Yintoni ingxaki yokuchasana ngokuchaseneyo?

Umxholo

• Iimpawu zokuchasana nokuphikisana nokuphikisa
• Kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo
• Kubantu abadala
• Unobangela wokuphikiswa kwengxaki
• Iikhrayitheriya zokufumanisa isifo esichasayo
• 1. Babonisa indlela yokuziphatha
• 2. Ukuziphatha kuphazamisa ubomi babo
• 3. Ayinxibelelananga nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi okanye iziqendu zempilo yengqondo
• Ubunzima
• Unyango lwengxaki yokuchasana ngokuchaseneyo
• Amaqhinga okulawula ukungahambisani nokuphikisana
• Ukuphazamiseka okuchasayo kwigumbi lokufundela
• I-Q & A: Ukuziphatha okungahambelaniyo ngokuchasene nokuphikiswa okungafunekiyo
• Q:
• A:

Ushwankathelo

Nabona bantwana banobulali banamaxesha athile okuxokozela nokungathobeli. Kodwa indlela eqhubekayo yomsindo, indelelo, kunye nokuziphindezela ngokuchasene nabasemagunyeni inokuba luphawu lokuchasana nokuphikiswa (ODD).

I-ODD kukungaziphathi kakuhle okukhokelela kukuchasana kunye nomsindo ngokuchasene negunya. Inokuchaphazela umsebenzi womntu, isikolo, kunye nobomi bentlalo.

I-ODD ichaphazela phakathi kwe-1 ukuya kwi-16 yepesenti yabantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo. Kuqheleke kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazana. Uninzi lwabantwana luqala ukubonisa iimpawu ze-ODD phakathi kweminyaka eyi-6 kunye ne-8 yeminyaka. I-ODD ikwenzeka nakubantu abadala. Abantu abadala abane-ODD abangafumaniswanga njengabantwana bahlala bengafunyaniswa.

Iimpawu zokuchasana nokuphikisana nokuphikisa

Kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo

I-ODD ihlala ichaphazela abantwana kunye nolutsha. Iimpawu ze-ODD zibandakanya:

• ukuqumba msinya okanye iziqendu zomsindo
• ukwala ukuthobela izicelo zabantu abadala
• ukuphikisana okugqithisileyo nabantu abadala kunye nabasemagunyeni
• Soloko ebuza okanye ngokungakhathaleli imigaqo
• Ukuziphatha okujolise ekucaphukiseni, ukucaphukisa, okanye ukucaphukisa abanye, ngakumbi abasemagunyeni
• Ukugxeka abanye ngeempazamo zabo okanye ukungaziphathi kakuhle
• ukucaphuka msinya
• impindezelo

Akukho nanye kwezi mpawu zodwa ekhomba kwi-ODD. Kufuneka kubekho ipateni yeempawu ezininzi ezenzeka kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu ubuncinci.

Kubantu abadala

Kukho ukungqubana kweempawu ze-ODD phakathi kwabantwana nabantu abadala. Iimpawu kubantu abadala abane-ODD zibandakanya:

• Ndiziva ndinomsindo kwihlabathi
• ukuziva ungaqondwa okanye ungathandwa
• ukungawathandi ngokupheleleyo amagunya, kubandakanya abaphathi emsebenzini
• Ukuchonga njengomvukeli
• Ukuzikhusela ngokungqongqo kwaye kungavulelwa ingxelo
• etyhola abanye ngeempazamo zabo

Ingxaki ihlala kunzima ukuyiqonda kubantu abadala ngenxa yokuba uninzi lweempawu zihamba nokuziphatha okungafunekiyo, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka.

Unobangela wokuphikiswa kwengxaki

Akukho sizathu siqinisekisiweyo se-ODD, kodwa kukho ithiyori enokunceda ekuchongeni izizathu ezinokubakho. Kucingelwa ukuba indibaniselwano yendalo esingqongileyo, yebhayoloji, kunye nezinto zengqondo zibangela i-ODD. Umzekelo, kuqheleke ngakumbi kwiintsapho ezinembali yokunqongophala kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ADHD).

Enye ithi i-ODD ingaqala ukukhula xa abantwana bebancinci, kuba abantwana kunye nabakwishumi elivisayo abane-ODD babonisa indlela yokuziphatha efanelekileyo kubantwana abancinci. Le ithiyori ikwacebisa ukuba umntwana okanye umntwana ofikisayo usokola ukuzimela ngaphandle komzali okanye umntu onegunya lokudibana nabo ngokweemvakalelo.

