I-Zoonoses: ziyintoni, iintlobo eziphambili kunye nendlela yokuthintela

Umxholo

• Zona zoonoses
• 1. Umsindo
• 2. Isporotrichosis
• 3. Brucellosis
• 4. Fever eMthubi
• 5. UDengue noZika
• 6. I-Leishmaniasis
• 7. ILeptospirosis
• 8. I-Toxoplasmosis
• 9. I-cutaneous larva migrans
• 10. I-Teniasis
• 11. Isifo seLyme
• 12. I-Cryptococcosis
• Zidluliselwa njani iZoonoses
• Ungakuphepha njani

I-Zoonoses zizifo ezosulela phakathi kwezilwanyana nabantu kwaye ezinokubangelwa ziibhaktheriya, iiparasites, ifungi kunye neentsholongwane. Amakati, izinja, amakhalane, iintaka, iinkomo kunye neempuku, umzekelo, zinokusebenza njengezixhobo ezichaseneyo okanye eziphakathi kwezi arhente zisulelayo.

Zoonoses zingahlelwa zibe:

• I-Anthropozoonosis, Zizifo zezilwanyana ezinokudluliselwa ebantwini;
• Zooantroponose, Zizifo zabantu kodwa ezinokudluliselwa kwizilwanyana.

I-Zoonoses ithathwa njengemeko yezempilo yoluntu kwaye, ke ngoko, iinkqubo zommandla nezikarhulumente ezinxulumene nokuthintela ezi zifo ziyasekwa. Elinye lala manyathelo kukulawulwa nokhathalelo lwezilwanyana zasekhaya, ukukhuthaza ukutyelelwa rhoqo kugqirha wezilwanyana ukuya kwenza ukuthomalalisa iintshulube kunye nokulawula izitofu. Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuthintela izilwanyana ekufumaneni izifo nokuzidlulisela ebantwini.

Zona zoonoses

Zininzi izifo ezosulela phakathi kwezilwanyana nabantu, kodwa ezona zixhaphakileyo zezi:

1. Umsindo

Umgada wabantu sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholongwane yosapho Rhabdoviridae kwaye inokudluliselwa ebantwini ngokulunywa lilulwane okanye inja eyosulelekileyo, ekunokwenzeka ukuba yenzeke. Xa uluma umntu, intsholongwane ekhoyo ematheni esilwanyana ingena ngqo egazini lomntu kwaye iyakwazi ukunwenwela kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo, ekhokelela ekubonakaleni kweempawu neempawu zesi sifo.

Iimpawu zokuqala zomgada womntu zinokuthatha iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-50 emva kokudibana nale ntsholongwane, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, kwaye zinokuphosakelwa sisifo esiqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko intsholongwane isasazeka egazini kwaye ifikelela kwinkqubo ye-nervous, ukukhubazeka kwamalungu asezantsi, ukudideka kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka okugqithileyo kunye nokwanda kwemveliso yamathe ngenxa yokuqaqamba kwemisipha yomqala. Yazi indlela yokubona iimpawu zomsindo.

2. Isporotrichosis

I-Sporotrichosis ebantwini sisifo se-zoonosis esidluliselwa ngemikrwelo kunye nokulunywa kweekati ezosulelekileyo ngundo ojongene nesifo, I-Sporothrix schenckii, enokufumaneka ngokwendalo emhlabeni nasezityalweni. Njengokuba iikati zinxulunyaniswa ne-sporotrichosis, esi sifo saziwa ngokuba sisifo sekati, nangona kunjalo iikati ezigonyiweyo zisemngciphekweni wokosulelwa ngulo mngundo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, sisosulela esi sifo.

Iimpawu zokuqala kunye neempawu zesporotrichosis zivela malunga neentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezingama-30 emva kokudibana nefungus kwaye olona phawu luphambili losulelo kukuvela kweqhuma elincinci, elibomvu nelibuhlungu kulusu olukhula ngaphezulu kweentsuku kwaye lwenze ubomvu. Ukuba usulelo aluchongwanga kwaye lunyangwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukungunda kuya kufudukela kwamanye amalungu omzimba, ikakhulu imiphunga, kukhokelela kwiimpawu zokuphefumla. Funda ngakumbi malunga ne-sporotrichosis.

3. Brucellosis

Brucellosis sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa ziintsholongwane zohlobo UBrucella kwaye ingahanjiswa ngokudibana nemfihlo, umchamo, igazi okanye intsalela yeplasta yeenkomo ezosulelekileyo. Ukongeza, ukuhanjiswa kwebhaktiriya kunokwenzeka ngokungenisa iimveliso zobisi ezingafakwanga ukutya, ezinje ngobisi kunye netshizi, ukutya inyama engaphekwanga kakuhle okanye ngexesha lokucocwa kwentshukumo ezinzileyo okanye yemfuyo, umzekelo.

