Yintoni umhlaza womqala?

Umxholo

• Iindidi zomhlaza womqala
• Ukuqonda iimpawu ezinokubakho zomhlaza womqala
• Oonobangela kunye nemingcipheko yomhlaza womqala
• Ukuchonga umhlaza womqala
• Umhlaza womhlaza womqala
• Ukujonga iimvavanyo
• Imagnetic resonance imaging (iMRI)
• Ipositron emission tomography (ukuskena kwePET)
• Itomography ebunjiweyo (i-CT scan)
• Ukuginya kweBarium
• I-X-ray yesifuba
• Unyango ukhetho kumhlaza womqala
• Ugqirha
• Unyango ngemitha
• Unyango ngamayeza
• Unyango ekujoliswe kulo
• Ukubuyiselwa emva konyango
• Umbono wexesha elide womhlaza womqala
• Ukuthintela umhlaza womqala
• Umhlaza womqala: I-Q & A
• Q:
• A:

Yintoni umhlaza womqala?

Umhlaza ludidi lwezifo apho iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ziphindaphindeka zize zahlule ngokungalawulekiyo emzimbeni. Ezi seli zingaqhelekanga zenza ukukhula okungalunganga okubizwa ngokuba ngamathumba.

Umhlaza womqala ubhekisa kumhlaza webhokisi yelizwi, iintambo zezwi, kunye nezinye iinxalenye zomqala, ezinjengeetoni kunye neoropharynx. Umhlaza womqala uhlala ubekwa ngokwamaqela amabini: umhlaza wesibeleko kunye nomhlaza welaryngeal.

Umhlaza womqala akuqhelekanga xa kuthelekiswa neminye imihlaza. IZiko leSizwe loMhlaza liqikelela ukuba kubantu abadala eUnited States:

• malunga neepesenti ze-1.2 ziya kufunyaniswa zinomlomo womlomo kunye nomhlaza pharyngeal ebomini babo.
• malunga neepesenti ze-0.3 ziya kufunyaniswa zinomhlaza welaryngeal ebomini babo.

Iindidi zomhlaza womqala

Nangona yonke imihlaza yomqala ibandakanya ukukhula kunye nokukhula kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga, ugqirha wakho kufuneka achonge uhlobo lwakho oluthile ukumisela esona sicwangciso sonyango sisebenzayo.

Ezi zimbini iintlobo zomhlaza womqala zezi:

• I-squamous cell carcinoma. Olu hlobo lomhlaza womqala luchaphazela iiseli ezithe tyaba ezingqonge umqala. Ngumhlaza womqala oqhelekileyo eMelika.
• Adenocarcinoma. Olu hlobo lomhlaza womqala luchaphazela iiseli glandular kwaye kunqabile.

Iindidi ezimbini zomhlaza womqala zezi:

• Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko. Lo mhlaza ukhula kwi-pharynx, engumbhobho ongashukumi ophuma emva kwempumlo yakho uye kumphezulu wombhobho wakho. I-cancer ye-Pharyngeal ekhula entanyeni nasemqaleni ibandakanya:
  • umhlaza wamazinyo (indawo ephezulu yomqala)
  • Umhlaza we-oropharynx (indawo ephakathi yomqala)
  • Umhlaza we-hypopharynx (ezantsi kwenxalenye yomqala)
  • Umhlaza welaryngeal. Lo mhlaza uvela kwingqula, eyibhokisi yelizwi lakho.

Ukuqonda iimpawu ezinokubakho zomhlaza womqala

Kunokuba nzima ukufumanisa umhlaza womqala kwinqanaba lawo lokuqala. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu zomhlaza womqala zibandakanya:

• tshintsha kwilizwi lakho
• ingxaki yokuginya (dysphagia)
• ukuhla ukusinda
• umqala obuhkungu
• imfuno rhoqo yokususa umqala wakho
• ukukhohlela okungapheliyo (kunokukhohlela igazi)
• i-lymph nodes ezidumbileyo entanyeni
• ukuvutha
• ubuhlungu bendlebe
• ukudinwa

Yenza idinga ugqirha ukuba unayo nayiphi na le mpawu kwaye aziphucuki emva kweeveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu.

Oonobangela kunye nemingcipheko yomhlaza womqala

Amadoda kunokwenzeka ukuba abe nomhlaza womqala kunabafazi.

