nabantu abanentsholongwane, kunye nokutya ukutya okungcolileyo okanye amanzi.

Ngo-1918: H1N1 umkhuhlane

I-H1N1 sisifo somkhuhlane esijikeleza umhlaba rhoqo ngonyaka.

Ngo-1918, yayiluhlobo lomkhuhlane emva kwesifo somkhuhlane, ngamanye amaxesha esibizwa ngokuba ngumkhuhlane waseSpain (nangona wawungafiki eSpain).

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iimeko zomkhuhlane zancipha kancinci. Akukho nasinye seziphakamiso esanikwa ngelo xesha (ukunxiba iimaski, ukusela ioyile yamalahle) kwakunyango olusebenzayo. Unyango lwanamhlanje lubandakanya ukuphumla ebhedini, ulwelo, kunye namayeza antiviral.

Ngoku: Iintsholongwane zomkhuhlane ziguquka minyaka le, zisenza ukuba izitofu zonyaka ophelileyo zingasebenzi kakuhle. Kubalulekile ukuba ufumane ugonyo lwakho lonyaka ukunciphisa umngcipheko womkhuhlane.

1921-1925: Ubhubhane wediphtheria

I-Diphtheria yafikelela kwi-1921, nge. Kubangela ukudumba kwenwebu yangaphakathi, kubandakanya nasemqaleni, enokuthintela ukuphefumla nokuginya.

Ngamanye amaxesha ityhefu yebhaktiriya inokungena egazini kwaye ibangele ukonzakala kwentliziyo kunye nemithambo-luvo.

Phakathi ku-1920s, abaphandi banelayisensi yokugonya isifo se-bacterial. Amanqanaba osulelo ehle eUnited States.

Ngoku: Namhlanje ngaphezulu kwabantwana eMelika bagonyiwe, ngokweCDC. Abo basulelwa sesi sifo banyangwa ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane.

1916-1955: Incopho yepoliyo

Ipoliyo sisifo esosulelayo esihlasela inkqubo yeemvakalelo, sibangela ukukhubazeka. Isasazeka ngokudibana ngqo nabantu abanosulelo.

Uqhambuko lwenzeka rhoqo e-United States ukuya kwiminyaka ye-1950, ngezifo ezibini eziphambili ze-polio ngo-1916 nango-1952. Kumatyala angama-57,628 axeliweyo ngo-1952, kwabhubha abangama-3,145.

Ngo-1955, ugonyo lukaGqirha Jonas Salk lwamkelwa. Yamkelwa ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-1962, umndilili wenani lamatyala lehla laya kuma-910. Iingxelo zokuba i-United States ibingenasifo sepoliyo ukusukela ngo-1979.

Ngoku: Ukufumana ugonyo kubaluleke kakhulu ngaphambi kokuhamba. Akukho nonyango yepoliyo. Unyango lubandakanya ukonyusa amanqanaba entuthuzelo kunye nokuthintela iingxaki.

Ngo-1957: H2N2 umkhuhlane

Uqhambuko olukhulu lomkhuhlane lwaphinda lwenzeka ngo-1957. Intsholongwane ye-H2N2, eyaqala kwiintaka, yaxelwa okokuqala eSingapore ngoFebruwari 1957, emva koko eHong Kong ngo-Epreli 1957.

Yavela kwizixeko eziselunxwemeni eUnited States ngehlobo lowe-1957.

Inani eliqikelelweyo lokusweleka laliyi-1.1 yezigidi kwihlabathi liphela kwaye.

Esi sifo sithathwa njengobumnene kuba sabanjwa kwangethuba. Oososayensi babenakho ukuphuhlisa isitofu sokugonya esisekwe kulwazi ekudaleni isitofu sokuthintela umkhuhlane sokuqala ngo-1942.

Ngoku: I-H2N2 ayisayi kujikeleza ebantwini, kodwa isasulela iintaka kunye neehagu. Kungenzeka ukuba intsholongwane inokuphinda itsibe ukusuka kwizilwanyana iye ebantwini kwixa elizayo.

Ngo-1981-1991: Uqhambuko lwesibini lwemasisi

Imasisi yintsholongwane ebangela umkhuhlane, iimpumlo ezivuzayo, ukukhohlela, amehlo abomvu, umqala obuhlungu, kwaye kamva kukho irhashalala elithe saa emzimbeni wonke.

Sisifo esosulelayo kakhulu esisasazeka emoyeni. wabamba imasisi phambi kogonyo. Kwinxalenye yesibini yenkulungwane yama-20, uninzi lweziganeko zibangelwe kukungabikho ngokwaneleyo kogonyo.