Kuyenzeka ukuba i-ODD ikhule njengesiphumo sokuziphatha okufundileyo, ibonisa iindlela ezingalunganga zokuqiniswa ngamanye amanani abasemagunyeni kunye nabazali. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi ukuba umntwana usebenzisa isimilo esibi ukuze afumane ingqalelo. Ngamanye amaxesha, umntwana unokufumana isimilo esibi kumzali.

Ezinye izizathu ezinokubakho zibandakanya:

• iimpawu ezithile zobuntu, njengokuthanda ngamandla
• ukungabikho kokuncamathisela okuhle kumzali
• Uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo okanye ukungalindeleki ekhaya okanye kubomi bemihla ngemihla

Iikhrayitheriya zokufumanisa isifo esichasayo

Ugqirha wezifo zengqondo okanye ugqirha wengqondo unokuchonga abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abane-ODD. Incwadana yokuHlola kunye neNgcaciso yeNgcaciso yeNgqondo, eyaziwa njengeDSM-5, icacisa izinto ezintathu eziphambili ezifunekayo ukuze kufunyaniswe isifo se-ODD:

1. Babonisa indlela yokuziphatha

Umntu kufuneka abe nephethini yeemvakalelo ezinomsindo okanye ezicaphukisayo, impikiswano okanye isimilo sokuziphatha, okanye impindezelo ehlala ubuncinci iinyanga ezintandathu. Ngeli xesha, kufuneka babonise ubuncinci kwezi ndlela zokuziphatha zilandelayo kulo naluphi na udidi.

Ubuncinci enye yezi mpawu kufuneka iboniswe nomntu ongenguye umntakwenu. Iindidi kunye neempawu zibandakanya:

Ukuba nomsindo okanye ukucaphuka, ezibandakanya iimpawu ezinje:

• bahlala belahlekelwa ngumsindo
• ukuchukumisa
• ukucaphuka msinya
• ngokufuthi uba nomsindo okanye ingqumbo

Ukuphikisana okanye ukungaziphathi kakuhle, ezibandakanya iimpawu ezinje:

• ukuba neengxoxo rhoqo nabantu abanegunya okanye abantu abadala
• Ukuchasa ngenkuthalo izicelo ezivela kumagunya
• ukwala ukuthobela izicelo ezivela kwabasemagunyeni
• Ukubacaphukisa ngabom abanye
• etyhola abanye ngokungaziphathi kakuhle

Ukuziphindezela

• Ukusebenza ngokuchaseneyo ubuncinci kabini kwinyanga ezintandathu

2. Ukuziphatha kuphazamisa ubomi babo

Into yesibini ejongwa yingcali kukuba ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokuziphatha kunxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo emntwini okanye kwisangqa sabo sentlalo. Ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo kunokuchaphazela kakubi iindawo ezibalulekileyo njengobomi babo bezentlalo, imfundo, okanye umsebenzi.

3. Ayinxibelelananga nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi okanye iziqendu zempilo yengqondo

Ukufumanisa isifo, indlela yokuziphatha ayinakubakho ngokukodwa ngexesha leziqendu ezibandakanya:

• ukuhlukunyezwa kwesiyobisi
• ukudakumba
• ukuxhuzula
• ngengqondo

Ubunzima

I-DSM-5 ikwanenqanaba lobunzima. Ukuchongwa kwe-ODD kunokuba:

• Ubumnene: Iimpawu zihlala kuphela kuseto olunye.
• Ukumodareyitha: Ezinye iimpawu ziya kubakho kwiindawo ezimbini ubuncinci.
• Okunzima: Iimpawu ziya kubakho kwizicwangciso ezintathu okanye nangaphezulu.

Unyango lwengxaki yokuchasana ngokuchaseneyo

Unyango lwakwangoko lubalulekile kubantu abane-ODD. Ulutsha kunye nabantu abadala abane-ODD enganyangekiyo bonyuse umngcipheko woxinzelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, ngokweAmerican Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Izinketho zonyango zingabandakanya:

Unyango lomntu ngamnye lokuziphatha: Isayikholojisti iya kusebenza nomntwana ukuphucula:

• izakhono zokulawula umsindo
• izakhono zokunxibelelana
• ulawulo lwempembelelo
• izakhono zokusombulula iingxaki

Banokukwazi ukubona izinto ezinokubangela igalelo.

