Ezilishumi elinesihlanu ezicocekileyo: Ukutya oku-15 okuphantsi kwii-Pesticides

Umxholo

• 1. Iavokhado
• 2. Umbona oswiti
• 3. Iphayinaphu
• 4. Ikhaphetshu
• 5. Itswele
• 6. Iipeyisi ezimnandi eziqholiweyo
• 7.Ipapa
• 8. I-Asparagus
• 9. Imango
• 10. Isityalo seqanda
• 11. I-Honeydew Melon
• 12. Kiwi
• 13. ICantaloupe
• 14. Ikholifulawa
• 15. Brokholi
• Umgca osezantsi

Iziqhamo kunye nemifuno ekhule ngokwesiqhelo ihlala inentsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi-nasemva kokuba uyihlambile kwaye uyayihluba.

Nangona kunjalo, iintsalela ziphantse zihlale zingaphantsi kwemida ebekwe yi-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo yase-US (i-EPA) (1).

Okwangoku, ukubhencwa kwexesha elide kwimithi encinci yokubulala izitshabalalisi kungakhokelela kwiingxaki zempilo, kubandakanya umngcipheko okhulayo womhlaza othile kunye neengxaki zokuchuma (,).

Uluhlu lonyaka lweShumi elinesiHlanu esicocekileyo- olupapashwe liQela eliSebenzayo lokusiNgqongileyo (EWG) - lubeka iziqhamo kunye nemifuno esezantsi kwiintsalela zezibulali zinambuzane, ubukhulu becala esekwe kuvavanyo lweUSDA.

Ukuphuhlisa uluhlu, i-EWG iphonononga iziqhamo ezingama-48 eziqhelekileyo, ezingezizo zendalo kunye nemifuno, kubandakanya nezinto ezikhuliswe e-US nezathunyelwe ngaphandle (4).

Uluhlu lwento nganye lubonisa amanqaku adityanisiweyo asuka kwiindlela ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo zokubala ukungcola kwezinambuzane (5).

Nalu uluhlu olucocekileyo lweShumi elinesihlanu ku-2018-ukuqala ngeyona ntsholongwane yokubulala izitshabalalisi.

1. Iavokhado

Esi siqhamo sisempilweni, sinamanqatha, sifumene inqaku kwindawo enye yezona zinto zincinci zingcolisanayo (6).

Xa i-USDA yavavanya ii-avocado ezingama-360, ngaphantsi kwe-1% yayinentsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi- kwaye kwabo banentsalela, kwafunyanwa uhlobo olunye kuphela lwesibulali zinambuzane (7).

Gcina ukhumbula ukuba ukutya kulungiselelwe ngaphambi kohlalutyo, njengokukuhlamba okanye ukukuxobula. Njengolusu olucekeceke lweeavokhado ngokuqhelekileyo luxobukile, uninzi lweziyobisi zalo luyasuswa ngaphambi kokuba lusetyenziswe (1, 8).

Ii-avocado zityebile kumanqatha e-monounsaturated esempilweni kunye nomthombo olungileyo wefayibha, i-folate kunye neevithamini C kunye no-K (9).

Isishwankathelo Iiavokhado ziqulathe amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kuyo nayiphi na into eqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yenxalenye yamaxolo azo ashinyeneyo, ngaphantsi kwe-1% yee-avokhado ezivavanyiweyo zazinentsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi.

2. Umbona oswiti

Ngaphantsi kwe-2% yeesampuli zombona oswiti- kubandakanya umbona kwisikhwebu kunye neenkozo eziqanduselweyo-babenentsalela yokubulala izinambuzane (6, 10).

Nangona kunjalo, olu luhlu alubandakanyi intsalela ye-glyphosate, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiRoundup, isibulala-zinambuzane esinokuphikisana nesinye ingqolowa esele iguqulwe ngokwemfuza ukumelana nayo. I-FDA isandula ukuvavanya umbona weentsalela ze-glyphosate (10, 11).

Ubuncinci i-8% yengqolowa eswiti- kwaye uninzi lwengqolowa yesitatshi esetyenziselwa ukutya okucutshungulwayo- ikhulile ukusuka kwimbewu eguqulweyo yemfuza (5, 12).

Ukuba uzama ukunqanda ukutya kwe-GM kunye ne-glyphosate, thenga iimveliso zombona ze-organic, ezingavumelekanga ukuba ziguqulwe ngokwemfuzo okanye zitshizwe nge-glyphosate.