Iindlela ezithile zokuphila zonyusa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza womqala, kubandakanya:

• ukutshaya
• Ukusela kakhulu utywala
• ukungondleki
• ukubonakaliswa kwi-asbestos
• ucoceko olubi lwamazinyo
• Iimpawu zofuzo

Umhlaza womqala ukwayanyaniswa neentlobo ezithile zosulelo lomntu lwe-papillomavirus (HPV). I-HPV yintsholongwane eyosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo. Usulelo lwe-HPV luyinto eyingozi kumhlaza othile we-oropharyngeal, ngokweZiko lokuNyanga iCancer laseMelika.

Umhlaza womqala udityaniswe nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Ngapha koko, abanye abantu abafunyaniswa benomhlaza womqala bafumana ukuba nomhlaza wesisu, imiphunga, okanye isinyi ngexesha elinye. Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuba le mihlaza inezinto ezifanayo ezinobungozi.

Ukuchonga umhlaza womqala

Ngexesha lokuqeshwa kwakho, ugqirha wakho uya kubuza malunga neempawu zakho kunye nembali yonyango. Ukuba ufumene iimpawu ezinje ngomqala obuhlungu, ukudakumba, kunye nokukhohlela okungapheliyo kungekho phuculo kwaye akukho enye ingcaciso, banokurhanela umhlaza womqala.

Ukujonga umhlaza womqala, ugqirha wakho uya kwenza ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo i-laryngoscopy okanye uya kukuthumela kwingcali yenkqubo.

I-laryngoscopy inika ugqirha wakho umbono osondeleyo womqala wakho. Ukuba olu vavanyo lubonisa ukungaqheleki, ugqirha wakho unokuthatha isampulu yethishu (ebizwa ngokuba yi-biopsy) emqaleni wakho kwaye avavanye isampulu yomhlaza.

Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• I-biopsy eqhelekileyo. Kule nkqubo, ugqirha wakho wenza isicatshulwa kwaye ususe isampulu yeethisi. Olu hlobo lwe-biopsy lwenziwa kwigumbi lokusebenza phantsi kwe-anesthesia ngokubanzi.
• Umnqweno wenaliti olungileyo (FNA). Kule biopsy, ugqirha wakho ufaka inaliti ebhityileyo ngqo kwi-tumor ukususa iisampulu zeseli.
• I-endoscopic biopsy. Ukususa isampulu yethishu usebenzisa i-endoscope, ugqirha wakho ufaka ityhubhu ebhityileyo, ende ngomlomo wakho, ngempumlo, okanye ngokusika.

Umhlaza womhlaza womqala

Ukuba ugqirha wakho ufumana iiseli ezinomhlaza emqaleni wakho, baya kuyalela iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo ukufumanisa inqanaba, okanye ubungakanani, bomhlaza wakho. Amanqanaba aqala ku-0 kuye ku-4:

• Inqanaba 0: Ithumba likuluhlu oluphezulu kuphela lweeseli zecandelo elichaphazelekayo lomqala.
• Inqanaba 1: Ithumba lingaphantsi kwe-2 cm kwaye lilinganiselwe kwinxalenye yomqala apho laqala khona.
• Inqanaba 2: Ithumba liphakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-4 cm okanye inokuba ikhule yaya kufutshane.
• Inqanaba 3: I-tumor inkulu kune-4 cm okanye ikhulile ibe yinye isakhiwo emqaleni okanye isasazeka kwi-lymph node enye.
• Inqanaba 4: Ithumba lisasazeke kwii-lymph node okanye kwizitho ezikude.

Ukujonga iimvavanyo

Ugqirha wakho unokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ukubeka umhlaza wakho womqala. Ukulinganisa iimvavanyo zesifuba, intamo, kunye nentloko kunokubonelela ngomfanekiso ongcono wokuqhubela phambili kwesifo. Olu vavanyo lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo.

Imagnetic resonance imaging (iMRI)

Olu vavanyo lokucinga lusebenzisa amaza omoya kunye noomazibuthe abomeleleyo ukwenza imifanekiso eneenkcukacha ezingaphakathi entanyeni yakho. I-MRI ijonge amathumba kwaye inokumisela ukuba umhlaza usasazekile na kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Uya kulala kumbhobho omxinwa njengoko umatshini esenza imifanekiso. Ubude bovavanyo buyahluka kodwa ngokwesiqhelo abuthathi ngaphezulu kweyure enye.

Ipositron emission tomography (ukuskena kwePET)

Ukuskena i-PET kubandakanya ukutofa uhlobo lwedayi enemitha yeathom egazini. Iskena senza imifanekiso yeendawo zeradiactivity emzimbeni wakho. Olu hlobo lovavanyo lokucinga lunokusetyenziswa kwimeko yomhlaza ophambili.

