Yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga novavanyo lweCoronavirus

Umxholo

• Zeziphi ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zovavanyo lwe-COVID-19?
• Kuthekani ngovavanyo lwe-COVID-19 antibody?
• Bayivavanya njani i-coronavirus?
• Zichane kangakanani iimvavanyo ze-COVID-19?
• Kubiza malini ukuvavanyelwa i-coronavirus?
• Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-COVID-19?
• Uphengululo lwe

Njengoko ubhubhani we-COVID-19 uqhubeka, iingcali zempilo yoluntu ziye zaphinda zagxininisa ukubaluleka kwesicwangciso esilungileyo sokuvavanya ukucothisa ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane. Nangona ubusiva malunga nokuvavanywa kwe-coronavirus kangangeenyanga, unokuba ungazazi iinkcukacha.

Okokuqala, yazi oku: Zininzi iindlela zokhetho ezahlukeneyo phaya, kwaye ngelixa ezinye zichanekile kunezinye, akukho nanye kuzo egqibeleleyo. Uhlobo ngalunye lovavanyo lwe-coronavirus lunayo ~ into ~ eqhubekayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngekhe uye kwisikolo sezonyango kwaye ukuba kukho uhlaziyo olutsha ekuvavanyeni lonke ixesha, kunokuba nzima ukugcina umkhondo wayo yonke into.

Nokuba ufuna ukuvavanyelwa i-COVID-19 okanye ufuna nje ukufunda malunga novavanyo lwe-coronavirus, nantsi into ekufuneka uyazi. (Ukuba uneempawu, funda kwakhona: Kufuneka wenze ntoni ukuba ucinga ukuba unayo iCoronavirus)

Zeziphi ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zovavanyo lwe-COVID-19?

Ngokubanzi, zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zovavanyo lokuqonda isifo lwe-SARS-CoV-2, intsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19. ("Uxilongo" kuthetha ukuba iimvavanyo zisetyenziselwa ukubona ukuba unayo na intsholongwane.)

Zombini ezi mvavanyo zinokufumanisa usulelo olusebenzayo lwe-COVID-19, kodwa zahlukile, ngokutsho kuLawulo lokuTya kunye neziyobisi (FDA). I-FDA iyaphula ngale ndlela:

• Uvavanyo lwePCR: Ikwabizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lwemolekyuli, olu vavanyo lujonga imathiriyeli yemfuzo ye-COVID-19. Uninzi lovavanyo lwe-PCR lubandakanya ukuthatha isampulu yesigulana kwaye siyithumele kwilebhu ukuze ihlalutywe.
• Uvavanyo lwe-antigen: Ikwabizwa ngokuba luvavanyo olukhawulezayo, iimvavanyo ze-antigen zikhangela iiproteni ezithile kwintsholongwane. Bagunyazisiwe kwinqanaba lokhathalelo, oko kuthetha ukuba uvavanyo lunokwenziwa kwiofisi kagqirha, esibhedlele, okanye kwindawo yovavanyo.

Ukuba undwendwela ugqirha wakho wokhathalela uvavanyo, uya kufumana uvavanyo lwe-PCR, utshilo u-Amesh A. Adalja, MD, umphengululi omkhulu kwiziko likaJohn Hopkins loKhuseleko lwezeMpilo. "Ezinye iiofisi zineemvavanyo ze-antigen, nangona kunjalo," uyongeza. Luluphi uvavanyo olunikwayo ngesiqhelo luxhomekeke kugqirha wakho kwisitokhwe, ukhetho lwabo, kunye neempawu zakho (ukuba unayo). Uvavanyo lwe-antigen aluvunyelwanga yi-FDA ukuba luvavanyelwe okwangoku, kwaye oogqirha abaninzi abayi kuyala uvavanyo lwe-antigen kumntu ongenazimpawu, utshilo uGqirha Adalja.

Uvavanyo lwe-coronavirus yasekhaya lolunye ukhetho. Phakathi ku-Novemba, i-FDA yagunyazisa uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-COVID-19 ekhaya, olubizwa ngokuba yiLucira COVID-19 All-In-One Test Kit. U-Lucira uyafana novavanyo lwe-PCR kuba bobabini bajonge izinto zemfuza kwintsholongwane (nangona indlela kaLucira yemolekyuli "kucingelwa ukuba ichanekile ngokubanzi" kunaleyo yovavanyo lwe-PCR, ngokwe INew York Times). Ikhithi ikhutshwa ngomyalelo kagqirha kwaye ivumela abantu abaneminyaka eli-14 nangaphezulu ukuba bazivivinye emakhaya nge-nasal swab ebonelelweyo. Ukusuka apho, i-swab ifakwa kwisitya (esiza nekiti), kwaye ufumana iziphumo ngaphakathi kwemizuzu engama-30.