Isishwankathelo Umbona oswiti ngokubanzi uphantsi kwizibulali zinambuzane kwaye ngokulula wenza uluhlu lwe EWG. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlalutyo aluzange luvavanye i-pesticide glyphosate, esetyenziswa kwizityalo zombona eziguqulweyo.

3. Iphayinaphu

Kuvavanyo lweepineapples ezingama-360, i-90% yayingenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi - ngenxa yenxalenye yesikhumba sayo esityebileyo nesingadliyo esinika isithintelo sendalo (6, 13).

Ngokuqaphelekayo, i-EWG ayikhange ithathele ingqalelo ukungcoliseka kwendalo kwizibulali zinambuzane ezisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa esi siqhamo sitropiki.

Umzekelo, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi avela kumasimi epayina aphila eCosta Rica angcolise amanzi okusela, abulala iintlanzi kwaye abeka ingozi kubalimi (,).

Ke ngoko, ipayinapile ye-organic - nokuba intsha, iqabile okanye enkonkxiweyo-kunokuba kufanelekile ukuyithenga ukukhuthaza iindlela ezizinzileyo zokulima

Isishwankathelo Isikhumba esityebileyo sephayinaphu sinceda ukunciphisa ukungcola kwizinambuzane zenyama yeziqhamo. Okwangoku, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi asetyenziselwa ukukhulisa iinanapple angangcolisa ubonelelo lwamanzi kwaye enzakalise iintlanzi, ngenxa yoko ukuthenga izinto eziphilayo kukhuthaza ukulima okunobuhlobo.

4. Ikhaphetshu

Malunga ne-86% yeekhaphetshu ezinesampulu zazingenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi, kwaye yi-0.3% kuphela eyabonisa ngaphezulu kolunye uhlobo lwesibulali zinambuzane (6, 16).

Kuba iklabishi ivelisa iikhompawundi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-glucosinolates ezithintela izinambuzane eziyingozi, le mifuno iphambili ifuna ukutshiza okuncinci. Ezi khompawundi zezityalo zinokunceda ukuthintela umhlaza (,).

Ikhaphetshu ikwanovithamini C no-K, ibonelela nge-54% kunye ne-85% yeReferensi yokuSebenzisa iMihla ngemihla (i-RDI) ngekomityi enye (89 gram) yamagqabi acoliweyo, aluhlaza ngokwahlukeneyo (19).

Isishwankathelo Ikhaphetshu yimifuno enesibulali-zinambuzane esinezixhobo ezikhusela kwindalo kwaye zinokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza.

5. Itswele

Iintsalela zamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi zafunyanwa zingaphantsi kwe-10% yee-anyanisi zesampulu, ezahlalutywa emva kokuba ulusu lwangaphandle lususwe (6, 7, 8).

Nangona kunjalo, zikho ezinye izizathu onokufuna ukuqaphela ukuthenga i-anyanisi ye-organic. Kwisifundo seminyaka emithandathu, i-anyanisi ye-organic yayinyuke ukuya kwi-20% ephezulu kwi-flavonols-iikhompawundi ezinokukhusela impilo yentliziyo- kunabantu abadala (,).

Oku kungenxa yokuba ukulima ngaphandle kwezinambuzane kukhuthaza izityalo ukuba zivelise ezazo izixhobo zokhuselo zendalo- kubandakanya iincononol - ngokuchasene nezinambuzane nezinye izinambuzane ().

Isishwankathelo Ngelixa ngaphantsi kwe-10% yeetswele ezivavanyiweyo zabonisa intsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi, usenokufuna ukukhetha i-organic. I-anyanisi ye-Organic ihlala iphakame kwi-flavonols yokukhusela intliziyo kunaleyo ikhule ngokwesiqhelo.

6. Iipeyisi ezimnandi eziqholiweyo

Malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zamaphetshisi amnandi aqanduselweyo angenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi (6, 23).

Qhuba ii-ertyisi, nangona kunjalo, khange ifumane manqaku. I-ertyisi i-ertyisi ekhuliswe e-US ibekwe njenge-20 yemifuno ecocekileyo, ngelixa ii-ertyisi ezithengwe kwamanye amazwe zibalwa njenge-14 yeyona imifuno ingcolisayo yezibulali zinambuzane (4).

La manqaku ahluphekayo e-peas ye-peas ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuvavanya ipod yonke-njengoko ii-peas ze-snap zihlala zityiwa ngepod. Kwelinye icala, ii-ertyisi eziswiti zavavanywa emva kokuqhushumbiswa. Ipod inokuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo kwimithi yokubulala izitshabalalisi kwaye ke iyafana ukuba ingangcoliswa (8).