Iimpawu ze-brucellosis zivela kwiintsuku okanye kwiinyanga emva kosulelo, iimpawu zokuqala zifana nezo zomkhuhlane. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko isifo siqhubeka, iimpawu ezithile ngakumbi zinokuvela, ezinje ngeentlungu zomzimba, ukuziva ungaphilanga, iintlungu zesisu, ukutshintsha kwememori kunye nokungcangcazela, umzekelo.

4. Fever eMthubi

Umkhuhlane omthubi sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane eyenzeka kumongcongconi, ingakumbi iingcongconi zohlobo I-Aedes. Ke ngoko, i-yellow fever idluliselwa ebantwini ngokulunywa ziingcongconi ezosulelekileyo. Kwimimandla yehlathi, ukongeza kusulelo ngengcongconi yohlobo I-Aedes, Ukudluliselwa kwentsholongwane ngeengcongconi zoluhlobo kunokwenzeka Haemagogus kwaye Isabatha kwaye kule mimandla, iinkawu zithathwa njengeyona ndawo iphambili yale ntsholongwane.

Iimpawu kunye neempawu ze-yellow fever zivela phakathi kweentsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-7 emva kokulunywa yingcongconi kwaye ezona zibalulekileyo zintlungu esiswini, intloko ebuhlungu kunye nefiva. Esi sifo sifumana igama laso kuba intsholongwane iyasifaka esibindini, iphazamise ukuveliswa kwee-enzyme zesibindi kunye nezinto ezijiyileyo, inyusa inani le-bilirubin egazini kunye nokwenza ulusu lube tyheli ngakumbi.

5. UDengue noZika

I-Dengue kunye neZika zizifo ezosulelayo ezidluliselwa ziintsholongwane ezinenxalenye yobomi bazo kwiingcongconi I-Aedes aegypti, eluma abantu, ehambisa intsholongwane, egqibezela ubomi bayo emzimbeni womntu kwaye ikhokelele ekubonakaleni kweempawu zesi sifo.

Ngaphandle kwe-dengue kunye ne-Zika ngaphandle kokubangelwa ziintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo, intsholongwane ye-dengue kunye ne-Zika virus ngokwahlukeneyo, baneempawu ezifanayo, benentlungu emzimbeni nasentloko, ukudinwa, umkhuhlane, iintlungu ezidibeneyo kunye nokubonakala kwamabala abomvu eluswini. Kwimeko yosulelo lwentsholongwane yeZika, ukurhawuzelela kunye nokubomvu kunye nokunyuka kobuntununtunu emehlweni kunokubonwa.

6. I-Leishmaniasis

Njenge-yellow fever, i-leishmaniasis ikwasasazwa kukulunywa yingcongconi, ethi kule meko ibe yingcongconi yohlobo ILutzomyia, eyaziwa ngokuba yingcongconi yomququ. I-arhente esosulelayo ejongene nesi sifo yiprotozoan yohlobo I-Leishmania, ezifumaneka rhoqo eBrazil iintlobo zezilwanyanaI-Leishmania braziliensis, iLeishmania donovani kwaye Leishmania chagasi.

Emva kokulunywa yingcongconi, iprotozoan ingena emzimbeni womntu kwaye ikhokelele kuphuhliso lweempawu ezibukhali ezinokuhluka ngokodidi lomntu nakwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Zintathu iintlobo eziphambili ze-leishmaniasis:

• I-leishmaniasis enqamlezileyo, ephawuleka kukuvela kweqhuqhuva elinye okanye nangaphezulu kwindawo yokulunywa yingcongconi kwaye inokuthi ngezinye iintsuku ikhule ibe sisilonda esivulekileyo nesingenazintlungu;
• I-leishmaniasis engabonakaliyo, apho izilonda zibanzi kwaye kukho ukubandakanyeka kwe-mucosa, ikakhulu impumlo, umphimbo kunye nomlomo, ezinokubangela ubunzima ekuthetheni, ekuginyeni nasekuphefumleni;
• Visceral leishmaniasis, eneempawu eziguquka ngendlela engapheliyo kwaye kunokubakho isibindi esandisiweyo kunye nokudakumba, ukwehla kobunzima kunye nokwanda komngcipheko kolunye usulelo.

Njengokuba iimpawu zinokubeka emngciphekweni kwaye zibenze bube sisityebi ubomi, kubalulekile ukuba nje ukuba kuvele iimpawu zokuqala ze-leishmaniasis, umntu lowo uya esibhedlele ayokufumana isifo kwaye aqalise unyango, ukuthintela iingxaki.