Kuthekani ngovavanyo lwe-COVID-19 antibody?

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-FDA igunyazise ngaphezulu kwe-50 ye-coronavirus antibody yeemvavanyo ezinokuthi zichonge ukuba ngaba wawusulelwe yi-COVID-19 ngaphambili ngokujonga ubukho be-antibodies ezibophayo- Oko kukuthi, iiproteni ezibopha intsholongwane (kule meko, COVID- 19). Nangona kunjalo, i-FDA ithi akucaci nokuba ubukho bezi ntsholongwane zibophelelayo buthetha umngcipheko ophantsi wosulelo lwe-COVID-19. Uguqulo: Uvavanyo olubonisa ukuba une-antibodies ezibophelelayo akuthethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba awukwazi ukosuleleka kwakhona nge-COVID-19.

Asizizo zonke iicoronavirus antibody test ezifumanisa ngokufanayo iintlobo ye-antibodies, nangona kunjalo. Olunye uvavanyo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-cPass SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Detection Kit, ijonge ekunciphiseni ii-antibodies endaweni yokubopha ii-antibodies. Iintsholongwane ezingathathi cala ziiproteni ezibopha kwinxalenye ethile yentsholongwane, ngokwe-FDA. Ngokungafaniyo nezibulala-ntsholongwane ezibophayo, ii-antibodies ezithomalalisayo ezifunyenwe kolu vavanyo lwe-COVID zifunyenwe kuseto lwelebhu ukunciphisa usulelo lwentsholongwane lwe-SARS-CoV-2 kwiiseli. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba une-anti-anti-antibody, akunakwenzeka ukuba wosuleleke yi-COVID-19 kwakhona okanye uya kuba nentsholongwane enzulu, okoko nje ezo zithinteli zisekhona emzimbeni wakho, ngokutsho. I-FDA. Uphando lupapashwe kwijenali yezonyango Ukhuseleko iphakamisa ukuba ii-antibodies ezithomalalisayo zihlala zikhona emzimbeni kangangeenyanga ezintlanu ukuya kwezisixhenxe emva kosulelo lwe-COVID-19.

Oko kwathethi, i-FDA iqaphela ukuba ifuthe lokuthomalalisa ii-antibodies kwi-SARS-CoV-2 ebantwini "kusaphandwa." Intsingiselo, uvavanyo oluqinisekileyo lwe nayiphi na Uhlobo lwe-coronavirus antibodies aluthethi ukuba ucacile. (Ngakumbi apha: Kuthetha ukuthini ngokwenene uvavanyo lwe-Antibody yeCoronavirus?)

Bayivavanya njani i-coronavirus?

Kukho ukwahluka, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lovavanyo olufumanayo. Ukuba ngaba uvavanyo lwe-antibody lwenziwe, kuyakufuneka unike isampulu yegazi. Kodwa izinto zahluke kancinane nge-PCR yokuqonda isifo okanye uvavanyo lwe-antigen.

Uvavanyo lwe-PCR luhlala luqokelelwa nge-nasopharyngeal swab, esebenzisa isakhiwo esinde, esibhityileyo, esifana ne-Q-ukulinganisa iiseli ngasemva kweempumlo zakho zempumlo, okanye i-swab yempumlo, efana ne-nasopharyngeal swab kodwa ayinayo ' ndibuyele umva kude. Nangona kunjalo, i-FDA ithi iimvavanyo ze-PCR zinokuqokelelwa kusetyenziswa i-aspirate/lavage yokuphefumla (okt. ukuhlamba impumlo) okanye isampulu yamathe, kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo. Uvavanyo lwe-antigen, kwelinye icala, ihlala ithathwa nge-nasopharyngeal okanye nge-nasal swab.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, uya kuvavanywa nge-nasopharyngeal swab, utsho uGqr Adalja. “Akukhululekanga,” uyavuma. "Uhluke kakhulu kunokubeka umnwe wakho empumlweni okanye ukubeka i-Q-tip kwimpumlo yakho." Unokufumana ukopha kancinane empumlweni emva koko, kwaye abanye abantu bayala ukufumana uvavanyo ngokusekelwe koko kungathandeki, utsho uGqr. Adalja. Kodwa ukucaphuka okomzuzwana lixabiso elincinci lokuhlawula isicwangciso esibaluleke kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19, utshilo.

