Ukusuka kwiMetabolism ukuya kwi-LSD: Abaphandi aba-7 abazilingelayo

Umxholo

• Kungcono okanye kubi, aba baphandi bayitshintshe inzululwazi
• ISantorio Santorio (1561-1636)
• UJohn Hunter (1728–1793)
• UDaniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)
• UBarry Marshall (1951-)
• UDavid Pritchard (1941–)
• Nge-Agasti ka-Bier (1861–1949)
• UAlbert Hofmann (1906-2008)
• Ngombulelo, inzululwazi ihambe indlela ende

Kungcono okanye kubi, aba baphandi bayitshintshe inzululwazi

Ngemimangaliso yamayeza anamhlanje, kulula ukulibala ukuba uninzi lwawo lwalukade lungaziwa.

Ngapha koko, ezinye zonyango lonyango lwanamhlanje (njenge-spinal anesthesia) kunye neenkqubo zomzimba (ezinje ngemetabolism yethu) ziye zaqondwa kuphela ngokwenza ulingelo-oko kukuthi, izazinzulu ezazizama "ukuzama ekhaya."

Ngelixa sinethamsanqa ngoku ukuba silawula kakhulu izilingo zeklinikhi, oku bekungasoloko kunjalo. Ngamanye amaxesha benesibindi, ngamanye amaxesha belahlekile, ezi nzulu zisixhenxe ziye zenza uvavanyo kwaye zanegalelo kwicandelo lezonyango njengoko sisazi namhlanje.

ISantorio Santorio (1561-1636)

Uzalelwe eVenice ngo-1561, uSantorio Santorio wanikela kakhulu kwicandelo lakhe ngelixa esebenza njengogqirha wabucala kwizidwangube kwaye kamva njengosihlalo wamayeza e-theoretical kwiYunivesithi yasePadua eyayidumile ngelo xesha- kubandakanya nomnye wabahloli bokuqala bezinga lentliziyo.

Kodwa elona bango lakhe likhulu lodumo yayikukuthanda kwakhe kakhulu ukuzilinganisela.

Waqulunqa isihlalo esikhulu ahlala kuso ukujonga ubunzima bakhe. Isiphelo sakhe yayikukulinganisa ubunzima besidlo ngasinye asityayo kwaye abone ukuba ubunzima obulahlekileyo xa buhla.

Njengokungaqhelekanga njengoko kuvakala, wayenobuchule, kwaye imilinganiselo yakhe yayichanekile.

Wathatha amanqaku aneenkcukacha zokuba utye kangakanani kwaye waphulukana nobunzima suku ngalunye, ekugqibeleni wagqiba kwelokuba ulahlekelwe sisiqingatha seponti suku ngalunye phakathi kwexesha lesidlo kunye nexesha langasese.

Khange akwazi ukuphendula ngendlela "imveliso" yakhe ebingaphantsi ngayo kunale ayithathileyo, uqale wayifaka le nto "kukubila okungavakaliyo," oko kuthetha ukuba siyaphefumla kwaye sikhupha ezinye zezinto ezigaywa yimizimba yethu njengezinto ezingabonakaliyo.

Leyo hypothesis yayinenkungu ngelo xesha, kodwa ngoku siyazi ukuba wayenengqiqo kwangoko kwinkqubo yemetabolism. Phantse wonke ugqirha namhlanje unokubulela uSantorio ngokubeka isiseko sokuqonda kwethu le nkqubo ibaluleke kakhulu yomzimba.

UJohn Hunter (1728–1793)

Ayizizo zonke iimvavanyo zakho ezihamba kakuhle, nangona.

Kwinkulungwane ye-18, abemi baseLondon babekhule ngokumasikizi. Njengokuba umsebenzi wokwabelana ngesondo wanda ngakumbi kwaye neekhondom zazingekabikho, izifo ezidluliselwa ngeentlobano zesini (ii-STD) zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba abantu benokufunda ngazo.