Iipeyisi ezimnandi ngumthombo olungileyo wefayibha kunye nomthombo ogqwesileyo weevithamini A, C kunye noK (24).

Isishwankathelo Uninzi lwee-ertyisi ezimnandi ezinomkhenkce azigcini intsalela yokubulala izinambuzane. Nangona kunjalo, i-peas ye-snap-edla ngokutya iphelele-iphezulu kwiindawo zokuhlala zepilisi yokubulala izilwanyana.

7.Ipapa

Malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zepayas kuvavanywa zazingenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi, ngokusekwe kukuhlalutya kuphela inyama- hayi ulusu kunye nembewu. Ulusu luyanceda ukukhusela inyama kwizibulali zinambuzane (6, 7, 8).

Ngokuqaphelekayo, uninzi lweepapayas zaseHawaii ziye zatshintshwa zemfuza ukumelana nentsholongwane enokuthi isitshabalalise isivuno. Ukuba ukhetha ukunqanda ukutya kwe-GM, khetha i-organic (, 26).

IPapaya ngowona mthombo mkhulu wevithamini C, ukubonelela nge-144% ye-RDI kwikomityi enye (140 gram). Ikwangumthombo olungileyo wefayibha, ivithamin A kunye nefolate (27).

Isishwankathelo Malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zepapaya asimahla kwiintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweepapaya ziguqulwe ngokwemfuza, ke ukuba kuyinkxalabo, khetha i-organic.

8. I-Asparagus

Malunga ne-90% ye-asparagus evavanyiweyo yayingenazo i-pesticides (6).

Gcina ukhumbula ukuba i-asparagus yavavanywa emva kweenkuni, ezantsi i-intshi ezi-5 (i-5 cm) yomkhonto zisuswe kwaye indawo etyiwayo ihlanjwa phantsi kwamanzi etephu kangangemizuzwana eyi-15-20, emva koko yatsalwa (6, 8, 28).

I-Asparagus igcina i-enzyme enokunceda ekunciphiseni i-malathion, isibulali-zinambuzane esisetyenziswa rhoqo ngokuchasene nooqongqothwane abahlasela imifuno. Olu phawu lunokunciphisa intsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi kwi-asparagus ().

Le mifuno iluhlaza idumileyo ikwangumthombo olungileyo wefayibha, iifolthi kunye neevithamini A, C kunye noK (30).

Isishwankathelo Uninzi lweesampulu ze-asparagus zazingenazintsalela zinokulinganiswa. I-Asparagus iqulethe i-enzyme enokukunceda ukwahlula i-pesticides.

9. Imango

Kwiisampulu zemango ezingama-372, iipesenti ezingama-78 zazingenayo intsalela yokubulala izinambuzane. Esi siqhamo sitropiki, sinencasa sivavanywe ngepelethi emva kokuhlanjwa phantsi kwamanzi etephu kunye nokufunxwa (6, 8, 28).

I-Thiabendazole yayiyeyona nto yokubulala izinambuzane exhaphakileyo kwiimango ezingcolileyo. Le khemikhali yezolimo ithathwa njengeyityhefu kancinane kwiidosi eziphezulu, kodwa intsalela efumaneka kwisiqhamo ibiphantsi kakhulu kwaye ingaphantsi komda we-EPA (28, 31).

Ikomityi enye (i-165 yeegram) yemango ine-76% ye-RDI ye-vitamin C kunye ne-25% ye-RDI ye-vitamin A (beta-carotene), enika inyama umbala o-orenji oqaqambileyo (32).

Isishwankathelo Phantse ama-80% emango ayekhululekile kwiintsalela ze-pesticides, kwaye i-pesticide exhaphakileyo yayingaphantsi komda we-EPA.

10. Isityalo seqanda

Malunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zezityalo zesiraphu ezazisampulu zazinentsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi, kwaye akukho ngaphezu kwemithi emithathu yokubulala izitshabalalisi eyafunyanwa kwabo babenentsalela. Izitya zeqanda zahlanjwa kuqala ngamanzi kangangemizuzwana eyi-15-20, emva koko zatsalwa (6, 8, 33).

