Uqhagamshela njani umsebenzi wokuKhangela, ngokuchanekileyo?

Umxholo

• Yintoni ukulandelela abafowunelwa, kanye?
• Ngubani onokufikelela kuye ngomnxibelelanisi womnxibelelanisi?
• Kwenzeka ntoni ngokulandelayo ukuba usondela kumkhondo woqhagamshelwano?
• Ubunzima boNxibelelwano lokuKhangela
• Leliphi elona xesha lilungileyo lokwenza umkhondo wabafowunelwa?
• Uphengululo lwe

Ngamatyala angaphezu kwesigidi esi-1.3 esiqinisekisiweyo senoveli coronavirus (COVID-19) phesheya kwe-US, amathuba aphezulu kakhulu ukuba intsholongwane ijikeleza kwindawo yakho. Amazwe aliqela ngoku aphehlelele iinkqubo zokunxibelelana noluntu ukuzama ukulandela abantu abanokuba banxibelelana nomntu osulelekileyo, ngethemba lokuqhekeza ukusasazeka kunye nokunceda uluntu luqonde umngcipheko wokosuleleka.

Zange ndeva ngonxibelelwano lokulandela ngaphambili? Ayinguwe wedwa, kodwa yintsimi ekhula ngokukhawuleza ngoku. Ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo sabakhangeli bonxibelelwano, iYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins ide yakhupha ikhosi yasimahla yokulandela umkhondo wonxibelelwano kuye nabani na ofuna ukufunda ngalo mkhuba.

Nantsi into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokulandela umkhondo wonxibelelwano, kunye nento onokuyilindela ukuba ukhe wasondela kumnxibelelanisi womkhondo.

Yintoni ukulandelela abafowunelwa, kanye?

Ukunxibelelana nokulandela umkhondo yindlela yokusebenza yasesidlangalaleni esebenzayo ukulandela umkhondo wabantu abanonxibelelwano nomntu onesifo esosulelayo (kule meko, i-COVID-19), ngokweCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Iitrayisi zoqhakamshelwano zivumela abantu ukuba bazi ukuba baye bachanabeka kwisifo esosulelayo kwaye balandele rhoqo ukubanika imiyalelo yokuba benze ntoni emva koko. Olo landelo lunokubandakanya iingcebiso zokuthintela izifo ngokubanzi, ukujonga iimpawu, okanye izikhokelo zokuzikhetha, phakathi kwezinye izikhokelo, ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, ngokutsho kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO). Ukulandela umkhondo woqhakamshelwano akuyonto intsha nge-COVID-19-yayisetyenziswa ngaphambili kwezinye izifo ezosulelayo ezixhaphakileyo, njenge-Ebola.

Kwimeko ye-COVID-19, abantu abebenolwazi lokunxibelelana nomntu onetyala eliqinisekisiweyo bayakhuthazwa ukuba bazimise bodwa iintsuku ezili-14 emva kokuvezwa kwabo okokugqibela kumntu osulelekileyo ukuzama ukumisa ikhonkco lokuhanjiswa kwe-coronavirus, ngokwe I-CDC. (Idibeneyo: Nini, ngokuchanekileyo, Ngaba ufanele uzihlukanise ukuba ucinga ukuba unayo iCoronavirus?)

"Umbono osisiseko kukuba, nje ukuba isigulana sichongwe sine-COVID-19, kwenziwa udliwano-ndlebe nomntu onxibelelana naye ukuze aqonde bonke abantu abathe badibana nabo ubuso ngobuso ngexesha lokuhlala. abanokuthi bosulele,” ucacisa watsho uCarolyn Cannuscio, Sc.D., umalathisi wophando kwiZiko lamaNyathelo eMpilo yoLuntu kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania. "Sizama ukufumana olo dliwanondlebe ngokukhawuleza kwaye silwenze ngokucokisekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka."

Ukukhangelwa koqhakamshelwano kwenziwa kwinqanaba lengingqi kunye nelikarhulumente, ngoko ke indlela inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke apho yenziwa khona, utshilo ugqirha wezifo zesifo uHenry F. Raymond, uGqr.PH, MPH, umlawuli odibeneyo wezempilo yoluntu kwiZiko le-COVID-19 yokuphendula kunye nobhubhane. Ukulungela iZiko lezeMpilo eRutgers. Umzekelo, amanye amagunya anokukhangela wonke umntu othe wanxibelelana nomntu owosulelekileyo kwiintsuku ezili-14 ngaphambi kokuxilongwa kwakhe, ngelixa abanye banokuthathela ingqalelo abafowunelwa ngexesha elifutshane, uyacacisa.