Unyango losapho: Isayikholojisti iya kusebenza nosapho lonke ukwenza utshintsho. Oku kunokunceda abazali bafumane inkxaso kwaye bafunde izicwangciso zokuphatha i-ODD yabantwana.

Unyango lokunxibelelana komzali nomntwana(PCIT): Iingcali zonyango ziya kuqeqesha abazali njengoko benxibelelana nabantwana babo. Abazali banokufunda iindlela ezisebenza ngakumbi zokukhulisa abantwana.

Amaqela oontanga: Umntwana angafunda ukuphucula izakhono zabo ekuhlaleni kunye nobudlelwane nabanye abantwana.

Amayeza: Oku kunokunceda ekuphatheni oonobangela be-ODD, njengoxinzelelo okanye i-ADHD. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mayeza athile anyanga i-ODD uqobo.

Amaqhinga okulawula ukungahambisani nokuphikisana

Abazali banokunceda abantwana babo ukuba balawule i-ODD ngokuthi:

• ukwandisa ukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukuqiniswa okungalunganga
• ukusebenzisa isohlwayo esingaguquguqukiyo sokuziphatha gwenxa
• ukusebenzisa iimpendulo zokuba ngumzali eziqikelelweyo nezikhawulezileyo
• ukumodareyitha unxibelelwano oluqinisekileyo kwikhaya
• ukunciphisa imeko yokusingqongileyo okanye imeko (Umzekelo, ukuba isimilo esiphazamisayo somntwana wakho sibonakala sisanda ngokungabikho kokulala, qiniseka ukuba balala ngokwaneleyo.)

Abantu abadala abane-ODD banokulawula ukungahambi kakuhle kwabo ngokwenza oku:

• ukwamkela uxanduva ngezenzo zabo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo
• ukusebenzisa ingqondo kunye nokuphefumla okunzulu ukugcina umsindo uphantsi kolawulo
• ukufumana imisebenzi yokuphelisa uxinzelelo, njengokuzilolonga

Ukuphazamiseka okuchasayo kwigumbi lokufundela

Abazali asingabo bodwa abacelomngeni ngabantwana abane-ODD. Ngamanye amaxesha umntwana unokuziphatha kumzali kodwa angaziphathi kakuhle kootitshala esikolweni. Ootitshala bangasebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo ukunceda ukufundisa abafundi abane-ODD:

• Yazi ukuba iindlela zokuguqula isimilo ezisebenza kwabanye abafundi azinakusebenza kulo mfundi. Kuya kufuneka ubuze umzali ukuba yeyiphi eyona nto isebenzayo.
• Yiba nolindelo olucacileyo kunye nemithetho. Thumela imigaqo yeklasi kwindawo ebonakalayo.
• Yazi ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kwisimo sokufundela, kubandakanya ukubhola umlilo okanye ukulandelelana kwezifundo, kunokucaphukisa umntwana one-ODD.
• Bamba umntwana aphendule ngezenzo zakhe.
• Zama ukumisela ukuthembana nomfundi ngokunxibelelana ngokucacileyo nangokungaguquguquki.

I-Q & A: Ukuziphatha okungahambelaniyo ngokuchasene nokuphikiswa okungafunekiyo

Q:

Nguwuphi umahluko phakathi kokungaziphathi kakuhle kunye nokuphikiswa kokuchasana nokuphikisa?

Isigulana esingaziwayo

A:

Ukuphazamiseka okuchasayo yinto enobungozi ekuphuhliseni ukungaziphathi kakuhle (CD). Iikhrayitheriya zokuchonga ezinxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha zihlala zithathwa njengezinobuzaza kuneendlela ezichaphazelekayo ne-ODD. I-CD ibandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobuzaza ngakumbi kunocelomngeni kwigunya okanye isimilo sokuziphindezela, ezinje ngobusela, isimilo esihlasela abantu okanye izilwanyana, kunye nokonakaliswa kwepropathi. Imithetho ephulwe ngabantu abane-CD ingaba nzima kakhulu. Ukuziphatha okunxulunyaniswa nale meko nako kungabikho semthethweni, nto leyo ingeyiyo imeko ye-ODD.

UTimothy J. Legg, PhD, CRNPAIimpendulo zimele uluvo lweengcali zethu zonyango. Yonke imixholo inolwazi ngokungqongqo kwaye akufuneki ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo njengengcebiso yezonyango.