Ukuchwetheza igazi

Ukuchwetheza igazi yindlela yokuxelela ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwegazi onalo. Ukuchwetheza igazi kwenziwa ukuze unikele ngokukhuselekileyo ngegazi lakho okanye utofelwe igazi. Kuyenziwa kwakhona ukubona ukuba unento ekuthiwa yiRh factor kumphezulu weeseli ezibomvu zegazi.

Uhlobo lwegazi lakho lusekwe ekubeni iiproteni ezithile zikwiiseli zakho ezibomvu. Ezi proteni zibizwa ngokuba ziiantigen. Uhlobo lwegazi lakho (okanye iqela legazi) lixhomekeke ekubeni zeziphi iintlobo abazali bakho abazidlulisileyo kuwe.

Igazi lihlala lihlelwe ngokwenkqubo yokuchwetheza igazi ye-ABO. Iindidi zegazi ezi-4 zezi:

• Uhlobo lwe-A
• Uhlobo B
• Uhlobo lwe-AB
• Uhlobo O

Isampulu yegazi iyafuneka. Uvavanyo lokumisela iqela lakho legazi libizwa ngokuba kukuchwetheza kwe-ABO. Isampulu yegazi yakho ixutywe neentsholongwane ezichasene negazi A no-B. Emva koko, isampulu iyajongwa ukuze ibone ukuba iiseli zegazi ziyahlangana na. Ukuba iiseli zegazi ziyahlangana, oko kuthetha ukuba igazi liphendule ngesinye sezixhobo zomzimba.

Inyathelo lesibini kuthiwa kukuthayipha ngasemva. Inxalenye yolwelo lwegazi lakho ngaphandle kweeseli (i-serum) ixutywe negazi elaziwa njengohlobo A kunye nohlobo B. Abantu abanegazi lohlobo A bane-anti-B. Abantu abanegazi lohlobo B bane-anti-A. Uhlobo lwe-O lwegazi luqulathe zombini iintlobo zeentsholongwane.

Amanyathelo amabini angentla anokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo uhlobo lwegazi lakho.

Ukuchwetheza i-Rh kusetyenziswa indlela efanayo nokuchwetheza kwe-ABO. Xa ukuthayipha igazi kwenziwa ukubona ukuba unayo iR Rh factor kwiiseli zakho ezibomvu zegazi, iziphumo ziya kuba zezinye zezi:

• I-Rh + (eyakhayo), ukuba unayo le proteni yomphezulu weseli
• Rh- (negative), ukuba awunayo le proteni yomphezulu weseli

Akukho lungiselelo lukhethekileyo luyimfuneko kolu vavanyo.

Xa kufakwa inaliti ukutsala igazi, abanye abantu baziva iintlungu eziphakathi. Abanye baziva behlaba okanye behlaba kuphela. Emva koko, kunokubakho ukubetha okanye ukutyumza kancinci. Oku kuya kuhamba kungekudala.

Ukuchwetheza igazi kwenziwa ukuze ufumane ukhuseleko kwigazi ngokukhuselekileyo okanye ukufakelwa. Uhlobo lwegazi lakho kufuneka lungqamane nohlobo lwegazi olufumanayo. Ukuba iintlobo zegazi azihambelani:

• Amajoni akho abomvu abonwa njengawangaphandle.
• Ama-antibodies aya kukhula ngokuchasene neeseli ezibomvu zegazi kwaye ahlasele ezi seli zegazi.

Ezi ndlela zimbini linokuthi igazi lakho kunye negazi elinikelweyo lingangqinelani zezi:

• Ukungangqinelani phakathi kweentlobo zegazi A, B, AB, kunye no-O. Le yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokungafani. Kwiimeko ezininzi, impendulo yomzimba inzima kakhulu.
• I-Rh factor ayinakufana.

Ukuchwetheza igazi kubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ukuvavanywa ngononophelo kunokuthintela i-anemia enkulu kusana olusanda kuzalwa kunye ne-jaundice.

Uya kuxelelwa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwegazi u-ABO onalo. Iya kuba yenye yezi:

• Chwetheza igazi
• Uhlobo lwegazi B
• Chwetheza igazi le-AB
• Chwetheza igazi O

Uya kuxelelwa nokuba unegazi le-Rh okanye i-Rh-negative.

Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zakho, ababoneleli bakho bezempilo banokumisela ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwegazi onokulifumana ngokukhuselekileyo:

• Ukuba unohlobo A lwegazi, unokufumana kuphela iintlobo A kunye no-O wegazi.
• Ukuba unegazi B lohlobo B, unokufumana kuphela iintlobo B kunye no-O wegazi.
• Ukuba unegazi lohlobo lwe-AB, unokufumana iintlobo A, B, AB, kunye no-O wegazi.
• Ukuba unegazi O lohlobo, unokufumana kuphela uhlobo O lwegazi.
• Ukuba uyiRh +, unokufumana iRh + okanye iRh-igazi.
• Ukuba uyiRh-, unokufumana kuphela iRh-igazi.

Uhlobo O lwegazi lunokunikwa nabani na onalo naluphi na uhlobo lwegazi. Kungenxa yoko le nto abantu abane-O yegazi babizwa ngokuba banikeli gazi kwindalo iphela.

Akukho mngcipheko ubandakanyekileyo ekuthatheni igazi lakho. Imithambo kunye nemithambo iyahluka ngobukhulu ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye, kwaye ukusuka kwelinye icala lomzimba ukuya kwelinye. Ukuthatha igazi kwabanye abantu kunokuba nzima ngakumbi kunabanye.

Eminye imingcipheko enxulumene nokutsalwa kwegazi incinci, kodwa inokubandakanya:

• Ukufa isiqaqa okanye ukuziva ungenantloko
• Ukugqobhoza okuninzi ukufumana imithambo
• Ukopha kakhulu
• I-Hematoma (igazi elakhiweyo phantsi kolusu)
• Usulelo (umngcipheko omncinci nangaliphi na ixesha ulusu lwaphukile)

Zininzi iiantigen ngaphandle kwezona zinkulu (A, B, neRh). Uninzi lwabantwana abancinci alufumaneki rhoqo xa kuchwethezwa igazi. Ukuba azifumaneki, usenokuphendula xa ufumana iintlobo ezithile zegazi, nokuba iantianti A, B, neR Rh ziyahambelana.

Inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba ngumnqamlezo olandelwa luvavanyo lweCoombs inokunceda ekufumaneni iiantigen ezincinci. Yenziwa ngaphambi kotofelo-gazi, ngaphandle kwakwimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Ukuhambelana komnqamlezo; Ukuchwetheza kwi-Rh; Ukuchwetheza kwegazi kwi-ABO; Uhlobo lwegazi lwe-ABO; Uhlobo lwegazi; Uhlobo lwegazi lwe-AB; Uhlobo lwegazi; Utofelo -ukuchwetheza igazi

• I-Erythroblastosis fetalis - ifotomicomic
• Iindidi zegazi

Segal GV, Wahed MA. Iimveliso zegazi kunye nokugcina igazi. Ku: Fowler GC, ed. Iinkqubo zikaPfenninger kunye neFowler zoKhathalelo oluSisiseko. Ngomhla we-4. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahl 234.

I-Shaz BH, iCD yeHilyer. Iyeza lotofelo-gazi. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Ngomhla wama-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 167.

I-Westhoff CM, i-Storry JR, i-Shaz BH. Amaqela e-antigen kunye ne-antibodies. Ku: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, ii-eds. I-Hematology: Imigaqo esisiseko kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Umhla wesi-7. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 110.