Uphuhliso lwabantwana abasafundayo

Ukukhula kwesiqhelo ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasemzimbeni kwabantwana abaneminyaka emi-3 ukuya kweli-6 ubudala kubandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi.

Bonke abantwana bakhula ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokukhula komntwana wakho, thetha nomboneleli wezempilo womntwana wakho.

UKUPHUHLISWA KOMZIMBA

Umntwana oneminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwengu-6 ubudala:

• Ukuzuza malunga neepawundi ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-5 (i-1.8 ukuya kwi-2.25 yeekhilogram) ngonyaka
• Ikhula malunga nee-intshi ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 (iisentimitha ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-7.5) ngonyaka
• Inawo onke amazinyo angama-20 asisiseko ngeminyaka emi-3
• Unombono wama-20/20 ngeminyaka eyi-4
• Ulala iiyure ezili-11 ukuya kwezi-13 ebusuku, amaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle kokulala emini

Uphuhliso lweemoto ezipheleleyo kumntwana oneminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwengu-6 kufuneka abandakanye:

• Ukuba nesakhono ngakumbi ekubalekeni, ukutsiba, ukuphosa kwangethuba kunye nokukhaba
• Ukubamba ibhola eqatyelwayo
• Ukurhawula ibhayisikile enamavili amathathu (kwiminyaka emi-3); ukwazi ukuhamba kakuhle kwiminyaka engama-4 ubudala
• Ukuthemba unyawo olunye (malunga neminyaka emi-4), kwaye kamva ulinganise ngonyawo olunye ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzwana emi-5
• Ukwenza isithende-to-toe ukuhamba (kwiminyaka eyi-5)

Amanqanaba ophuhliso lweemoto ezintle malunga neminyaka emi-3 kufuneka abandakanye:

• Ukuzoba isangqa
• Ukuzoba umntu onamalungu ama-3
• Ukuqala kokusebenzisa isikere esincamileyo sabantwana
• Ukuzinxiba (kunye nolawulo)

Amanqanaba ophuhliso lweemoto ezintle malunga neminyaka emi-4 kufuneka abandakanye:

• Ukuzoba isikwere
• Sebenzisa isikere, kwaye ekugqibeleni usike umgca othe ngqo
• Ukunxiba iimpahla ngokufanelekileyo
• Ukulawula icephe kunye nefoloko kakuhle xa usitya

Amanqanaba ophuhliso lweemoto ezintle malunga neminyaka emi-5 kufuneka abandakanye:

• Ukusasaza ngemela
• Ukuzoba unxantathu

UPHUHLISO LWEELWIMI

Umntwana oneminyaka emi-3 ubudala usebenzisa:

• Izibizo nezalathandawo ngokufanelekileyo
• Izivakalisi ezibini
• Amagama amaninzi

Umntwana oneminyaka emi-4 uqala:

• Qonda ubudlelwane bobungakanani
• Landela umyalelo wamanyathelo amathathu
• Bala uye ku-4
• Chaza imibala emi-4
• Nandipha izicengcelezo kunye nokudlala ngamagama

Umntwana oneminyaka emihlanu:

• Ibonisa ukuqonda kwangoko kweekhonsepthi zexesha
• Ukubala ukuya kwi-10
• Uyayazi inombolo yomnxeba
• Uphendula imibuzo "kutheni"

Ukuthinteka kunokwenzeka kuphuhliso lolwimi oluqhelekileyo lwabantwana abaneminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-4 ubudala. Kwenzeka kuba izimvo ziza engqondweni ngokukhawuleza kunokuba umntwana ekwazi ukuzichaza, ngakumbi ukuba umntwana uxinezelekile okanye unemincili.

Xa umntwana ethetha, nikela ingqalelo yakho ngokukhawuleza. Musa ukuphawula ngokuthintitha. Cinga ukuba umntwana avavanywe ngugqirha wezifo zentetho ukuba:

• Kukho eminye imiqondiso ngokuthintitha okunje nge-tics, grimacing, okanye self-consciousness.
• Ukuthintitha kuhlala ixesha elingaphezu kweenyanga ezi-6.