Oogqirha baqala ukucebisa iyeza lesibini lokuthintela wonke umntu. Ukusukela ngoko, unyaka nonyaka ubunayo, nangona oku kugqityiwe ngo-2019.

Ngoku: I-United States iye yafumana ukuqhambuka okuncinci kwemasisi kule minyaka idlulileyo. I-CDC ithi abahambi abangagonywanga abatyelela kwelinye ilizwe banokusifumana isifo. Xa befika ekhaya eMelika, bayigqithisela kwabanye abangagonywanga.

Qiniseka ukuba ufumana lonke ugonyo olunconyelwa ngugqirha wakho.

Ngo-1993: Amanzi angcolileyo eMilwaukee

Esinye sezityalo ezimbini zokunyanga amanzi iMilwaukee sangcoliswa yi-cryptosporidium, sisidleleli esibangela usulelo lwe-cryptosporidiosis. Iimpawu zibandakanya ukungabikho kwamanzi emzimbeni, umkhuhlane, isisu, kunye nesifo sohudo.

Isifundo sokuqala sabonisa ukuba abantu abangama-403,000 bagula kwaye kwasweleka abantu abangama-69, ngokweBhunga laManzi kunye neKhansile yezeMpilo, isenza ukuba kube kukuqhambuka kwamanzi ngobuninzi kwimbali yase-United States.

Uninzi lwabantu lubuyela kwimeko yalo. Kubantu abaswelekileyo, uninzi lwabo lwalusongele inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela.

Ngoku: I-Cryptosporidiosis isexhala lonyaka. I-CDC inika ingxelo yokuba amatyala phakathi kuka-2009 kunye no-2017. Inani lamatyala kunye nokuqhambuka kuyahluka kuwo nawuphi na unyaka.

I-Cryptosporidium isasazeka ngomhlaba, ukutya, amanzi, okanye ukudibana nelindle elingcolileyo. Yenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zokugula ezenzeka ngokusebenzisa ulonwabo lwamanzi ehlotyeni kwaye zinokusasazeka ngokulula kwizilwanyana zasefama okanye kuseto lokhathalelo lwabantwana.

Qiniseka ukuba ucocekile, njengokuhlamba izandla, xa usenkampini, okanye emva kokuchukumisa izilwanyana. Yeka ukudada xa unorhudo.

Ngo-2009: Umkhuhlane weH1N1

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-2009, intsholongwane iH1N1 yafunyanwa eMelika yaza yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwilizwe liphela nakwihlabathi liphela. Oku kuqhambuka kwaba sematheni njengehagu yomkhuhlane.

Amatyala angama-60.8 ezigidi, izibhedlele ezingama-274,304, kunye nokufa kwabantu abali-12,469 eUnited States.

Ehlabathini lonke, ama-80 eepesenti oku kuqhambuka kwesi sifo kuqikelelwa ukuba kwenzeke kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-65.

Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2009, isitofu sokugonya se-H1N1 safumaneka kuye wonke umntu owayefuna. Amanqanaba omsebenzi wentsholongwane aqala ukucotha.

Ngoku: Uhlobo lwe-H1N1 lusajikeleza ngokwamaxesha onyaka, kodwa lubangela ukusweleka okumbalwa kunye nokulaliswa esibhedlele. Iintsholongwane zomkhuhlane ziguquka minyaka le, zisenza ukuba izitofu zonyaka ophelileyo zingasebenzi kakuhle. Kubalulekile ukuba ufumane ugonyo lwakho lonyaka ukunciphisa umngcipheko womkhuhlane.

Ngo-2010, 2014: Ukukhwehlela

I-Pertussis, eyaziwa ngokuba sisikhohlela esosulelayo, iyosulela kakhulu kwaye sesinye sezifo eziqhelekileyo e-United States. Olu hlaselo lokukhohlela lunokuhlala iinyanga.

Iintsana ezincinci kakhulu ukuba zingagonywa zinomngcipheko omkhulu kumatyala asongela ubomi. Ngexesha lokuqhambuka kokuqala,.

Ukuqhambuka kokukhohlela kuza rhoqo kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5. ICDC ukuba ukwanda kwinani lamatyala kuya kuba yinto "eqhelekileyo."

Ngoku: Ukuvela kwesi sifo kuncinci kakhulu kunokuba kwakunjalo. I-CDC bonke abantu bayaludinga ugonyo, kodwa abo basetyhini abakhulelweyo bafumana ugonyo ngexesha lekota yesithathu yokwandisa ukhuseleko ekuzalweni.

Kukwacetyiswa ukuba bonke abantwana, kunye nabani na ongakhange agonywe ngaphambili, bafumane iyeza lokugonya.