Itomography ebunjiweyo (i-CT scan)

Olu vavanyo lwe-imaging lusebenzisa ii-X-ray ukwenza umfanekiso onqamlezileyo womzimba wakho. Ukuskena kwe-CT kuvelisa imifanekiso yezicubu kunye namalungu athambileyo.

Olu scan lunceda ugqirha wakho amisele ubungakanani bethumba. Kuyabanceda ukuba babone ukuba eliqhuma lisasazekile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengee-lymph node kunye nemiphunga.

Ukuginya kweBarium

Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ukugwinya kwe-barium ukuba unengxaki yokugwinya. Uya kusela ulwelo olungqindilili ukunxiba umqala wakho kunye nomqala. Olu vavanyo ludala imifanekiso ye-X-ray yomqala wakho kunye nomqala.

I-X-ray yesifuba

Ukuba ugqirha wakho ukrokrela ukuba umhlaza unwenwele kwimiphunga yakho, uyakufuna i-X-ray yesifuba ukukhangela ukungaqheleki.

Unyango ukhetho kumhlaza womqala

Ngalo lonke unyango, uya kusebenza ngokusondeleyo neengcali ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ngcali zibandakanya:

• i-oncologist, eyenza iinkqubo zotyando njengokususwa kwamathumba
• i-oncologist yemitha, onyanga umhlaza wakho usebenzisa unyango ngemitha
• ugqirha wezifo, ovavanya iisampulu zethishu kwi-biopsy yakho

Ukuba une-biopsy okanye utyando, uya kuba ne-anesthesiologist elawula i-anesthesia kwaye ijonge imeko yakho ngexesha lenkqubo.

Ukhetho kunyango lomhlaza womqala lubandakanya utyando, unyango ngemitha, kunye nekhemotherapy. Indlela yonyango ekhuthazwa ngugqirha wakho iya kuxhomekeka kubungakanani besifo sakho, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

Ugqirha

Ukuba ithumba emqaleni wakho lincinci, ugqirha wakho unokulisusa utyando. Olu tyando lwenziwa esibhedlele ngelixa uphantsi kwesisu. Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa enye yezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

• Utyando lwe-Endoscopic. Le nkqubo isebenzisa i-endoscope (ityhubhu ende ebhityileyo enesibane kunye nekhamera ekugqibeleni) apho izixhobo zotyando okanye ii-lasers zinokudluliselwa ukunyanga imihlaza yokuqala
• ICordectomy. Le nkqubo isusa yonke okanye inxalenye yeentambo zakho zezwi.
• Laryngectomy. Le nkqubo isusa konke okanye isahlulo sebhokisi yakho yelizwi, kuxhomekeke kubukhali bomhlaza. Abanye abantu banokuthetha ngesiqhelo emva kotyando. Abanye baya kufunda ukuthetha ngaphandle kwebhokisi yelizwi.
• Pharyngectomy. Le nkqubo isusa inxenye yomqala wakho.
• Ukuqhekeka kwentamo. Ukuba umhlaza womqala usasazeka ngaphakathi kwentamo, ugqirha wakho unokususa ezinye ze-lymph node.

Unyango ngemitha

Emva kokususwa kwethumba, ugqirha unokucebisa unyango ngemitha. Unyango ngemitha lusebenzisa imitha enamandla amakhulu ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza ezinobungozi. Ijolise nakweyiphi na iiseli ezinomhlaza ezishiyeke emva kwesisu. Iindidi zonyango lwe-radiation zibandakanya:

• Ukunyanga okunyanzelekileyo kwe-radiotherapy kunye ne-3D-conformal radiation. Kuzo zombini iintlobo zonyango, imiqadi yeemitha zenzelwe imo yethumba. Le yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yemitha enikwa umhlaza welaryngeal kunye nomhlaza wehypopharyngeal.
• Unyango ngonyango. Imbewu ye-radioactive ibekwa ngqo ngaphakathi kwethumba okanye kufutshane nethumba. Nangona olu hlobo lwemitha lunokusetyenziselwa umhlaza we-laryngeal kunye ne-hypopharyngeal, kunqabile.

Unyango ngamayeza

Kwimeko yamathumba amakhulu kunye namathumba athe asasazeka kwii-lymph node kunye namanye amalungu okanye izicwili, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ngekhemotherapy kunye nemitha. I-Chemotherapy sisiyobisi esibulala kwaye sicothise ukukhula kweeseli ezimbi.