Izityalo zamaqanda zisemngciphekweni wezinambuzane ezifanayo neetumato, ezo zombini zisapho lwe-nightshade. Nangona kunjalo, iitumato zikwindawo yeshumi kuluhlu lwe-EWG's Dirty Dozen ™ kuluhlu lwezona mveliso zinetyhefu yokubulala izinambuzane, ezinokubangelwa sisikhumba esibhityileyo (4).

I-eggplant ine-meaty texture eyenza ukuba ibe sisona sitya siphambili kubantu abatya inyama. Zama ukusika i-eggplant enobukhulu obuphakathi kwizilayi ezishinyeneyo, ibrashi kancinci ngeoyile ye-olive, ufefe iziqholo kunye negrill ukwenza iigger burger ezingenanyama.

Isishwankathelo Phantse iipesenti ezingama-75 zezityalo zeqanda ezahlalutyiweyo zazingenazo iintsalela zezinambuzane, nangona ezi sampuli zavavanywa ngexolo.

11. I-Honeydew Melon

Ubusi obuninzi be-meldew melon bukhusela kwi-pesticides. Malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 zeencindi zobusi ezisampuli zazingenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi (6).

Kulawo anentsalela, kungabikho ngaphezulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezine kunye neemveliso zazo zokonakaliswa ezichongiweyo (6).

I-Honeydew pack i-53% ye-RDI ye-vitamin C kwikomityi enye (177 gram) yeebhononi zemelon. Ikwangumthombo olungileyo we potassium kunye nehydrate kakhulu, njengoko inamanzi angama-90% amanzi (34).

Isishwankathelo Malunga nesiqingatha seevatala zencindi yobusi ezivavanyiweyo zazikhululekile kwintsalela yezibulala-zinambuzane, kwaye abo babenentsalela babengekho ngaphezulu kweendidi ezine ezahlukeneyo.

12. Kiwi

Nangona ungalususa ulusu olungacacanga lwe-kiwi, kuyatyiwa- ungasathethi ke ngomthombo olungileyo wefayibha. Ke ngoko, iisampulu ze-kiwis zazicocwa kodwa azicocwanga (8).

Kuhlalutyo, iipesenti ezingama-65 ze-kiwis zazingenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi. Phakathi kwabo banentsalela, kuye kwaqikelelwa kwizibulali zinambuzane ezahlukeneyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-strawberry-ebambe indawo yokuqala kwindawo engcolileyo-yayineentsalela ezivela kwi-10 yezibulali zinambuzane (4, 6).

Ngaphandle kwefayibha, i-kiwi ngumthombo we-stellar we-vitamin C-ebonelela nge-177% ye-RDI kwisiqhamo esinye nje esiphakathi (i-76 gram) (35).

Isishwankathelo Malunga ne-2/3 ye-kiwis esampuluweyo ayinazo izixa ezinokulinganiswa zentsalela ye-pesticide. Phakathi kwabo banentsalela ebonakalayo, ukuya kuthi ga kwisithandathu izitshabalalisi ezahlukeneyo zazikho.

13. ICantaloupe

Kuma-cantaloupes angama-372 kuvavanyiwe, ngaphezulu kwama-60% abengenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi, kwaye yi-10% kuphela yabo baneentsalela ababenohlobo olunye. Ubusi obujiyileyo bunika ukhuselo kwizibulali zinambuzane (6, 7).

Nangona kunjalo, iibhaktheriya ezinobungozi zingangcolisa i-cantaloupe rind kwaye idlulisele enyameni xa usika i-melon. Isiqhamo se-rind kunye neziqhamo ezisezantsi ze-asidi zenza ukuba zilungele iibacteria ().

Ukukunceda ukususa iibhaktheriya-kwaye mhlawumbi ezinye zeentsalela ze-pesticide-kufuneka uhlambe i-cantaloupe kunye nezinye iivatala nge-brush ecocekileyo yokuvelisa kunye namanzi apompo apholileyo ngaphambi kokusika. Ngalo lonke ixesha gcina iivatala ezisikiweyo zifriji ukunciphisa ubungozi bokutya.

Ikomityi e-1 (177-gram) yokuhambisa iipakethi ze-cantaloupe ngaphezulu kwe-100% ye-RDI kuzo zombini i-vitamin A (njenge-beta-carotene) kunye ne-vitamin C (37).

Isishwankathelo Ngaphezulu kwe-60% yee-cantaloupes ezivavanyiweyo azinayo intsalela yokubulala izinambuzane. Ngalo lonke ixesha hlamba kwaye ukhuhle irind yee-cantaloupes ngaphambi kokusika - hayi ukunciphisa intsalela yesibulali zinambuzane kodwa nokususa iintsholongwane ezinokuba yingozi.