I-1980s ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: i-HIV ne-AIDS

Okokuqala kubhalwe ngo-1981, ubhubhane owaziwa namhlanje njenge-HIV wabonakala ngathi lulosulelo lwemiphunga olunqabileyo. Ngoku siyazi ukuba i-HIV yonakalisa amajoni omzimba kwaye iwabeka esichengeni amandla ayo okulwa usulelo.

Isifo sikaGawulayo sisigaba sokugqibela se-HIV kwaye, ngokwe-CDC, kwi-2018 yayisisizathu sokufa e-United States phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-34 ubudala. Kungenxa yokuba umntu ufumana i-HIV akuthethi ukuba uya kuba ne-AIDS.

Intsholongwane kaGawulayo inokudluliselwa ngesondo okanye ngegazi okanye ngamanzi omzimba ukusuka kumntu ukuya kumntu. Ingadluliselwa isuka kumama iye kumntwana ongekazalwa ukuba ayinyangwa.

I-pre-exposure prophylaxis (okanye i-PrEP) yindlela yomngcipheko omkhulu wokuthintela usulelo lwe-HIV ngaphambi kokuvezwa. Ipilisi (igama lomthi iTruvada) inamayeza amabini asetyenziswa ngokudibanisa namanye amayeza ukunyanga i-HIV.

Xa umntu echaphazeleka kwi-HIV ngokusebenzisa isenzo sesondo okanye ngenaliti yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, la mayeza anokusebenza ukugcina intsholongwane ingafumani usulelo olusisigxina.

I-CDC ikholelwa ukuba okokuqala kwimbali yanamhlanje, umhlaba unezixhobo zokulawula ubhubhane we-HIV ngaphandle kogonyo okanye unyango, ngelixa ubeka isiseko sokugqibela sokuphelisa i-HIV.

Ukulawula ubhubhane kufuna ukufikelela kumaqela aphezulu emngciphekweni ngonyango kunye nothintelo.

Ngoku: Ngelixa lungekho unyango lwe-HIV, umngcipheko wosulelo ungancitshiswa ngamanyathelo okhuseleko, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba iinaliti ziyacocwa kunye nokwabelana ngesondo ngeendlela zokuthintela.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko anokuthathwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa ukunqanda isifo ukuba singadluliselwa sisuka kumama siye emntwaneni.

Kwimeko ezingxamisekileyo, i-PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) iyeza elitsha elithintela i-HIV ekubeni liphuhle ngaphakathi kweeyure ezingama-72.

Ngo-2020: I-COVID-19

Intsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2, uhlobo lwe-coronavirus ebangela isifo i-COVID-19, yafunyanwa okokuqala kwisiXeko sase-Wuhan, kwiPhondo lase-Hubei, e-China ngasekupheleni kuka-2019. Kubonakala ngathi inwenwa ngokulula nangokuzinzileyo eluntwini.

Amatyala axeliwe kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye ukusukela nge-Meyi ka-2020, bekukho ngaphezulu kwe-1.5 yezigidi zamatyala kunye nokusweleka okungaphezulu kwe-100,000 e-United States.

Hlala unolwazi ngohlaziyo lwethu ngoku malunga nokuqhambuka kwe-COVID-19 yangoku. Ndwendwela indawo yethu yecoronavirus ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nendlela yokulungiselela, iingcebiso kuthintelo nonyango, kunye neengcebiso ngeengcali.

Esi sifo sinokubeka ubomi emngciphekweni, kwaye abantu abadala kunye nabantu abanezifo zonyango esele bekhona, njengesifo sentliziyo okanye semiphunga okanye isifo seswekile, babonakala besemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana iingxaki ezinzulu.

Okwangoku akukho sitofu sokugonya.

Iimpawu zokuqala zibandakanya:

• ifiva
• ukukhohlela owomileyo
• ukuqhawukelwa ngumphefumlo
• ukudinwa

Hlala uhlaziyiwe

Imfundo

Ukuzifundisa ngokuqhambuka kwezifo kungoku kunokukunceda uqonde ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokuzikhusela ekufuneka uzenzile ukuze ugcine wena kunye nosapho lwakho nikhuselekile kwaye nisempilweni.

Thatha ixesha lokukhangela ubhubhane oqhubekayo ngokundwendwela iiCDC's, ngakumbi ukuba uhamba.

Zikhusele kunye nosapho lwakho

Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba uninzi lweziqhambuko ezidweliswe apha zinqabile kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, zinokuthintelwa. Qiniseka ukuba usapho lwakho luhlaziyiwe kugonyo lwabo ngaphambi kokuhamba, kwaye ufumane nezitofu zokugonya zomkhuhlane zamva nje.

Amanyathelo alula ekhitshini kunye neendlela zokukhusela ukutya zinokuthintela wena kunye nosapho lwakho ekufumaneni nasosulelweni.