Ukonakala okuhambelana nobudala be-macular

Ukonakala kweMacular kukuphazamiseka kwamehlo okutshabalalisa ngokuthe ngcembe umbono ophakathi. Oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukubona iinkcukacha ezintle kunye nokufunda.

Esi sifo sixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-60, yiyo loo nto sihlala sibizwa ngokuba kukudodobala kwe-macular (ARMD okanye i-AMD).

Iretina isemva kweliso. Itshintsha ukukhanya kunye nemifanekiso engena emehlweni kwiimpawu zemithambo-luvo ezithunyelwa kwingqondo. Inxalenye yeretina ebizwa ngokuba yi-macula yenza umbono ubukhali kwaye ube neenkcukacha. Yindawo etyheli embindini weretina. Inomlinganiselo ophakamileyo wemibala emibini yendalo (i-pigment) ebizwa ngokuba yi-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthin.

I-AMD ibangelwa ngumonakalo kwimithambo yegazi ebonelela nge-macula. Olu tshintsho nalo lulimaza imacula.

Zimbini iintlobo ze-AMD:

• I-AMD eyomileyo yenzeka xa imithambo yegazi ephantsi kwe-macula iye yabhitya yaza yaphuka. Iidipozithi ezincinci ezityheli, ezibizwa ngokuba yidrusen, ifom. Phantse bonke abantu abane-macular degeneration baqala kwifom eyomileyo.
• I-AMD emanzi ivela malunga neepesenti ezili-10 zabantu abane-macular degeneration. Imithambo yegazi emitsha engaqhelekanga kwaye ethe-ethe kakhulu ikhula phantsi kwemacula. Ezi nqanawa zivuza igazi kunye nolwelo. Olu hlobo lwe-AMD lubangela uninzi lwelahleko yombono ehambelana nemeko.

Oogqirha abaqinisekanga ukuba yintoni ebangela i-AMD. Imeko inqabile ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-55. Yenzeka kakhulu kubantu abaneminyaka engama-75 okanye ngaphezulu.

Imiba yomngcipheko kwi-AMD yile:

• Imbali yosapho ye-AMD
• Ukuba Mhlophe
• Ukutshaya icuba
• Ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu
• Ukuba ngumfazi

Awunakho ukuba neempawu ekuqaleni. Njengoko isifo siba sibi ngakumbi, unokuba neengxaki kumbono wakho ophakathi.

Iimpawu zomisi AMD

Olona phawu luxhaphakileyo lwe-AMD eyomileyo ngumbono ongacacanga. Izinto kumbindi wenxalenye yombono wakho zihlala zikhangeleka ziphosakele kwaye zimfiliba, kwaye imibala ijongeka ngathi iphelile. Usenokuba nengxaki yokufunda ushicilelo okanye ukubona ezinye iinkcukacha. Kodwa unokubona ngokwaneleyo ukuba uhambe kwaye wenze uninzi lwemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Njengoko i-AMD eyomileyo isiba mandundu, unokufuna ukukhanya ngakumbi ukuze ufunde okanye wenze imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Indawo emnyama kumbindi wombono ngokuthe ngcembe iya iba nkulu kwaye ibe mnyama.

Kumanqanaba okugqibela e-AMD eyomileyo, usenokungakwazi ukubona ubuso de basondele.

Iimpawu ze-WET AMD

Olona phawu luqhelekileyo lwangaphambili lwe-AMD emanzi kukuba imigca ethe tye ijongeka iphosakele kwaye ijija.

Kunokubakho indawo emnyama emnyama embindini wombono wakho okhula ube mkhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Zombini ezi ntlobo ze-AMD, ukulahleka kombono okuphakathi kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, kuya kufuneka ubonwe kwangoko ngugqirha wamehlo. Qinisekisa ukuba lo gqirha wamehlo unamava ekunyangeni iingxaki kwi-retina.

Uya kuvavanywa iliso. Amaconsi aya kufakwa emehlweni akho ukuze wandise (wande) abafundi bakho. Ugqirha wamehlo uza kusebenzisa iilensi ezikhethekileyo ukujonga i-retina, imithambo yegazi kunye ne-optic nerve.

Ugqirha wamehlo uya kujonga utshintsho oluthile kwimacula nakwimithambo yegazi nakwidrusen.

Unokucelwa ukuba ugqume iliso elinye kwaye ujonge ipateni yemigca ebizwa ngokuba yigridi yeAmsler. Ukuba imigca ethe tye ijongeka njenge-wavy, inokuba luphawu lwe-AMD.

Olunye uvavanyo olunokwenziwa lunokubandakanya:

• Sebenzisa idayi ekhethekileyo kunye nekhamera ukujonga ukuhamba kwegazi kwi-retina (i-fluorescein angiogram)
• Ukuthatha ifoto yelining yangaphakathi yeliso (fundus photography)
• Sebenzisa amaza okukhanya ukujonga iretina (ukuhambelana kombono weTomografi)
• Uvavanyo olulinganisa i-pigment kwi-macula

Ukuba uqhubele phambili okanye i-AMD eyomileyo, akukho nyango lunokubuyisela umbono wakho.

Ukuba une-AMD kwangoko kwaye awutshayi, indibaniselwano yeevithamini ezithile, ii-antioxidants, kunye ne-zinc zinokuthintela isifo ukuba singabi mandundu. Kodwa ayinakukubuyisela umbono osele ulahlekile.