Zichane kangakanani iimvavanyo ze-COVID-19?

Ukuchaneka kovavanyo lweCoronavirus kuxhomekeke okuninzi izinto ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, uhlobo lovavanyo lokuchonga ufumana imicimbi. "Uvavanyo lwe-PCR luthathwa njengomgangatho wegolide," utshilo uWilliam Schaffner, MD, ingcali yezifo ezosulelayo kunye nonjingalwazi kwiSikolo seYunivesithi yaseVanderbilt. "Ukuba ufumana ixesha elifanelekileyo kwaye unethemba okanye elibi kwenye yezo, ngokuqinisekileyo unethemba okanye ungalunganga."

Uvavanyo lwe-antigen olukhawulezileyo lwahluke kancinci. "Badume ngokunika iziphumo ezingezizo [oko kuthetha ukuba uvavanyo luthi awunayo intsholongwane xa usenza], utshilo uGqirha Schaffner. Ukujonga uninzi lweepesenti ezingama-50 zazo zonke iimvavanyo ze-antigen ze-COVID zinokuvelisa iziphumo ezingezizo, "kufuneka uzitolike ngononophelo," ucacisa uGqirha Schaffner. Ke, ukuba ubusandula kuvezwa kumntu one-COVID-19 kwaye uvavanya ukungabi nayo ngovavanyo olukhawulezayo lwe-antigen, akufuneki uqiniseke ngokupheleleyo ukuba awunampazamo, utshilo.

Imiba yokubeka ixesha nako, utshilo oyingcali yesifo esosulelayo uDebra Chew, MD, M.P.H., unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwezamayeza eRutgers New Jersey Medical School. "Ukuba ukwithuba lokugula kwakho, awunokubonisa uphawu lwentsholongwane apho uvavanyo lunokuthi lube nalo," utshilo. "Kwelinye icala, ukuba uthe wafika emva kwexesha lokuvavanywa, unganakho nokuba awunayo intsholongwane."

Uzibuza ukuba, yintoni kanye kanye ethathelwa ingqalelo "kwangoko" okanye "emva kwexesha"? Uhlalutyo lwakutsha nje lwezifundo ezisixhenxe ezipapashwe kwijenali yezonyango yezemfundo Izibhengezo zoNyango lwaNgaphakathi ubeka lo mgca wexesha ngokwembono: Amathuba esiphumo esibi sokuvavanywa kwe-PCR ancipha ukusuka kwiipesenti ezili-100 ngosuku loku-1 emva kokuvezwa kwipesenti ezingama-67 ngosuku lwesine. Ngomhla wokuba umntu avelise iimpawu (kwi-avareji, kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva kokuvezwa), uphando lufumanise ukuba bakumalunga neepesenti ezingama-38 abanokufumana ubuxoki. Amathuba ehla aye kutsho kwiipesenti ezingama-20 kwiintsuku nje ezintathu emva kokubonisa iimpawu-ethetha ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-PCR yakho ye-coronavirus yeyona nto inokwenzeka ukuba ichanekile ukuba uvavanyiwe malunga neentsuku ezintlanu ukuya kwezisibhozo emva kokuba sesichengeni kwaye malunga neentsuku ezintathu emva kokubonisa iimpawu, ngokohlalutyo.

Ngokusisiseko, okukhona ulindile, kokukhona kungcono - ngaphakathi kwesizathu, utshilo uGqirha Schaffner. Ukuba uyazi ukuba uvezwe kumntu one-COVID-19, ucebisa ukuba ulinde ukuya kwiintsuku ezintandathu emva kokuvezwa ukuze kuvavanywe. “Uninzi lwabantu abaza kuba ne-HIV baya kujika banethemba ngosuku lwesithandathu, lwesixhenxe, okanye lwesibhozo,” uyacacisa.

Kubiza malini ukuvavanyelwa i-coronavirus?