INDLELA YOKUZIPHATHA

Umfundi ofunda esikolweni ufunda izakhono zentlalo eziyimfuneko ekudlaleni nasekusebenzeni nabanye abantwana. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umntwana uyakwazi ukubambisana nenani elikhulu loontanga. Nangona abantwana abaneminyaka emi-4 ukuya kwemihlanu banokwazi ukuqala ukudlala imidlalo enemithetho, imigaqo inokuthi itshintshe, ihlala ithanda ukuba ngumntwana ophambili.

Kuqhelekile kwiqela elincinci labantwana abafikayo ukuba babone umntwana ophuma phambili ethambekele ekuphatheni abanye abantwana ngaphandle kokuchasana nabo.

Kuqhelekile ukuba abantwana basesikolweni bavavanye imilinganiselo yabo yomzimba, yokuziphatha, kunye neemvakalelo. Ukuba nendawo ekhuselekileyo, eyakhiwe ngendlela yokujonga kunye nokujongana nemiceli mngeni kubalulekile. Nangona kunjalo, abantwana abafunda esikolweni bafuna imida echazwe kakuhle.

Umntwana kufuneka abonakalise inyathelo lokuqala, umdla, umnqweno wokujonga, kunye nolonwabo ngaphandle kokuziva enetyala okanye ethintelweyo.

Ukuziphatha kwasekuqaleni kuyakhula njengoko abantwana befuna ukukholisa abazali babo kunye nabanye ngokubaluleka. Oku kwaziwa njenge "inkwenkwe elungileyo" okanye "intombazana elungileyo".

Ukubaliswa kwamabali okucacileyo kunokuqhubela phambili ekuxokeni. Ukuba oku akuqwalaselwanga ngexesha lesikolo sabantwana abasaqalayo, le ndlela yokuziphatha inokuqhubeka nakwiminyaka yabantu abadala. Ukuncokola ngomlomo okanye ukubuyela umva kuhlala kuyindlela yabafundi abasaqala isikolo ukufumana ingqwalaselo kunye nempendulo kumntu omdala.

UKHUSELEKO

Ukhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu kwabafundi abasaqala isikolo.

• Abafundi basesikolweni bahamba kakhulu kwaye banako ukungena ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezinobungozi. Ukongamela kwabazali kweli lixa kubalulekile, kanye njengokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka engaphambili.
• Ukhuseleko lweemoto lubalulekile. Umfundi wasesikolweni kufuneka ANGANXIBI ibhanti yesihlalo kwaye abeke kwisitulo esifanelekileyo semoto xa ekhwele emotweni. Kule minyaka abantwana banokukhwela kunye nabanye abazali babantwana. Kubalulekile ukuphonononga imigaqo yakho yokhuseleko lwemoto nabanye abanokujonga umntwana wakho.
• Ukuwa kungoyena nobangela wokulimala kwabo bangafundanga esikolweni. Ukunyuka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nezintsha, abantwana abangaphambi kokufunda esikolweni bangawa kwizixhobo zokudlala, iibhayisikili, phantsi kwezitepsi, emithini, ngaphandle kweefestile nakuphahla. Iingcango ezitshixwayo ezingena kwiindawo eziyingozi (njengophahla, iifestile eziseluphahleni, nezinyuko). Yiba nemithetho engqongqo yomntwana wasesikolweni malunga neendawo ezingavumelekanga.
• Iikhikhini yindawo ephambili yokuba umntwana afike kwisikolo sokutshisa, nokuba uzama ukunceda ukupheka okanye ukudibana nezixhobo ezishushu. Khuthaza umntwana ukuba ancedise ekuphekeni okanye ekufundeni izakhono zokupheka ngeendlela zokupheka ezibandayo. Yenza ezinye izinto ezonwabisayo zomntwana kwigumbi elikufutshane ngelixa uphekayo. Gcina umntwana kude nesitovu, ukutya okushushu kunye nezinye izixhobo.
• Gcina zonke iimveliso zasekhaya kunye namayeza ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kwindawo yokufikelela kwabantwana abasaqala isikolo. Yazi inombolo yeziko lakho lokulawula ityhefu. I-Hotline yokuLawulwa kweTyhefu kaZwelonke (1-800-222-1222) inokubizwa naphina eUnited States. Tsalela umnxeba ukuba unemibuzo malunga netyhefu okanye ukuthintela ityhefu. AKUFUNI ukuba ibe yingxakeko. Ungatsalela umnxeba nangasiphi na isizathu, iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisi-7 ngeveki.