7. ILeptospirosis

I-Leptospirosis sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane i-Leptospira, enokufumaneka kwiigundane, ikakhulu. Ukosuleleka ebantwini kwenzeka ngokunxibelelana nomchamo okanye ilindle lesilwanyana esingcolileyo, kunye nokungena kwebhaktiriya emzimbeni womntu ngokusebenzisa inwebu yangaphakathi okanye amanxeba esikhumba kwaye kukhokelela kwiimpawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane, ukugodola, amehlo abomvu, intloko ebuhlungu. Intloko kunye isicaphucaphu.

Imeko yezikhukula, amadama kunye neendawo apho kukho inkunkuma eninzi ithathwa njengeyona isemngciphekweni omkhulu wongcoliseko lweLeptospira, kuba kwezi meko umchamo wezilwanyana ezosulelekileyo ungasasazeka ngokulula, ube nomngcipheko omkhulu wosulelo.

8. I-Toxoplasmosis

I-Toxoplasmosis sisifo esosulelayo esaziwa ngokuba sisifo sekati, kuba sisifunxi-gazi esiso sifo Toxoplasma gondii, inee-felines zayo eziphakathi zokubamba, ngakumbi iikati, oko kukuthi, inxalenye yomjikelo wobomi bayo kufuneka ikwikati. Ngale ndlela, abantu banokosulelwa Toxoplasma gondii Ngokudibana ngqo nelindle leekati ezosulelekileyo okanye ngokungenisa amanzi okanye ukutya okungcoliswe zii-cysts ze-parasite.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-toxoplasmosis i-asymptomatic, nangona kunjalo kubalulekile ukuba abasetyhini abakhulelweyo benze iimvavanyo ze-serological ukufumanisa i-parasite, kuba ukuba owasetyhini une-toxoplasmosis, angayidlulisela emntwaneni wakhe ngexesha lokukhulelwa, okunokubangela iingxaki kusana. usele.

9. I-cutaneous larva migrans

I-cutaneous larva migrans, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-geographic bug, sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa zii-parasites Ancylostoma brasiliense kwaye I-Ancylostoma caninum, enokufumaneka ezinjeni nasezikati. Ezi zifunxi-gazi ziyasuswa kwilindle lezilwanyana kwaye xa umntu ehamba enganxibanga zihlangu, umzekelo, banokungena emzimbeni ngamanxeba amancinci akhoyo kule ndawo, ekhokelela ekubonakaleni kweempawu ezinje ngokurhawuzelela nokubomvu kwendawo, ukongeza ekubeni nakho ukubona indlela encinci ye-rectilinear eluswini, ebonisa ukubola kwe-parasite.

Ukuthintela usulelo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba izilwanyana zihanjiswe kugqirha wezilwanyana amaxesha ngamaxesha ukwenzela ukuba izitofu zihlaziywe kwaye kwenziwe iintshulube. Ukongeza, kuyacetyiswa ukunqanda ukuhamba unganxibanga zihlangu kwiindawo ezinokuba nelindle kwizinja neekati ukunciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo.

Bona indlela yokwazi ukuba usisilwanyana sendawo.

10. I-Teniasis

I-Teniasis yi-zoonosis ebangelwa sisidleleli Taenia sp. othunyelwa ebantwini ngokutya inyama yehagu okanye yenkomo ekrwada okanye engaphekwanga. Esi sifunxi-gazi saziwa njenge sisodwa, njengoko sifikelela kubukhulu obukhulu, sinamathela eludongeni lwamathumbu kwaye sithintela ukufunxeka kwezakhamzimba, okukhokelela ekubonakaleni kweempawu ezinje ngesicaphucaphu, urhudo kunye nokwehla kobunzima, umzekelo.

Umntu osuleleke Taenia sp. ikhupha kwilindle amaqanda ale ntsholongwane, enokungcolisa abanye abantu kunye nezilwanyana, ukuqala omnye umjikelo wobomi. Qonda indlela umjikelo wobomi we Taenia sp.

11. Isifo seLyme

Isifo seLyme sesinye sezifo ezinokudluliselwa ngamakhalane, anokufumaneka kwiikati nakwizinja, ikakhulu. Esi sifo sisasazwa ngophawu lohlobo lwasoIxode wosulelwe yintsholongwane IBorrelia burgdorferi, ethi xa umntu eluma akhuphe iibacteria kwaye ibangele impendulo yendawo enokuthi ibonakale ngokudumba nobomvu kuloo ndawo.

