Isikrini seToxicology

Isikhuseli setyhefu sibhekisa kuvavanyo olwahlukileyo oluchaza uhlobo kunye nesixa esimalunga neziyobisi ezisemthethweni nezingekho mthethweni ezithathwe ngumntu.

Ukuvavanywa kweToxicology kuhlala kwenziwa kusetyenziswa isampulu yegazi okanye umchamo. Nangona kunjalo, inokwenziwa kwakamsinya nje emva kokuba umntu eliginyile iyeza, esebenzisa isisu esenziwe ngokuhlanjwa sisisu (ukupompa isisu) okanye emva kokugabha.

Akukho lungiselelo lukhethekileyo luyafuneka. Ukuba uyakwazi, xelela umboneleli wakho wezempilo ukuba zeziphi iziyobisi (kubandakanya amayeza awathethayo), kubandakanywa nokuba uwathathe nini kwaye utye kangakanani.

Olu vavanyo ngamanye amaxesha luyinxalenye yophando lokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi. Imvume eyodwa, ukuphatha kunye nokulebhelisha iisampulu, okanye ezinye iinkqubo zinokufuneka.

Uvavanyo lwegazi:

Xa kufakwa inaliti ukuze kutsalwe igazi, abanye abantu baziva iintlungu eziphakathi, ngelixa abanye beziva ngathi bayarhwaxwa okanye buhlungu. Emva koko, kunokubakho ukuthotywa okuthile.

Uvavanyo lomchamo:

Uvavanyo lomchamo lubandakanya ukuchama okuqhelekileyo. Akukho buhlungu.

Olu vavanyo luhlala lwenziwa kwiimeko zonyango ezingxamisekileyo. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukudlula okunokwenzeka ngengozi okanye ngenjongo okanye ngokufaka ityhefu. Inokukunceda ukumisela unobangela wetyhefu yeziyobisi ezibi, ukujonga ukuxhomekeka kwiziyobisi, kunye nokuchonga ubukho bezinto emzimbeni ngeenjongo zonyango okanye zomthetho.

Izizathu ezongezelelweyo zovavanyo ezinokuthi zenziwe zibandakanya:

• Utywala
• Isimo sokurhoxisa utywala
• Isimo sengqondo esitshintshileyo
• I-analgesic nephropathy (ityhefu yezintso)
• Ukunyanzeliswa kotywala (i-delirium tremens)
• Delirium
• Isifo sengqondo esiyingozi
• Ukujonga ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi
• Ingxaki yotywala emzimbeni
• Ukugqithisa ngabom
• Ukuxhuzula
• Ukubethwa sisifo okubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwecocaine
• Ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo
• Ukungabikho zingqondweni

Ukuba uvavanyo lusetyenziswa njengescreen seziyobisi, kufuneka lwenziwe kwisithuba sexesha elithile emva kokuba isiyobisi sithathiwe, okanye ngelixa iintlobo zeyeza zisenokufunyanwa emzimbeni. Imizekelo ingezantsi:

• Utywala: iiyure ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-10
• Ii-Amphetamines: iiyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwezingama-48
• IBarbiturates: ukuya kuthi ga kwiiveki ezi-6
• I-Benzodiazepines: ukuya kuthi ga kwiiveki ezi-6 ngokusetyenziswa kwenqanaba eliphezulu
• Cocaine: iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4; ukuya kwiintsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-22 ezisetyenziswa kakhulu
• Ikhowudi: iintsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2
• IHeroin: iintsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2
• IHydromorphone: iintsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2
• IMethadone: iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3
• I-Morphine: 1 ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbini
• IPhencyclidine (PCP): iintsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-8
• I-Propoxyphene: iiyure ezingama-6 ukuya kwezi-48
• I-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): iiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-11 ngokusetyenziswa nzima

Amaxabiso aqhelekileyo kumayeza angaphezulu kwekhawuntareni okanye amayeza amiselweyo anokuhluka kancinci phakathi kweelebhu ezahlukeneyo. Thetha nomboneleli wakho malunga nentsingiselo yeziphumo zakho zovavanyo.

Ixabiso elibi lihlala lithetha ukuba utywala, amayeza amiselweyo angakhange amiselwe, kunye neziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni azikafunyanwa.

Iscreen segazi esinetyhefu inokumisela ubukho kunye nenqanaba (isixa) seziyobisi emzimbeni wakho.

Iziphumo zesampulu yomchamo zihlala zixelwa njengezintle (kufunyenwe into) okanye zibi (akukho nto ifumanekayo).

Amanqanaba aphakamileyo otywala okanye amayeza amiselweyo anokuba luphawu lokunxila ngabom okanye ngengozi okanye ukugqithisa.

Ubukho beziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni okanye iziyobisi ezingamiselwanga umntu kubonisa ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi.

Eminye imigqaliselo esemthethweni nangaphezu kwekhawuntara yamayeza inokusebenzisana neekhemikhali zokuvavanya kunye neziphumo ezingezizo kuvavanyo lomchamo. Umboneleli wakho uya kuyazi le nto.

Iingozi ezinxulumene nokutsalwa kwegazi zincinci kodwa zinokubandakanya:

• Ukopha kakhulu
• Ukufa isiqaqa okanye ukuziva ungenantloko
• I-Hematoma (igazi eliqokelela phantsi kwesikhumba)
• Usulelo (umngcipheko omncinci nangaliphi na ixesha ulusu lwaphukile)

Izinto ezinokufunyanwa kwiscreenology ziquka:

• Utywala (i-ethanol) - "ukusela" utywala
• IiAmphetamines
• Ukudakumba
• IBarbiturates kunye nehipnotics
• IiBenzodiazepines
• Cocaine
• IFlunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
• IGamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
• Intsangu
• Iziyobisi
• Amayeza eentlungu ezingezizo ezokudambisa iintlungu, kubandakanya i-acetaminophen kunye neziyobisi ezichasayo
• IPhencyclidine (PCP)
• I-phenothiazines (amayeza antipsychotic okanye amayeza okuzola)
• Amayeza amiselweyo, naluphi na uhlobo

IiBarbiturates - isikrini; Benzodiazepines - isikrini; Ii-amphetamines - isikrini; I-analgesics - isikrini; Ukudakumba - isikrini; Iziyobisi - isikrini; Phenothiazines - isikrini; Isikrini sokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi; Uvavanyo lwegazi

• Uvavanyo lwegazi

ILangman LJ, iBechtel LK, iMeier BM, iHolstege C. Inzululwazi yezonyango. Ku: Rifai N, ed. I-Tietz yeNcwadi yeKlinikhi yeKhemistry kunye neDiagnostics yeMolekyuli. Umhla wesi-6. ISt Louis, MO: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 41.

Iminithi AB, iClark RF. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwesiyobisi. Ku: Iindonga RM, iHockberger RS, iGausche-Hill M, ii-eds. Unyango lukaRosen oluNgxamisekileyo: iikhonsepthi kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 140.

UMofenson HC, uCaraccio TR, uMcGuigan M, uGreensher J. Unyango lwezonyango. Ku: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP, ii-eds. Unyango lwangoku lukaConn 2019. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; Ngo-2019; 1273-1325.

UPincus MR, uBluth MH, uAbraham NZ. I-Toxicology kunye nokubeka iliso kunyango lweziyobisi. Ku: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, ii-eds. Ukuchongwa kweKlinikhi kaHenry kunye noLawulo ngeendlela zeLebhu. Umhla we-23. ISt Louis, MO: Elsevier; Ngo-2017: isahluko 23.