Ngubani onokufikelela kuye ngomnxibelelanisi womnxibelelanisi?

Eyona nto iphambili apha kukuba "nonxibelelwano lobuqu olusondeleyo" nomntu owosulelekileyo, utshilo uElaine Symanski, Ph.D., unjingalwazi kwiZiko leMpilo yokuSingqongileyo echanekileyo kwiKholeji yezoNyango yaseBaylor.

Ngelixa ukulandelwa konxibelelwano kwenziwa ikakhulu kwinqanaba lasekhaya nakwilizwe, i-CDC ikhuphe isikhokelo malunga nokuba ngubani kanye ekufuneka kuqhakamshelwe naye kuqhambuko lwe-COVID-19. Phantsi kweso sikhokelo, "uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo" ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19 uchazwa njengomntu owayephakathi kweenyawo ezintandathu zomntu owosulelekileyo kangangemizuzu eli-15 ubuncinci, eqala kwiiyure ezingama-48 ngaphambi kokuba isigulana siqale ukufumana iimpawu de kube lixesha lokuba bodwa. .

Abahlobo abasondeleyo, usapho kunye nabantu abasebenza nomntu osulelekileyo ngabona bantu banako ukuqhakamshelana, utshilo uCannuscio. Kodwa ukuba ukhe uye kuthenga igrosari ngaxeshanye nomntu osulelekileyo, okanye ubagqithise ngexesha lokuhamba kwindawo ohlala kuyo, akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba uve kumkhondo womnxeba, wongeza. Oko kwathiwa, ukuba umntu owosulelekileyo ubekwindawo encinci njengebhasi kawonkewonke ixesha elide, umntu onxibelelana naye unokuzama ukujonga ukuba ngubani kulebhasi aze afikelele kubo, utshilo u-Abiodun Oluyomi, Ph.D. , unjingalwazi oncedisayo wezonyango kwiKholeji yezoNyango yaseBaylor. Kulapho abanxibelelanisi betracer banokungena kwinqanaba lomcuphi.

“Ukuba umntu wosulelekile, zimbini iindlela zokuxelela umkhondo ukuba basondelelene nabani,” ucacise watsho u-Oluyomi. Izigulana eziqinisekileyo ukuba zikhe zadibana nabantu abathile zinokusuka nje zinike amagama neenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano kumkhondo—kulula oko, utsho u-Oluyomi. Kodwa ukuba bakhwele ibhasi ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba bafunyanwe, kwaye bayayazi indlela yebhasi, umkhondo unokuhlela ngokusebenzisa iilogi zembali kunye nedatha yokudlula ibhasi ukuzama ukufumana abanye abantu abakhwele ibhasi besebenzisa ukudlula kwakhona. NjengeMetroCard. Emva koko, uyazi ukuba bangoobani kwaye unokuqhagamshelana nabo, utshilo u-Oluyomi. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, awunakusoloko ulandela umkhondo wonke umntu, uyaphawula.Kumzekelo webhasi, abo basebenzise imali endaweni yeMetroCard ngekhe baqhakamshelane nabo, uthi-ngekhe ubenakho ukubazi ukuba bangobani. "[Ulandelo lokunxibelelana] alunakuze lube yinyani ngeepesenti," utshilo u-Oluyomi. (Inxulumene: Ngaba oko kukulinganisa kwabagijimi abasasaza iCoronavirus ngokwenyani kuLifa?)

Kwelinye icala, ukuba isigulana esosulelekileyo siyalazi igama lomfowunelwa kodwa singaqinisekanga ngolunye ulwazi lwaso lobuqu, umkhondo unokuzama ukubalandela ngemithombo yeendaba zentlalo okanye ngolunye ulwazi abanokulufumana kwi-Intanethi, wongeza uCannuscio.

Okungaziwayo ngumceli mngeni kubakhangeli bokunxibelelana, kodwa benza konke okusemandleni abo. "Okwangoku, [abafowunelwa abafowunelwa] kufuneka bagxininise kuqhagamshelwano umntu owaziyo," utsho uGqr Raymond. "Iziganeko ezinkulu ezinokuthi zichazwe ngokungaziwayo zinokulandela ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuzilandelela." Kwaye ngenxa yokuba uRobert Redfield, M.D., umlawuli weCDC, kutshanje uxelele i-NPR ukuba uninzi lweepesenti ezingama-25 zabo bonke abantu baseMelika abane-COVID-19 banokuthi bangabalulekanga, ukulandelela yonke unxibelelwano olunye alunakwenzeka nge-100%.