IINGCEBISO ZOKUKHULISA ABAZALI

• TV okanye ixesha lesikrini kufuneka linqunyelwe kwiiyure ezi-2 ngosuku lwenkqubo esemgangathweni.
• Ukuphuhliswa kwendima yesondo kusekwe kwiminyaka yokuhamba. Kubalulekile ukuba umntwana abe nemizekelo efanelekileyo yesini nesini. Abazali abangabodwa kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba umntwana unethuba lokuchitha ixesha kunye nesihlobo okanye umhlobo ongowesini esahlukileyo somzali. Ungaze ugxeke ngomnye umzali. Xa umntwana edlala ngokwesondo okanye ehlola noontanga, uqondise umdlalo kwaye uxelele umntwana ukuba akulunganga. Musa ukumhlazisa umntwana. Lo ngumnqweno wendalo.
• Kuba izakhono zolwimi zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwisikolo sabantwana abasaqalayo, kubalulekile ukuba abazali bafundele umntwana kwaye bathethe naye rhoqo ngalo lonke usuku.
• Uqeqesho kufuneka lunike abafundi abasaqalayo esikolweni ukuba benze ukhetho kwaye bajongane nemiceli mngeni emitsha ngelixa begcina imida ecacileyo. Ulwakhiwo lubalulekile kwisikolo sabantwana abasaqalayo. Ukuba nesiqhelo semihla ngemihla (kubandakanya imisebenzi efanelekileyo yobudala) kunokunceda umntwana azive eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yosapho kunye nokwandisa ukuzithemba. Umntwana unokufuna ukukhunjuzwa kunye nokubekwa esweni ukugqiba imisebenzi yasekhaya. Qaphela kwaye uvume xa umntwana eziphatha, okanye esenza umsebenzi ngokuchanekileyo okanye ngaphandle kwezikhumbuzo ezongezelelweyo. Thatha ixesha uqaphele kwaye uvuze isimilo esihle.
• Ukusukela kwiminyaka emi-4 ukuya kwemi-5, uninzi lwabantwana luthetha ngasemva. Jongana nokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuphendula kumagama okanye kwizimo zengqondo. Ukuba umntwana uziva la mazwi eza kumnika amandla phezu komzali, indlela yokuziphatha iya kuqhubeka. Rhoqo kunzima kubazali ukuba bahlale bezolile ngelixa bezama ukulungisa indlela yokuziphatha.
• Xa umntwana eqala isikolo, abazali mabagcine engqondweni ukuba kunokubakho iyantlukwano enkulu phakathi kwabantwana abaneminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-6 ngokubhekisele kwithuba lokuthathela ingqalelo, ukulungela ukufunda, kunye nezakhono zokuqhuba kakuhle. Bobabini umzali oxhalabileyo (ochaphazelekayo ngamakhono omntwana ocothayo) kunye nomzali onamabhongo agqithisileyo (ukutyhala izakhono zokwenza ukuba umntwana aqhubele phambili) angonakalisa inkqubela yomntwana yesiqhelo esikolweni.

Ingxelo yophuhliso-lweminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwezi-6; Kulungile umntwana - iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwezi-6

• Uphuhliso lwabantwana abasafundayo

IAmerican Academy yePediatrics iwebhusayithi. Iingcebiso zokhathalelo lwempilo yabantwana. www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/periodicity_schedule.pdf. Ukuhlaziywa ngoFebruwari 2017. Kufikeleleke ngoNovemba 14, 2018.

UFiigelman S. Iminyaka yasesikolweni. Ku: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor NF, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla we-20. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: isahluko 12.

UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM. Uphuhliso oluqhelekileyo. Ku: UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM, ii-eds. UNelson oBalulekileyo kwiPediatrics. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2019: isahluko 7.