Ishumi elinambini elimdaka: Ukutya okungu-12 okuphezulu kwizibulala-zinambuzane

Umxholo

• Yintoni uLuhlu oluMdaka oluMdaka?
• Uluhlu lokutya olungcolileyo lwango-2018
• Ngaba amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kukutya kwethu ayingozi?
• Ngaba imveliso yeOrganic inezibulala-zinambuzane?
• Ngaba kufuneka uzithintele iifom eziqhelekileyo zokutya okungcolileyo?
• Iindlela zokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ezivela kukutya
• Umgca osezantsi

Ibango lemveliso yezinto eziphilayo ikhule ngokubonakalayo kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo.

Abantu baseMelika bachitha ngaphezulu kwe-26 yezigidigidi zeedola kwimveliso yendalo ngo-2010 xa kuthelekiswa nebhiliyoni enye ngo-1990 ().

Enye yezona nkxalabo ziphambili zokuqhuba ukutya kokutya okuphilayo kukuvezwa kweyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi.

Qho ngonyaka, iQela eliSebenzayo lokusiNgqongileyo (i-EWG) likhupha i-Dirty Dozen ™ - uluhlu lweziqhamo nemifuno elishumi elinambini ezingezizo ezomdiliya ephezulu kwiintsalela zezibulali zinambuzane.

Eli nqaku lidwelisa ukutya okuMdaka kwamashumi amva nje, kwahlula-hlula inyani kwinyani xa kufikwa kumba wokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kwaye ichaza iindlela ezilula zokunciphisa ukubhencwa kwimichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi.

Yintoni uLuhlu oluMdaka oluMdaka?

IQela eliSebenzayo lokusiNgqongileyo (i-EWG) ngumbutho ongajonganga nzuzo ojolise ekufundiseni uluntu ngemiba efana nezolimo, ukhuseleko lwezixhobo zendalo kunye nefuthe leekhemikhali kwimpilo yabantu (2).

Ukusukela ngo-1995, i-EWG ikhuphe i-Dirty Dozen-uluhlu lweziqhamo kunye nemifuno ekhule ngokwesiqhelo enamanqanaba aphezulu entsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi.

Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi zizinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo ukukhusela izityalo kumonakalo obangelwe zizinambuzane, uxinzelelo lokhula kunye nezifo.

Ukuqulunqa uluhlu oluMdaka, i-EWG ihlalutya ngaphezulu kweesampulu ezingama-38,000 ezithathwe yi-USDA kunye ne-FDA ukuze ikhethe aboni (3).

I-EWG isebenzisa amanyathelo amathandathu ukumisela ukungcola kwemichiza yokubulala izinambuzane (3):

• Ipesenti yeesampuli ezivavanywe ngemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi
• Ipesenti yeesampulu ezinezibulali zinambuzane ezibonakalayo nangaphezulu
• Umyinge wenani lezibulala-zinambuzane ezifumaneka kwisampula enye
• Umyinge wexabiso lemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi efunyenwe, ilinganiswe ngezigidi kwisigidi ngasinye
• Elona nani liphezulu lamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi afunyenwe kwisampulu enye
• Inani elipheleleyo lamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi afunyenwe kwisityalo

I-EWG ithi le ndlela "ibonisa imithwalo yokubulala izitshabalalisi yeziqhamo kunye nemifuno" (3).

Ngelixa i-EWG ibanga ukuba olu luhlu lunokunceda abathengi banqande ukubhencwa kwe-pesticide engeyomfuneko, ezinye iingcali- kubandakanya izazinzulu zokutya- bathi uluhlu luyaboyikisa abantu ekutyeni ukutya okusempilweni.

I-Pesticides ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo yi-USDA, kwaye iingxelo zamva nje zibonisa ukuba amanqanaba e-pesticide afunyenwe kwi-99.5% yemveliso eqhelekileyo ingaphantsi kwezindululo ezibekwe yi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lwezeNdalo (4).

Inkqubo yedatha ye-PUSD ye-PUSD iqinisekisa ukuba ukutya kwaseMelika "yenye yezona zikhuselekileyo emhlabeni," ngenxa yeendlela ezingqongqo zokuvavanya (4).

Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi ziphikisa ukuba ukubekeka engozini kwimichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi- nokuba kukudosi encinci-kunokwakha emzimbeni wakho ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye kukhokelele kwiimeko zempilo ezingapheliyo.

Ukongeza, kukho inkxalabo yokuba imida ekhuselekileyo ebekwe ziiarhente ezilawulayo ayithathi ingqalelo imingcipheko yempilo ebandakanyekayo ekusebenziseni isibulali zinambuzane esingaphezulu kwesinye ngexesha.