Ekuqaleni, iitrayisi zokunxibelelana ziya kufikelela kuphela kunxibelelwano lomntu owosulelekileyo kwaye zime apho. Kodwa iitrayisi zoqhagamshelwano ziya kuqalisa ukufikelela kwi-a abafowunelwa abafowunelwa ukuba unxibelelwano lokuqala luza kuvavanya ukuba unayo i-COVID-19 uqobo-iyabhida, akunjalo? "Unjengomthi, kwaye ke amasebe kunye namagqabi," kuchaza u-Oluyomi.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngokulandelayo ukuba usondela kumkhondo woqhagamshelwano?

Okokuqala, uya kuthetha nomntu uqobo-le nto ihlala ingeyiyo i-robocall. "Kubalulekile ukuba abantu bafumane ulwazi ngokukhawuleza, kodwa imodeli yethu kukuba ukunxibelelana nabantu kubaluleke kakhulu," ucacisa uCannuscio. "Abantu banemibuzo emininzi xa besiva ngathi, kwaye sifuna ukukwazi ukubaxhasa, ukubanika isiqinisekiso, kwaye sibancede baqonde indlela yokunciphisa ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane kubantu ababakhathaleleyo. Banexhala, kwaye baya bafuna ukwazi ukuba benze ntoni."

Irekhodi: Akunakwenzeka ukuba umkhondo onokuthi akuxelele ukuba ngubani umntu osulelekileyo obunxibelelana naye-idla ngokungaziwa ngenxa yezizathu zabucala zokukhusela umntu owosulelekileyo, utshilo uGqr Raymond. “[Ugqaliselo lu] ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abafowunelwa bafumana iinkonzo zempilo abanokuzifuna,” uyacacisa.

Inkqubo yahluke kancinane kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa nje ukuba uqhagamshelwe kwaye uxelelwe ukuba usandula ukunxibelelana nomntu owosulelwe yi-COVID-19, uya kubuzwa uthotho lwemibuzo malunga nokuba ugqibele nini ukudibana nomntu owosulelekileyo. (ngelixa ungazazi ukuba bangoobani na, uya kunikwa iinkcukacha ezinje ngokuba bebesebenza kwisakhiwo sakho, bahlala kwindawo ohlala kuyo, njl.njl.), imeko yakho yokuhlala, iimeko zempilo eziphantsi kwakho, nokuba uneempawu ngoku. , uchaza uGqr. Raymond.

Uyakucelwa ukuba uzivalele yedwa kangangeentsuku ezili-14 ukusuka kumhla wokugqibela onokuthi unxibelelane nomntu owosulelekileyo, abaziyo ukuba sisicelo esinzima. "Kukho utshintsho oluninzi lokuziphatha esicela abantu ukuba benze," utshilo uCannuscio. "Siyabacela ukuba bangabikho kuluntu kwaye banciphise unxibelelwano nemizi yabo." Uyakucelwa kwakhona ukuba ubeke iliso kwiimpawu zakho ngeli xesha kwaye uya kunikwa imiyalelo malunga nokuba wenze ntoni xa unokuthi uvelise iimpawu. (Eyeleleneyo: Kanye into omawuyenze ukuba uhlala nomntu oneCoronavirus)

Ubunzima boNxibelelwano lokuKhangela

Ngelixa isicwangciso sikarhulumente wobumbano sokuphinda avule iMelika sibandakanya izindululo zovavanyo olungqongqo lwe-coronavirus kunye nokulandela umkhondo wonxibelelwano (phakathi kwamanye amanyathelo), ayingawo onke amazwe avulayo alandela ezi zikhokelo. Kwiimeko oko babe benze umkhondo wonxibelelwano njengenxalenye yenkqubo yabo yokuphinda bavule, ingaba isebenza kangakanani ngenene ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19?

I-CDC ithi ukulandelwa koqhagamshelwano "yindlela yokulawula izifo eziphambili" kunye "neqhinga eliphambili lokuthintela ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19." Iingcali ziyavuma: "Asinaso isitofu sokugonya. Asinalo uvavanyo lwentsholongwane ngokubanzi.

Kodwa u-Cannuscio uthi ukulandelwa komnxeba kuya kusebenza ngakumbi xa abasebenzi bekho. Kwiimeko ezininzi, inani lamatyala liphezulu kakhulu kangangokuba kunzima ukulandela, "utshilo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukulandelwa koqhagamshelwano akuhambanga phambili ngokwetekhnoloji njengoko kunokuba njalo. Okwangoku e-U.S., Ukulandelelwa koqhakamshelwano kwenziwa ikakhulu ngabantu-abarhwebi benza udliwanondlebe, bafikelela ngomnxeba, kwaye baya nasemakhaya kwezinye iimeko ukulandela, uyacacisa uGqirha Raymond. Oko kubandakanya okuninzi kubasebenzi-uninzi lwayo ngoku alufumaneki, utshilo uGqirha Symanski. Ucacisa ixesha elininzi kwaye usebenza kakhulu. “Sisekwinqanaba lokukhangela abantu abakwaziyo ukwenza umsebenzi,” wongeza u-Oluyomi. (Eyeleleneyo: I-Tracker yakho yoFitness ingakunceda ukuba ubambe iiMpawu zeCoronavirus eziphantsi kweRadar)