Ukuba esi sifo asichazwanga kwaye asinyangwa, intsholongwane inokusasazeka ngokuhamba kwegazi kwaye ifikelele kumalungu aliqela, anokuthi athintele iinkqubo zovalo kunye nentliziyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba uphawu lokukhupha lususwe esikhumbeni ngoko nangoko kwaye unyango lwe-antibiotiki luqaliswe kungekudala emva koko.

Funda ngezinye izifo ezibangelwa ngamakhalane.

12. I-Cryptococcosis

I-Cryptococcosis yaziwa njengesifo sejuba, kuba ukungunda okuchaphazela usulelo I-Cryptococcus neoformans, Wenza inxalenye yomjikelo wobomi bayo kwezi zilwanyana, zikhutshwa kwilindle. Ukongeza kokufumaneka kwihobe, le fungus inokufumaneka emhlabeni, emithini nakwiisiriyeli.

Ukuhanjiswa kwe-cryptococcosis kwenzeka ngokuphefumla kwe-spores okanye igwele lale fungus ekhoyo kwindalo esingakhokelela kuphuhliso lweempawu zokuphefumla, ezinje ngokuthimla, ukuphuma kwempumlo kunye nokuphefumla nzima. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba usulelo aluchongwanga kwaye lunyangwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukungunda kuzosasazeka kwaye kukhokelele kwiimpawu ezinzima, ezinje ngesifuba, intamo elukhuni kunye nokudideka kwengqondo, umzekelo. Bona ezinye iimpawu ze-cryptococcosis.

O I-Cryptococcus neoformans ithathwa njengefungus enamathuba, oko kukuthi, iimpawu zihlala zikhula kuphela kubantu abanamajoni omzimba angalunganga, njengakwimeko yabantu abaphethe intsholongwane kagawulayo okanye abanyangwa umhlaza.

Zidluliselwa njani iZoonoses

Zonke izilwanyana zinokudlulisa izifo. Ke, usasazo lunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi, ezinje:

• Ukulunywa sisilwanyana okanye ukukrwempa;
• Ukulunywa zizinambuzane;
• Ukuqhagamshelana nezinto okanye ukungcola kwezilwanyana ezosulelekileyo;
• Ukungeniswa kwamanzi okanye ukutya okungcoliswe lilindle, umchamo okanye amathe esilwanyana esosulelekileyo.

Abantu abasebenza okanye abanxibelelana rhoqo nezilwanyana kunokwenzeka ukuba bafumane i-zoonosis, ke kubalulekile ukuba banike ingqalelo kwimikhwa yezempilo kunye neyesilwanyana ukuze bangabeki emngciphekweni wokufumana isifo. Kwimeko yabantu abasebenza nezilwanyana, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo zokukhusela ngexesha lokudibana nesilwanyana, ezinje ngeigloves kunye neemaski, ikakhulu ukunqanda ungcoliseko.

Ukuba umntu ukrokrela ukuba unesifo ekunokwenzeka ukuba sisulelwe zizilwanyana, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uye kwagqirha ukuze kwenziwe uvavanyo kwaye kuqalwe unyango olufanelekileyo.

Ungakuphepha njani

Ukuthintela ii-zoonoses, kubalulekile ukuthobela ingqalelo ucoceko lwendalo kunye nococeko lomntu, uhlala uhlamba izandla emva kokudibana nezilwanyana kunye nokugcina indawo ezihlala izilwanyana zikwimeko ezifanelekileyo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukugcina izitofu zezilwanyana zisemgangathweni.

Amakhalane, amaphela kunye neembovane nazo zingasasaza izifo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukugcina indlu icocekile kwaye nezilwanyana ziyintshulube. Ngexesha lokulawulwa kwezinambuzane, ukuba umntu unesilo-qabane, kuyacetyiswa ukuba isilwanyana sihlale sodwa kwelinye igumbi iiyure ezimbalwa ukuze singanxilwa yimveliso esetyenzisiweyo.

Kwimeko yeengcongconi, umzekelo, amaphulo okulawula iingcongconi amiliselwa ngurhulumente ngamaxesha athile, ebonisa amanyathelo anokuthathwa ukunqanda ukwanda kweengcongconi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukusasazeka kwezifo. Jonga kule vidiyo ilandelayo indlela yokuthintela izifo ezithwalwa yingcongconi:

Kukwacetyiswa ukuba uqaphele xa uphatha kwaye ulungisa ukutya, unika ingqalelo umgangatho wamanzi kwaye uphephe ukunxibelelana nezilwanyana ezingaziwayo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba urhulumente akhuthaze iindlela zolawulo lococeko, ucoceko kunye nogonyo kumaziko okugcina izilwanyana. Bona ngakumbi ngendlela yokuthintela izifo ezosulelayo.