Ngenxa yezi zizathu, i-EWG idale uluhlu olungcolileyo lwesikhokelo njengesikhokelo sabantu abafuna ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwezibulali zinambuzane bona kunye neentsapho zabo.

I-Dirty Dozen luluhlu lweziqhamo kunye nemifuno enelona nqanaba liphezulu lentsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi eyenziwe yiQela eliSebenzayo lokusiNgqongileyo (EWG) ukufundisa uluntu ngokhuseleko lokutya.

Uluhlu lokutya olungcolileyo lwango-2018

Ngokwe-EWG, ezi ziqhamo nemifuno zilandelayo zinamanqanaba aphezulu entsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi (5):

1. Ierberberries: Iitrobheri eziqhelekileyo zihlala ngaphezulu kwoluhlu olungcolileyo. Ngo-2018, i-EWG yafumanisa ukuba isinye kwisithathu seesampulu ze-strawberry ziqulethe iintsalela ezilishumi okanye nangaphezulu zokubulala izitshabalalisi.
2. Ispinatshi: I-97% yeesampulu zesipinatshi eziqulethe intsalela ye-pesticide, kubandakanya i-permethrin, isibulali zinambuzane esinetyhefu kwizilwanyana ().
3. Iimpawu: I-EWG ifumanise iintsalela phantse kuma-94% eesampulu ze-nectarine, ngesampulu enye enezintsalela ze-pesticide ezingaphezulu kwe-15.
4. Iiapile: I-EWG ifumanise intsalela ye-pesticide kwi-90% yeesampulu zeapile. Ngaphezulu, i-80% yee-apile kuvavanyiwe inezinto ze-diphenylamine, isibulali zinambuzane esalelweyo eYurophu (7).
5. Iidiliya: Iidiliya eziqhelekileyo ziyinto ephambili kuluhlu olungcolileyo, kunye novavanyo olungaphezulu kwama-96% kwintsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi.
6. Iipesika: Ngaphezulu kwama-99% eepesika ezivavanywe yi-EWG eziqulathe umndilili weentsalela zezibhalo zezitshabalalisi ezine.
7. Iitsheri: I-EWG ifumanise umyinge wentsalela yezinambuzane ezintlanu kwiisampulu zetsheri, kubandakanya nepesticione ebizwa ngokuba yi-iprodione, evaliweyo eYurophu (8).
8. Amapere: Ngaphezulu kwama-50% amapere avavanywe yi-EWG equlethe intsalela evela kwiintlanzi ezibulala zinambuzane ezintlanu nangaphezulu.
9. Utamatisi: Iintsalela ezine zokubulala izitshabalalisi zifunyenwe kwitumato ekhuliswe ngokubanzi. Isampulu enye yayiqulethe ngaphezulu kwe-15 yeentsalela zezibulali zinambuzane.
10. Isileri: Iintsalela zamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi zifunyenwe ngaphezulu kwe-95% yeesampulu zeseleri. Zingama-13 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi.
11. Iitapile: Iisampulu zamazambane zazinentsalela yezibulala-zinambuzane ngobunzima kunaso nasiphi na esinye isivuno esivavanyiweyo. I-Chlorpropham, iyeza lokubulala ukhula, lenze uninzi lwezinto zokubulala izitshabalalisi.
12. Ipelepele emnandi: Iipelepele ezimnandi zentsimbi ziqulethe intsalela yesibulali zinambuzane xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iziqhamo nemifuno. Ukanti, i-EWG ilumkisa ngelithi iyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi elisetyenziswa kwiipelepele eziswiti “zihlala zinetyhefu kwimpilo yabantu.”

Ukongeza kwiDzen Dozen yemveli, i-EWG ikhupha uluhlu olungcolileyo lwe-Dzen Dozen oluqulathe iziqhamo kunye nemifuno engama-36 enamanqanaba aphezulu ezinto zokubulala izitshabalalisi, kubandakanya iipepile ezishushu, iitumato zetsheri, ii-peas kunye nee-blueberries.

Ierberberries phezulu uluhlu lwe-Dirty Dozen 2018, ilandelwa sisipinatshi kunye nectarines. Ukutya okuninzi kuluhlu kuqulethe izitshabalalisi ezininzi, kubandakanya nezinye ezingavunyelwanga eYurophu.

Ngaba amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kukutya kwethu ayingozi?

Kukho izimvo eziphikisanayo malunga nokhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane kwimveliso.

Nangona iyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi elisetyenziswa kwizityalo lilawulwa ngokuqinileyo kwaye ligcinwa lingaphantsi kwemida eyingozi, kukho inkxalabo malunga nokuba ukubonakaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo kwezi zinto kuyichaphazela njani impilo.

