Ithumba

Ithumba kukukhula ngokungaqhelekanga kwezihlunu zomzimba. Amathumba angaba ngumhlaza (amabi) okanye angabinomdlavuza (onobungozi).

Ngokubanzi, amathumba avela xa iiseli zahlulahlula kwaye zikhula ngokugqithileyo emzimbeni. Ngokwesiqhelo, umzimba ulawula ukukhula kweseli kunye nokwahlulahlula. Iiseli ezintsha zenziwe ukuba zithathe indawo yabantu abadala okanye zenze imisebenzi emitsha. Iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingasafunekiyo ziyafa ukwenza indawo yokutshintsha endaweni esempilweni.

Ukuba ibhalansi yokukhula kweseli kunye nokufa iyaphazamiseka, ithumba linokuvela.

Iingxaki ngamajoni omzimba anokukhokelela kwizidumbu. Icuba libangela ukufa okungaphezulu komhlaza kunayo nayiphi na enye into esingqongileyo. Eminye imingcipheko yomhlaza ibandakanya:

• I-Benzene kunye nezinye iikhemikhali kunye neetyhefu
• Ukusela kakhulu utywala
• Iityhefu zokusingqongileyo, ezinje ngamakhowa athile anetyhefu kunye nohlobo lwetyhefu olunokukhula kwizityalo zamandongomane (aflatoxins)
• Ukukhanya kakhulu lilanga
• Iingxaki zemfuza
• Ukutyeba kakhulu
• Ukuvezwa kwemitha
• Iintsholongwane

Iindidi zamathumba ezaziwayo ukuba zibangelwa okanye zinxulunyaniswa neentsholongwane zezi:

• IBurkitt lymphoma (intsholongwane ka-Epstein-Barr)
• Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko (ipapillomavirus yabantu)
• Uninzi lomhlaza womhlaza (ipapillomavirus yabantu)
• Eminye imihlaza yomqala, kubandakanya inkalakahla ethambileyo, isiseko solwimi kunye neetoni (ipapillomavirus yabantu)
• Olunye uhlobo lomhlaza welungu lobufazi, i-vulvar kunye neepenile (ipapillomavirus yabantu)
• Ezinye iintsholongwane zesibindi (i-hepatitis B kunye ne-hepatitis C virus)
• I-Kaposi sarcoma (i-herpesvirus yabantu 8)
• I-T-cell leukemia / lymphoma yabantu abadala (intsholongwane ye-T-lymphotropic virus-1)
• I-Merkel cell carcinoma (i-Merkel cell polyomavirus)
• Umhlaza weNasopharyngeal (intsholongwane ka-Epstein-Barr)

Ezinye izicubu zixhaphake kakhulu kwisini esinye kunesinye. Ezinye zixhaphake kakhulu phakathi kwabantwana okanye kubantu abadala. Ezinye zinxulumene nokutya, okusingqongileyo kunye nembali yosapho.

Iimpawu zixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nendawo yethumba. Umzekelo, amathumba emiphunga anokubangela ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla kancinci, okanye iintlungu esifubeni. Izidumbu zekolon zinokubangela ukunciphisa umzimba, urhudo, ukuqhina, ukunqongophala kwe-iron anemia, kunye negazi esitulweni.

Ezinye izicubu zinokubangela naziphi na iimpawu. Ezinye, ezinje ngomhlaza wokudumba okanye wepancreatic, NGOKUQHELEKILEYO zibangela iimpawu de isifo sifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Ezi mpawu zilandelayo zinokubakho ngamathumba:

• Umkhuhlane okanye ubanda
• Ukudinwa
• Ukuphelelwa ngumdla wokutya
• Ukubila ebusuku
• Ukuhla ukusinda
• Intlungu

Umboneleli wakho wezempilo unokubona ithumba, njengesikhumba okanye umhlaza womlomo. Kodwa uninzi lomhlaza alunakubonwa ngexesha loviwo kuba lunzulu ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

Xa kufunyenwe ithumba, isiqwenga senyama siyasuswa kwaye sivavanywe phantsi kwemicroscope. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-biopsy. Kuyenziwa ukumisela ukuba ngaba eli thumba alinomhlaza (alinabungozi) okanye linomhlaza (libi). Kuxhomekeka kwindawo yethumba, i-biopsy inokuba yinkqubo elula okanye utyando olukhulu.

Ukuskena i-CT okanye iMRI kunokunceda ekuchazeni ngqo indawo ekukho kuyo eli thumba kunye nokuba sele linabele kangakanani. Olunye uvavanyo lokucinga olubizwa ngokuba yi-positron emission tomography (PET) lusetyenziselwa ukufumana iintlobo ezithile zethumba.

Olunye uvavanyo olunokwenziwa lunokubandakanya:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi
• I-bone marrow biopsy (ngokuqhelekileyo i-lymphoma okanye i-leukemia)
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• Gcwalisa ubalo lwegazi (CBC)
• Uvavanyo lomsebenzi wesibindi

Unyango luyahluka ngokusekelwe:

• Uhlobo lwethumba
• Nokuba ngumhlaza
• Indawo yethumba

Awunakudinga unyango ukuba ithumba:

• Ukungabinamdla (benign)
• Kwindawo "ekhuselekileyo" apho ingayi kubangela iimpawu okanye iingxaki ngendlela elisebenza ngayo ilungu

Ngamanye amaxesha izicubu ezinobungozi zingasuswa ngenxa yezizathu zokuzicoca okanye ukuphucula iimpawu. Izilonda zeBenign ezikufutshane okanye kwingqondo zinokususwa ngenxa yendawo yazo okanye ifuthe eliyingozi kwizicubu zobuchopho eziqhelekileyo.

Ukuba ithumba ngumhlaza, unyango olunokubakho lunokubandakanya:

• Unyango ngamayeza
• Imitha
• Ugqirha
• Unyango ekujoliswe kulo lomhlaza
• Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy
• Olunye ukhetho lonyango

Ukuxilongwa komhlaza kuhlala kubangela uxinzelelo oluninzi kwaye kunokuchaphazela ubomi bomntu bonke. Kukho izixhobo ezininzi kwizigulana ezinomhlaza.

Imbonakalo iyahluka kakhulu kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamathumba. Ukuba ithumba lilungile, umbono ngokubanzi ulungile. Kodwa ithumba elibi linokubangela iingxaki ezinzima, ezinje ngengqondo okanye kufutshane.

Ukuba ithumba linomhlaza, iziphumo zixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba le-tumor ekufumanekeni. Eminye imihlaza iyanyangeka. Ezinye ezinganyangekiyo zisenokunyangwa, kwaye abantu banokuphila iminyaka emininzi benomhlaza. Kanti amanye amathumba asongela ubomi ngokukhawuleza.

Ubunzima; Neoplasm

I-Burstein E. Ukukhula kweselula kunye neoplasia. Ku: UFeldman M, uFriedman LS, uBrandt LJ, ii-eds. Sleisenger kunye neFordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Ngomhla we-11. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: isahluko 1.

Kwiwebhusayithi yeZiko loMhlaza weSizwe. Iimpawu zomhlaza. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/symptoms. Ukuhlaziywa ngoMeyi 16, 2019. Ifikeleleke ngoJulayi 12, 2020.

INussbaum RL, iMcInnes RR, uWillard HF. Umhlaza wemfuza kunye nejenomics. Ku: Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF, ii-eds. Thompson & Thompson Genetics kwiyeza. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 15.

Ipaki BH. Umhlaza webhayoloji kunye nemfuza. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Ngomhla wama-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahl. 171.