14. Ikholifulawa

Ngaphandle kwenyani yokuba iipesenti ezingama-50 zeecauliflowers ezivavanyiweyo bezingenazo iintsalela zokubulala izitshabalalisi, akukho namnye kubo onentsalela ebenemithi yokubulala izitshabalalisi engaphezulu kwesithathu (6, 7).

I-pesticide imidacloprid yafunyanwa ingcolise i-30% yeesampulu zecauliflower. Nangona amanqanaba entsalela ayephantsi kakhulu komda we-EPA, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-imidacloprid kunye nezinye izibulali zinambuzane zinxulunyaniswa nokuncipha kweenyosi kunye neenyosi zasendle (7,,).

Njenge sithathu sonikezelo lokutya lwehlabathi luxhomekeke kumvumvuzelo lweenyosi kunye nezinye izinambuzane, ukukhetha icauliflower ye-organic kunokunceda ukuxhasa ukulima okunobubele (40).

Icauliflower ngumthombo omkhulu wevithamini C, epakisha i-77% ye-RDI ngekomityi enye (i-100 yeigrem) yeetyuli ezihlaza (41).

Ukongeza, icauliflower kunye neminye imifuno enqatyisiweyo ityebile kwimixube yezityalo enceda ukunciphisa ukudumba kwaye inokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza kunye nesifo sentliziyo ().

Isishwankathelo Malunga nesiqingatha se cauliflowers esampuliweyo zazingenazitshabalalisi. Okwangoku, isibulali zinambuzane esidibene nayo singazenzakalisa iinyosi, ezibalulekileyo ekungcoleni isivuno sokutya. Ke ngoko, icauliflower ye-organic lolona khetho lukrelekrele kwindalo esingqongileyo.

15. Brokholi

Kwiisampulu ezingama-712 zale mifuno yomnqamlezo, malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zazingenazo iintsalela zemithi yokubulala izitshabalalisi. Ngapha koko, yi-18% kuphela yabo banentsalela ene-pesticide engaphezulu kwesinye (6, 43).

I-Brokholi ayikhathazwa zizinambuzane ezininzi njengeminye imifuno kuba ikhupha izixube zezityalo ezinqanda izinambuzane - iiglucosinolates - njengekhaphetshu. Uninzi lwezibulali zinambuzane ezisetyenziselwa i-broccoli zibulala ukungunda kunye nokhula endaweni yezinambuzane (, 43).

Njengeminye imifuno ye-cruciferous, i-broccoli ityebile kwizityalo ezinceda ukunciphisa ukudumba kunye nomhlaza. Ikwanovithamini C omninzi kunye novithamini K, onika i-135% kunye ne-116% ye-RDI kwikomityi enye (i-91 yeegram) yeetyuli ezihlaza, ngokulandelelana (, 44).

Isishwankathelo Malunga ne-70% yeesampulu ze-broccoli zazingenazo iintsalela zezitshabalalisi, ngokuyinxenye kuba imifuno inezinto zayo zokugxotha izinambuzane.

Umgca osezantsi

Ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwenza ukuba kube ngumngeni ukuthenga imveliso ye-organic kodwa ukhathazekile malunga nokuvezwa kwe-pesticide, i-EWG's Clean Fifteen zilungile ekukhuleni okuqhelekileyo kunye nongcoliseko oluncinci lwe-pesticide.

Ukuvavanywa kwemveliso ethengiswe e-US kubonisa ukuba iZinto Ezilishumi elinesihlanu ezicocekileyo- kuquka i-avokhado, ikhaphetshu, itswele, imango, i-kiwi kunye ne-broccoli-zihlala ziqulathe intsalela yesibulali zinambuzane. Ukongeza, ezi ntsalela ziphakathi kwemida ye-EPA.

Unokuwunciphisa ngakumbi umngcipheko wokubulala izinambuzane xa uhlamba imveliso yakho phantsi kwamanzi abalekayo kangangemizuzwana engama-20, emva koko ukhupha amanzi (45).

Sekunjalo, ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zithathwa ngaphakathi kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ngoko awukwazi ukuphelisa ukubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo.

Gcina ukhumbula ukuba i-EWG ikhuthaza abantu abanakho ukuthenga imveliso yendalo ukuba bayithenge, njengoko i-pesticides inokuba nefuthe elibi kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye inokuba nemingcipheko yezempilo.