Izifundo ezininzi ziye zadibanisa ukubonakaliswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kwiziphumo ezibi zezempilo, ezinje ngeengxaki zokuphefumla, iingxaki zokuzala, ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ye-endocrine, ukonakala kwemithambo-luvo kunye nomngcipheko owandayo womhlaza othile).

Abantwana bathathelwa ingqalelo besemngciphekweni omkhulu wokukhula kwityhefu yokubulala izitshabalalisi kunabantu abadala ngenxa yobungakanani bayo obuncinci, ukuncitshiswa kwamanani e-enzyme ezithile kunye nenyani yokuba ukukhula kweengqondo kuchaphazeleka lula kwizitshabalalisi zezibulala-zinambuzane ().

Izifundo zibonise ukuba abantwana abazelwe ngoomama abanesifo esiphezulu sokubulala izitshabalalisi babonisa ukulibaziseka kwengqondo ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emibini, kubandakanya nokusilela kulungelelwaniso nakwimemori ebonakalayo ().

Ukuvezwa komntwana kumayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko okhulayo we-ADHD ().

Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abasetyhini abakhulelweyo abahlala kufama apho kufafazwa khona iyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi i-organophosphate, i-pyrethroid okanye i-carbamate kunokwenzeka ukuba babenabantwana abanesifo se-autism okanye i-autism disorder (ASDs) ().

Ngaphaya koko, amafama asebenzise amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kwizityalo zawo afunyenwe enamaxesha aphezulu okutyeba kunye nomhlaza wekolon xa kuthelekiswa nabantu ngokubanzi ().

Ngokubhekisele kumanqanaba okubulala izitshabalalisi emzimbeni, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukutshintshisa imveliso yesiqhelo kunye neenguqulelo zezinto eziphilayo kunciphisa kakhulu okanye kuphelisa amanqanaba okuchama kwizitshabalalisi zezifo eziqhelekileyo (,).

Kucacile ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu okubonakaliswa kwezinambuzane zinxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezibi zempilo.

Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezifundo ezikhoyo zigxile kubantu abajongana ngqo namayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi mihla le, njengabasebenzi bezolimo, endaweni yoluntu ngokubanzi.

Kucacile ukuba ukubhencwa kwiidosi eziphezulu zezibulali zinambuzane kuyingozi. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukumisela ukuba ukuboniswa kwexesha elide kumanqanaba asezantsi amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi afumaneka ekutyeni ayingozi empilweni.

Ngaba imveliso yeOrganic inezibulala-zinambuzane?

Ngelixa imigangatho yolimo lwezinto eziphilayo yahlukile kwiinkqubo zokulima eziqhelekileyo, amafama ezinto eziphilayo avumelekile ukuba asebenzise izibulali zinambuzane ezithile ezivunyiweyo kwizityalo zazo.

Abalimi bemvelo baxhomekeke kakhulu ekujikeleziseni izityalo, ukukhuselwa kwezityalo zebhayoloji kunye neendlela zempilo zokukhusela izityalo.

Nangona kunjalo, i-organic pesticides, enje ngobhedu, i-rotenone kunye ne-spinosad, inokusetyenziswa kwezolimo lwezinto eziphilayo (17).

Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi angama-25 avunyelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokuchaseneyo ne-900 eyoyikisayo esele ivunyelwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwizityalo eziqhelekileyo (18).

Njengamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi asetyenziswa kulimo oluqhelekileyo, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi alawulwa ngokuqinileyo ukuze akhuseleke kodwa kunokuba yingozi kwimpilo ngeedosi eziphezulu.

Umzekelo, ukubonakaliswa emsebenzini kwi-rotaryone ye-organic pesticides kudityaniswe nomngcipheko owandayo wesifo sika-Parkinson's).

Ngelishwa, izifundo zexesha elide ezivavanya umngcipheko wokutya iziqhamo kunye nemifuno yesiqhelo xa kuthelekiswa neziqhamo kunye nemifuno kubemi ngokubanzi ziyasilela.

Ukuba ukhetha ukutya okunezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yezizathu zokusingqongileyo ngokuchasene nezizathu zempilo, uphando luxhasa ukuba ulimo lwezinto eziphilayo alunampembelelo ingqongileyo kunolimo oluqhelekileyo.

Iindlela zokulima eziphilayo zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, zikhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana kwaye zikhusele umhlaba namanzi aphantsi komhlaba (20).

Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi asetyenziswa kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokulima kunye nezolimo zinokuba yingozi kwimpilo ngeedosi eziphezulu.

Ngaba kufuneka uzithintele iifom eziqhelekileyo zokutya okungcolileyo?

Abantu abaninzi bakhetha imveliso yendalo ngethemba lokunciphisa ukubekeka emngciphekweni wokubulala izitshabalalisi.