Kodwa ukulandelwa koqhakamshelwano kuzenzekelayo (ubuncinci kwinxalenye) kwenye indawo. EMzantsi Korea, abaphuhlisi babucala benze ii -apps ukunceda ukuxhasa umkhondo wonxibelelwano lukarhulumente. Uhlelo olunye, olubizwa ngokuba yiCorona 100m, luqokelela idatha kwimithombo yezempilo yoluntu ukuze abantu bazi ukuba ityala eliqinisekisiweyo le-COVID-19 lifunyenwe ngaphakathi kwe-100-mitha yazo, kunye nomhla wesigulana wokuchongwa, ngokwe Uboniso lweNtengiso. Olunye usetyenziso, olubizwa ngokuba yiMaphu yeCorona, lucwangcisa apho abantu abosulelekileyo bakhona kwimephu ukuze idatha iqondwe ngokulula ngokubonakalayo.

"[Ezi zixhobo zokusebenza] zibonakala zisebenze kakuhle kakhulu," utshilo uCannuscio, ephawula ukuba uMzantsi Korea uligcinile izinga lokusweleka kwabo xa uthelekisa namanye amazwe apho i-coronavirus isasazeka khona. "Banenkqubo enobundlobongela edibanisa ukulandelelana kwedijithali kunye noluntu. UMzantsi Korea uphakanyisiwe njengomnye wemigangatho yendlela yokwenza oku," ucacisa. "E-US, sidlala umdlalo ngenxa yokuba amasebe ezempilo awanazo izixhobo zokwenza oku ngezinga."

Oko kunokutshintsha ekugqibeleni. E-US, uGoogle kunye ne-Apple badibanise imikhosi kumzamo wokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo inkqubo yokulandela umkhondo. Injongo, iinkampani zithi, "ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yeBluetooth ukunceda oorhulumente kunye neearhente zempilo ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane, kunye nobumfihlo bomsebenzisi kunye nokhuseleko olusembindini woyilo."

Leliphi elona xesha lilungileyo lokwenza umkhondo wabafowunelwa?

Kwilizwe eligqibeleleyo, elona xesha lilungileyo lokuqalisa ukulandelwa komnxeba iya kuba kukuqala kokuchongwa kwesi sifo, utshilo uGqirha Raymond. “Nangona kunjalo, oko kusebenza kuphela ukuba uyazi ukuba kuqalwa nini kwaye ubusoloko ujonge [esi sifo],” utshilo.

UCannuscio uthathela ingqalelo umkhondo wokunxibelelana kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko amazwe, amashishini kunye nokuvulwa kwezikolo. “Eyona njongo iza kukwazi ngokukhawuleza ukwazisa amatyala amatsha, ukwahlula abo bantu, ukwazi ukuba ngoobani abo banxibelelana nabo, kwaye uncede abo bafowunelwa bahlale bodwa ukuze bangabinalo ithuba lokuqhubeka besosulela abanye,” utshilo. "Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ukuqhambuka okutsha ngenxa yoko asinako ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwamatyala njengoko sibonile kwisiXeko saseNew York." (Idibeneyo: Ngaba kuya kukhuseleka ukuSebenza eGym emva kweCoronavirus?)

Okwangoku, umkhondo wokunxibelelana ayisiyonzululwazi egqibeleleyo. Nokuba i-epidemiologists iyayamkela inkqubo ihlala inzima kakhulu kwezi ntsuku. "Akukholeleki," utshilo uCannuscio. “Iintlanganiso endikuzo, wonke umntu uyavuma ukuba siyavuka kwaye sijongene nemiceli mngeni ebesingayilindelanga ngoku.

Ulwazi kweli bali luchanekile ngexesha lokushicilelwa. Njengoko uhlaziyo malunga ne-coronavirus i-COVID-19 iqhubeka nokuvela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ulwazi kunye neengcebiso kweli bali zitshintshile okoko kwapapashwa okokuqala. Siyakukhuthaza ukuba ujonge rhoqo ngezixhobo ezinjenge-CDC, i-WHO, kunye nesebe lezempilo likarhulumente kwindawo yakho yokufumana olona lwazi lwanamhlanje kunye neengcebiso.

Uphengululo lwe