Kuxhomekeka apho uya khona. Ukuba undwendwela indawo yovavanyo lwe-coronavirus, kufuneka ikhululeke, nokuba unayo i-inshurensi yezempilo, utshilo uGqr Adalja. Ukuba u tyelela ugqirha wakho oyintloko okanye omnye umboneleli wezonyango, uvavanyo ngokwalo kufuneka lufakwe kwi-inshurensi (nangona usenokulindela ukuba ube noxanduva lokuhlawula ngokubambisana), utsho uRichard Watkins, MD, ugqirha wezifo ezosulelayo e-Akron, eOhio. , kunye noprofesa wamayeza angaphakathi kwiYunivesithi yaseNyakatho-mpuma yeOhio Medical. "Ukuba unenkxalabo, ungafowunela inombolo ngasemva kwekhadi lakho le-inshurensi kwaye uqinisekise," wongezelela uDkt Watkins. (Nantsi indlela i-telemedicine evela ngayo ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19.)

Ukuba awunayo i-inshurensi yezempilo kodwa uye kugqirha okanye esibhedlele ukuya kuvavanyo lwe-coronavirus, uya kuba noxanduva lweendleko zotyelelo lonke, utshilo uGqr. Schaffner. Oko kungafumana ubuhle kuyabiza kuxhomekeke apho uya khona (cinga: naphi na phakathi kwe-$20 kunye ne-$850 ngovavanyo ngalunye, kwaye oko akubandakanyi ezinye iimali ezinokuthi zibe yinxalenye yotyelelo).

Ngokumalunga nokuba ungavavanyelwa phi i-coronavirus, kwakhona, iisayithi zovavanyo lwe-coronavirus (okt amaziko ezempilo kwindawo ohlala kuyo) yeyona nto ibhetele yokubheja kuba esimahla. I-CVS, i-Walgreens, kunye ne-Rite Aid zikwasebenza iindawo zovavanyo ze-COVID-19 ezizivelelayo (ezinokuthi okanye zingezi neendleko eziphuma epokothweni, ngokuxhomekeke kwisimo sakho se-inshurensi). Qiniseka ukuba ujonga iiwebhusayithi zelizwe lakho kunye namasebe ezempilo asekhaya ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezihlaziyiweyo malunga novavanyo lwe-coronavirus kufutshane nawe.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-COVID-19?

Kwakhona, kuxhomekeke. Kungathatha iiyure ezininzi okanye iintsuku ezininzi (ngamanye amaxesha ngeveki okanye ngaphezulu) ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho lwe-PCR, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ixhaswe njani ilebhu yendawo yakho, utsho uGqr Schaffner. Uvavanyo lwe-Antibody lunokuthatha iintsuku ezininzi ukuya kwiiveki ukufumana iziphumo zakho kwakhona, ngokuxhomekeke kwilebhu ethunyelwe kuyo.

Uvavanyo lwe-Antigen, kwelinye icala, lunokukunika iziphumo ezingaphantsi kweyure, ngokwe-FDA. Kodwa kwakhona, le ndlela, ngelixa ikhawuleza, ayithathwa njengechanekile njengovavanyo lwePCR.

Ngokubanzi, iingcali zincoma ukuthatha iziphumo zakho zovavanyo lwe-coronavirus ngqolowa yetyuwa. "Ukuba awunayo into kuthetha ukuba khange wosulelwe ngexesha lokuvavanywa," ucacisa uGqirha Watkins. "Unokuba wosulelwe okwethutyana."

Ukuba uvavanya ukuba awunayo intsholongwane kodwa uneempawu ze-COVID-19, uGqirha Chew ucebisa ukuba ufikelele kugqirha wakho oyintloko malunga nokuba kufuneka uphinde uvavanywe na. (Idibeneyo: Nini, ngokuchanekileyo, Ngaba ufanele uzihlukanise ukuba ucinga ukuba unayo iCoronavirus?)

Ngelixa uvavanyo lungcono kunokuba lwalunjalo ekuqaleni kwesifo kwaye kukho ezinye iindlela onokukhetha kuzo ngoku, gcinani engqondweni ukuba ayisiyiyo inkqubo egqibeleleyo. "Abantu bakhangela iimpendulo ezizizo [kolu bhubhane], utshilo uGqirha Schaffner. "Kwaye asinakubanika oko ngovavanyo lwe-COVID-19."

Ulwazi kweli bali luchanekile ngexesha lokushicilelwa. Njengoko uhlaziyo malunga ne-coronavirus i-COVID-19 iqhubeka nokuvela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ulwazi kunye neengcebiso kweli bali zitshintshile okoko kwapapashwa okokuqala. Siyakukhuthaza ukuba ujonge rhoqo ngezixhobo ezinjenge-CDC, i-WHO, kunye nesebe lezempilo likarhulumente kwindawo yakho yokufumana olona lwazi lwanamhlanje kunye neengcebiso.

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