Ubungqina obuninzi obuvela kwizifundo zophando ziyafuneka ukumisela ukuba ngaba ukutya okunezinto eziphilayo kunempilo kunokutya okuqulathe imveliso ekhule ngokwesiqhelo.

Kulabo banakho ukuthenga iinguqulelo zezinto eziphilayo zemveliso ephezulu yokubulala izinambuzane, ukusebenzisa lo mkhuba kungakhokelela ekuvezweni ngokupheleleyo kwezitshabalalisi.

Nangona kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi akafumaneki kwiziqhamo nakwimifuno.

Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izityalo ezifana neenkozo, kunye nengca, iigadi zeentyatyambo kunye nokulawula izinambuzane (,).

Kuba i-pesticides ixhaphake kakhulu, elona nyathelo lilungileyo lokunciphisa ukubonwa kwakho kukukhetha ukutya okune-organic xa kunokwenzeka kwaye usebenzise ukhathalelo lwegadi oluzinzileyo kunye neendlela zokugxotha izinambuzane.

Kuba imveliso yendalo ihlala ibiza kakhulu kunesiqhelo, kunokuba nzima kubantu abaninzi ukuyifumana.

Sukuba nexhala lokuba awukwazi ukuthenga iinguqulelo eziphilayo zeDzen Dozen.

Ukutya iziqhamo nemifuno okuninzi kungaphezulu komngcipheko wentsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi kwimveliso, kwaye kukho iindlela zokunciphisa ezi ntsalela.

Ngelixa iinguqulelo ze-organic ze-Dirty Dozen kunokwenzeka ukuba ziqulathe intsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi, ukutya iziqhamo kunye nemifuno kukhuselekile ngokugqibeleleyo.

Iindlela zokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ezivela kukutya

Ezi zilandelayo zilula, zikhuselekile kwaye zinamandla iindlela onokuzisebenzisa ukunciphisa intsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi kwimveliso:

• Bakhuhle emanzini abandayo: Ukucoca iziqhamo kunye nemifuno emanzini abandayo ngelixa uzihlikihla ngebrashi ethambileyo kunokususa intsalela yesibulali zinambuzane ().
• Amanzi okubhaka isoda: Isifundo sifumanise ukuba ukuhlamba ii-apile nge-1% yokubhaka isoda kunye nomxube wamanzi kwakusebenza ngakumbi ekususeni intsalela yesibulali zinambuzane kunamanzi ompompo odwa ().
• I-Peel izithelo kunye nemifuno: Ukususa ulusu lweziqhamo kunye nemifuno Engcolileyo Ishumi elinesiqingatha kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukutya ukutya kweentsalela zezinambuzane ().
• Ukuqhawula: Kwisifundo esinye imveliso ye-blanching (ukuyivelisa ekubileni, emva koko kubanda, amanzi) kukhokelele ekunciphiseni okungaphezulu kwama-50% kumanqanaba entsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi kuzo zonke iisampulu zemifuno neziqhamo ngaphandle kweepesika ().
• Ukubilisa: Isifundo sifumanise ukuba ukubilisa amaqunube kunciphise kakhulu intsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi, ngokuncitshiswa kwe 42.8-92.9% ().
• Hlanganisa imveliso ngamanzi e-ozonated: Amanzi e-ozonated (amanzi axutywe nohlobo lweoksijini ekuthiwa yiozone) afunyenwe esebenza kakhulu ekususeni intsalela yezinambuzane ekutyeni (,).

Ukusebenzisa naziphi na ezi zinto zisekwe kubungqina ezingentla zinganciphisa intsalela yezibulala-zinambuzane kwimveliso entsha.

Ukukhuhla imveliso phantsi kwamanzi abandayo, ukuhlamba ngesisombululo se-baking soda okanye ukuxobuka zizo zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunciphisa iintsalela ze-pesticide kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno.

Umgca osezantsi

Injongo yoluhlu olungcolileyo kukuvumela abathengi bazi ukuba zeziphi iziqhamo kunye nemifuno ezinelona nani liphezulu lentsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi.

Ngelixa olu luhlu lunokuba luncedo kwabo banenkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ekutyeni, akukacaci ukuba ukhathazeke kangakanani kukuba ungagqithisi intsalela yokubulala izitshabalalisi kwasekuqaleni.

Kulabo banqwenela ukuphambuka kwicala lokulumkisa, kungcono ukuba bathenge iinguqulelo eziphilayo zeZinto ezingcolileyo zokutya.

Ngelixa ifuthe lamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kwimpilo lingekaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, ukubaluleka kokutya iziqhamo kunye nemifuno yezempilo, nokuba yeyesiqhelo okanye yendalo, kumiselwe ngokuqinileyo.

Ke ngoko, akufuneki unciphise ukusetyenziswa kwakho ngokusekwe kusetyenziso lwezinambuzane.