Umdibaniso uhlala ubizwa ngokuba yi "AREDS" ifomula. Izongezo ziqulathe:

• Iimiligram ezingama-500 (mg) zevithamini C
• Iiyunithi ezingama-400 zamanye amazwe ze-beta-carotene
• 80 mg zinc
• 2 mg yobhedu

Thatha le ntlanganisela yeevithamini ukuba ugqirha uyayincoma. Qinisekisa ukuba ugqirha uyazi malunga nazo naziphi na ezinye iivithamini okanye izongezo ozithathayo. Abatshayayo akufuneki basebenzise esi songezelelo.

I-AREDS inokukunceda nawe ukuba unembali yosapho kunye nemingcipheko ye-AMD.

I-Lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthin, ezizinto ezifumaneka kwimifuno eluhlaza, zinokuthi zinciphise umngcipheko wokuwohloka okuhambelana nobudala be-macular.

Ukuba unayo i-AMD emanzi, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa:

• Utyando lwe-Laser (i-laser photocoagulation) -umqadi omncinci wokukhanya utshabalalisa imithambo yegazi evuzayo, engaqhelekanga.
• Unyango lwe-Photodynamic -ukukhanya kusebenze ichiza elifakwe emzimbeni wakho ukutshabalalisa imithambo yegazi evuzayo.
• Amayeza awodwa athintela ukuba imithambo yegazi emitsha ingene kwiliso ifakelwe kwiliso (le yinkqubo engenazintlungu).

Izinto zokuncedisa ukubona kancinci (ezinje ngeelensi ezikhethekileyo) kunye nonyango kunokukunceda usebenzise umbono onawo ngokukuko, kwaye uphucule umgangatho wobomi bakho.

Vala ukulandelelana nogqirha wakho wamehlo kubalulekile.

• Kwi-AMD eyomileyo, ndwendwela ugqirha wakho wamehlo kube kanye ngonyaka kuvavanyo lwamehlo olupheleleyo.
• Kwi-AMD emanzi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufuna rhoqo, mhlawumbi ngenyanga, utyelelo olulandelayo.

Ukubhaqwa kwangoko kotshintsho kumbono kubalulekile kuba xa unyangwa kwangoko, ngcono isiphumo sakho. Ukufunyanwa kwangoko kukhokelela kunyango lwakwangoko kwaye rhoqo, iziphumo ezingcono.

Eyona ndlela yokufumana utshintsho kukuzivavanya ekhaya kunye negridi yeAmsler. Ugqirha wamehlo angakunika ikopi yegridi okanye unokuprinta enye kwi-Intanethi. Vavanya iliso ngalinye xa unxibe iiglasi zokufunda. Ukuba imigca ibonakala ijikelezayo, tsalela ugqirha wakho wamehlo ngoko nangoko ukuze ubonane.

Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokubola kwe-macular:

• UMbutho wokuDalwa kweMacular- macularhope.org
• IZiko leLiso leLizwe - www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

I-AMD ayichaphazeli umbono wecala (lomda). Oku kuthetha ukuba ukulahleka kombono okupheleleyo akwenzeki. Iziphumo ze-AMD kwilahleko yombono ophakathi kuphela.

Ubumnene, i-AMD eyomileyo ihlala ingabangeli ukuba ikhubaze umbono ophakathi.

I-AMD emanzi ihlala ikhokelela ekulahlekelweni kombono obalulekileyo.

Ngokubanzi, nge-AMD ungaphulukana nobuchule bokufunda, ukuqhuba imoto, kunye nokuqonda ubuso kude. Kodwa uninzi lwabantu abane-AMD banokwenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu.

Ukuba unayo i-AMD, umboneleli wakho wezempilo unokucebisa ukuba ujonge umbono wakho yonke imihla ngegridi yeAmsler. Fowunela umboneleli wakho kwangoko ukuba imigca ijongeka ngathi yeyam. Fowuna kwakhona ukuba ubona olunye utshintsho kumbono wakho.

Nangona kungekho ndlela yaziwayo yokuthintela ukonakala kwe-macular, ukukhokelela kwindlela yokuphila esempilweni kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa i-AMD:

• Musa ukutshaya
• Gcina ukutya okusempilweni okuphezulu kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno kunye namafutha ezilwanyana
• Zilolonge rhoqo
• Gcina ubunzima obusempilweni

Jonga uqeqesho lwakho lonyango rhoqo kuvavanyo lwamehlo olucociweyo.

Ukwehla kobudala be-macular degeneration (ARMD); AMD; Ukulahleka kombono-i-AMD

• Ukonakala kweMacular
• Iretina

Iwebhusayithi yaseAmerican Academy yeOphthalmology. IKomiti yeRetina / iVitreous, iZiko leHoskins loKhathalelo loMgangatho loMgangatho. Isikhokelo sePateni esiSetyenziswayo. Ubudala be-macular degeneration PPP 2019. www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/age-related-macular-degeneration-ppp. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Okthobha i-2019. Ifikeleleke ngoJanuwari 24, 2020.

UWenick AS, uBressler NM, uBressler SB. Ukonakala okuhambelana nobudala be-macular: i-non-neovascular early AMD, i-AMD ephakathi, kunye ne-atrophy yejografi. Ku: Schachat AP, Sadda SR, Hinton DR, Wilkinson CP, Wiedemann P, ii-eds. URetina kaRyan. Umhla wesi-6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isahluko 68.