Neuroblastoma

I-Neuroblastoma luhlobo olunqabileyo kakhulu lomhlaza onomhlaza ophuma kwinyama yomzimba. Oku kwenzeka rhoqo kwiintsana nasebantwaneni.

I-Neuroblastoma inokwenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi zomzimba. Ikhula kwizicwili ezenza inkqubo yemithambo-luvo enovelwano. Eli yinxalenye yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo elawula ukusebenza komzimba, ezinje ngokubetha kwentliziyo noxinzelelo lwegazi, ukwetyisa ukutya, kunye namanqanaba eehomoni ezithile.

Uninzi lweeuroblastomas ziqala esiswini, kwi-adrenal gland, ecaleni kwethambo lomqolo, okanye esifubeni. I-Neuroblastomas inokusasazeka emathanjeni. Amathambo afaka lawo asebusweni, ukakayi, isinqe, amagxa, iingalo kunye nemilenze. Ingasasazeka kumongo wethambo, isibindi, ii-lymph node, ulusu, kunye nokujikeleza kwamehlo (orbits).

Isizathu sethumba asaziwa. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba isiphako kwimfuza sinokudlala indima. Isiqingatha sethumba sikhona xa kuzalwa. I-Neuroblastoma ihlala ifunyaniswa kubantwana ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-5. Unyaka ngamnye kukho malunga ne-700 yamatyala amatsha e-United States. Ukuphazamiseka kuqheleke ngakumbi kubafana.

Kuninzi lwabantu, ithumba lisasazekile xa lifunyaniswa okokuqala.

Iimpawu zokuqala zihlala ziba nomkhuhlane, ukugula ngokubanzi (i-malaise), kunye nentlungu. Kukho ukulahleka kwesidlo, ukunciphisa umzimba, kunye nesifo sohudo.

Ezinye iimpawu zixhomekeke kwindawo yethumba, kwaye zinokubandakanya:

• Intlungu yethambo okanye ukuthamba (ukuba umhlaza usasazekile waya emathanjeni)
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla okanye ukukhwehlela okungapheliyo (ukuba umhlaza usasazekile esifubeni)
• Isisu esandisiweyo (ukusuka kwithumba elikhulu okanye ulwelo olungaphezulu)
• Isikhumba esibomvu, esibomvu
• Isikhumba esimdaka ngombala oluhlaza ojikeleze amehlo
• Ukubila okungathethekiyo
• Inqanaba lentliziyo elikhawulezileyo (tachycardia)

Iingxaki zengqondo kunye neenkqubo zovalo zinokubandakanya:

• Ukungakwazi ukukhupha isinyi
• Ukuphulukana nentshukumo (ukukhubazeka) ezinqeni, imilenze, okanye iinyawo (ezisezantsi)
• Iingxaki ngokulinganisela
• Ukuhamba kwamehlo okungalawulwayo okanye ukuhamba kweenyawo neenyawo (okubizwa ngokuba yi-opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, okanye "amehlo okudanisa kunye neenyawo zokudanisa")

Umboneleli wezempilo uya kumvavanya umntwana. Kuxhomekeka kwindawo yethumba:

• Kunokubakho iqhuma okanye ubunzima esiswini.
• Isibindi sinokunyuka, ukuba i-tumor isasazeke kwisibindi.
• Kunokubakho uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu kunye nenqanaba lentliziyo elikhawulezayo ukuba ithumba likudlala wedlala.
• Ii-lymph node zisenokudumba.

X-reyi okanye olunye uvavanyo lwe-imaging lwenziwe ukufumana eyona nto iphambili (ephambili) kunye nokubona ukuba ithe saa phi. Oku kubandakanya:

• Ukuskena amathambo
• Iithambo x-reyi
• I-x-ray yesifuba
• Ukuxilongwa kwe-CT kwesifuba kunye nesisu
• Ukuvavanywa kwesifuba kunye nesisu

Olunye uvavanyo olunokwenziwa lunokubandakanya:

• I-Biopsy yethumba
• Umongo wethambo
• Gcwalisa ubalo lwegazi (CBC) olubonisa i-anemia okanye enye into engaqhelekanga
• Izifundo ze-Coagulation kunye ne-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• Uvavanyo lweHormone (uvavanyo lwegazi ukujonga amanqanaba ehomoni anje ngeekatecholamines)
• Iskena se-MIBG (uvavanyo lokucinga ngomfanekiso ukuqinisekisa ubukho be-neuroblastoma)
• Uvavanyo lweeyure ezingama-24 lweekatecholamines, i-homovanillic acid (HVA), kunye ne-vanillymandelic acid (VMA)

Unyango luxhomekeke:

• Indawo yethumba
• Yimalini kwaye apho ithumba lisasazeke khona
• Iminyaka yomntu

Kwiimeko ezithile, utyando lulodwa lwanele. Rhoqo, nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindlela zonyango ziyafuneka ngokunjalo. Amayeza e-anticancer (chemotherapy) anokucetyiswa ukuba ithumba lisasazekile.Unyango ngemitha lungasetyenziswa.

I-high-dose chemotherapy, i-autologous stem cell transplant, kunye ne-immunotherapy nayo iyasetyenziswa.

Ungaluphelisa uxinzelelo lokugula ngokujoyina iqela lokuxhasa umhlaza. Ukwabelana nabanye abanamava afanayo kunye neengxaki kunokukunceda wena nomntwana wakho ukuba ningaziva nodwa.

Iziphumo ziyahluka. Kubantwana abancinci kakhulu, ithumba linokuhamba lodwa, ngaphandle konyango. Okanye, izicwili zethumba zinokukhula kwaye zikhule zibe sisisu esingesosomhlaza (benign) esibizwa ngokuba yi-ganglioneuroma, enokuthi isuswe ngotyando. Kwezinye iimeko, ithumba lisasazeka ngokukhawuleza.

Impendulo kunyango iyahluka. Unyango luhlala luphumelela ukuba umhlaza awusasazekanga. Ukuba sele isasazekile, i-neuroblastoma kunzima ukuyinyanga. Abantwana abancinci bahlala bekwenza ngcono kunabantwana abadala.

Abantwana abaphathwe i-neuroblastoma banokuba semngciphekweni wokufumana owesibini, umhlaza owahlukileyo kwixesha elizayo.

Iingxaki zinokubandakanya:

• Ukusasazeka (i-metastasis) yethumba
• Ukonakaliswa kunye nelahleko yokusebenza kwamalungu abandakanyekayo

Tsalela umnikezeli wakho ukuba umntwana wakho uneempawu ze-neuroblastoma. Ukuchongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango kuphucula ithuba lesiphumo esihle.

Umhlaza - neuroblastoma

• I-Neuroblastoma kwisibindi-CT scan

IDome JS, uRodriguez-Galindo C, uSpunt SL, uSantana VM. Amathumba aqinileyo ebantwaneni. Ku: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, ii-eds. I-Oncology yeklinikhi yase-Abeloff. Umhla we-5. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: isahluko 95.

Kwiwebhusayithi yeZiko loMhlaza weSizwe. Unyango lwe-Neuroblastoma (PDQ) -uhlobo lobungcali kwezempilo. www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-unyango-pdq. Ukuhlaziywa kuka-Agasti 17, 2018. Ifikeleleke ngoNovemba 12, 2018.