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo ngamachiza anqanda ukusasazeka kunye nokukhula kweeseli zomhlaza ngokungenelela kwiimolekyuli ezithile ezinoxanduva lokukhula kwethumba. Olunye uhlobo lonyango ekujoliswe kulo olusetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza womqala yi-cetuximab (Erbitux).

Ezinye iintlobo zonyango olujolisiweyo ziphandwa kwizilingo zeklinikhi. Ugqirha wakho unokulucebisa olu nyango kunye ne-chemotherapy esemgangathweni kunye nemitha.

Ukubuyiselwa emva konyango

Abanye abantu abanomhlaza womqala bafuna unyango emva konyango ukuze baphinde bathethe. Oku kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenza nengcali yezentetho kunye nonyango lomzimba.

Ukongeza, abanye abantu abanomhlaza womqala bafumana iingxaki. Oku kunokubandakanya:

• kunzima ukugwinya
• ukonakala kwentamo okanye kobuso
• ukungakwazi ukuthetha
• ubunzima bokuphefumla
• ukuqina kolusu entanyeni

Abanyangi emsebenzini banokunceda ngokuginya ubunzima. Ungaxoxa ngotyando olwenziwe ngokutsha kunye nogqirha wakho ukuba unobuso okanye ukhubazeko entanyeni emva kotyando.

Umbono wexesha elide womhlaza womqala

Ukuba ufunyaniswe kwangethuba, umhlaza womqala unezinga eliphezulu lokusinda.

Umhlaza womqala awunakunyangeka nje ukuba iiseli ezinobungozi zisasazeke kwiindawo zomzimba ngaphaya kwentamo nentloko. Nangona kunjalo, abo bafunyanisiweyo banokuqhubeka nokunyanga ukwandisa ubomi babo kunye nokucothisa ukuqhubela phambili kwesi sifo.

Ukuthintela umhlaza womqala

Akukho ndlela iqinisekileyo yokuthintela umhlaza womqala, kodwa ungathatha amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko:

• Yeka ukutshaya. Sebenzisa iimveliso ezingaphaya kwekhawunta ezinje ngemveliso yokutshintshwa kwenicotine ukuyeka ukutshaya, okanye uthethe nogqirha wakho malunga namayeza kagqirha anokunceda uyeke.
• Nciphisa ukuselwa kotywala. Amadoda akufuneki asele ngaphezulu kwezimbini iziselo ezinxilisayo ngosuku, kwaye abasetyhini akufuneki batye ngaphezulu kwesiselo esinxilisayo ngosuku.
• Gcina i indlela yokuphila esempilweni. Yitya iziqhamo, imifuno, kunye nenyama engenamafutha. Nciphisa ukutyeba kwamafutha kunye nesodiyamu kwaye uthathe amanyathelo okunciphisa umzimba. Zibandakanye kwimisebenzi yomzimba ubuncinci iiyure eziyi-2.5 ngeveki.
• Nciphisa umngcipheko we I-HPV. Le ntsholongwane iye yanxulunyaniswa nomhlaza womqala. Ukuzikhusela, yenza isondo esikhuselekileyo. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nezibonelelo zokugonya i-HPV.

Umhlaza womqala: I-Q & A

Q:

Ngaba umhlaza womqala ulilifa?

Isigulana esingaziwayo

A:

Uninzi lomhlaza womqala ngokubanzi unxulumene nokutshaya kwaye awuzange ube lilifa, ngaphandle kokuba amalungu osapho athambekele ekutshayeni. Ngaphandle kwengqula, uninzi lweemfuza ezizuzwe njengelifa ziwabeka phambili amalungu osapho ekukhuleni komhlaza. Abanye abantu bafumana ilifa lokutshintsha kwe-DNA kubazali babo elonyusa kakhulu umngcipheko wabo wokukhula komhlaza othile. Utshintsho olufunyenwe njenge-oncogenes okanye i-tumor suppressor genes kunqabile ukuba lubangele umhlaza womqala, kodwa abanye abantu babonakala ngathi bazuza njengelifa amandla okunciphisa iintlobo ezithile zemichiza ebangela umhlaza. Aba bantu banovelwano ngakumbi kwiziphumo ezibangela umhlaza wecuba, utywala, kunye neekhemikhali ezithile zeshishini.

UHelen Chen, i-MPHA mpendulo zimele izimvo zeengcali zethu zonyango. Yonke imixholo inolwazi ngokungqongqo kwaye akufuneki ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo njengengcebiso yezonyango.