Bambalwa abantu ababesazi ukuba ezi ntsholongwane kunye neebhaktiriya zisebenza njani ngaphaya kosulelo lwabo ngokudibana ngokwesondo. Akukho sayensi ikhona malunga nendlela abaphuhlise ngayo okanye ukuba omnye wayenxulumene nomnye.

UJohn Hunter, ugqirha owaziwa ngcono ngokunceda ekuthinteleni ingqakaqha encinci, wayekholelwa ukuba i-STD gonorrhea yayisisiqendu sokuqala se-syphilis. Waye wacacisa ukuba ukuba isifo sokunganyangeki sinokunyangwa kwangethuba, iyakuthintela iimpawu zayo ukuba zinganyuki kwaye zibe yigcushuwa.

Ukwenza lo mahluko kungangqineka kubalulekile. Ngelixa i-gonorrhea yayinyangeka kwaye ingabulali, igcushuwa inokutshintsha ubomi kunye nokubulala.

Ke, uMzingeli onomdla ubeka ulwelo kwesinye sezigulana ezine-gonorrhea ekuzicoceni kwilungu lakhe lobudoda ukuze abone ukuba isifo siqhuba njani. Xa uHunter eqala ukubonisa iimpawu zezifo zombini, wayecinga ukuba uzakuphumelela.

Uphendulela, wayenjalo kakhulu gwenxa.

Ngokwenyani, isigulana ekuthiwa sithathe ubofu kuye Zombini Ii-STD.

Umzingeli wazinika isifo esibuhlungu sezesondo kwaye wathintela uphando lwe-STD phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. Okubi nangakumbi, wayeqinisekile oogqirha abaninzi ukuba basebenzise umphunga we-mercury kwaye banqumle izilonda ezosulelekileyo, bekholelwa ukuba ziya kumisa i-syphilis ekuphuhliseni.

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50 emva “kokufumanisa” kwakhe, ithiyori kaHunter yagqitywa xa ugqirha waseFrance uPhilippe Ricord, eyinxalenye yenani elandayo labaphandi ngokuchasene nethiyori kaHunter (kunye nendlela yakhe enempikiswano yokwazisa ii-STD kubantu ababengenazo), kuvavanywa ngokuqatha kwizilonda kubantu abanesifo esinye okanye zombini.

URicord ekugqibeleni wafumanisa ukuba ezi zifo zibini zahlukile. Uphando kwezi STD zimbini ziqhubele phambili ngokucacileyo ukusuka apho.

UDaniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)

Abanye abazilingelayo bahlawula elona xabiso liphezulu ekulandeleni ukuqonda impilo yabantu kunye nezifo. Kwaye bambalwa abalingeneyo eli tyala kunye noDaniel Carrión.

Ngelixa wayefunda kwi-Universidad uSodolophu waseSan Marcos eLima, ePeru, umfundi wezonyango uCarrión weva ngokuqhambuka komkhuhlane omangalisayo kwisixeko saseLa Oroya. Abasebenzi bakaloliwe apho babe ne-anemia enkulu njengenxalenye yemeko eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Oroya fever."

Bambalwa abayiqondayo indlela le meko eyabangelwa okanye yokuhanjiswa ngayo. Kodwa uCarrión wayenombono: Kusenokubakho unxibelelwano phakathi kweempawu ezibukhali ze-Oroya fever kunye ne "verruga peruana" enganyangekiyo, okanye "iintsumpa zasePeru." Kwaye wayenombono wokuvavanya le ithiyori: uzijoje ngenaliti yesifo esosulelekileyo kwaye ubone ukuba ufumanisile na umkhuhlane.

Ke yile nto ayenzileyo.

Nge-Agasti ka-1885, wathatha izicwili ezazigula kwisigulana esineminyaka eli-14 ubudala kwaye oogxa bakhe bamjova ezingalweni zakhe zombini. Kwisithuba nje esingaphezulu kwenyanga kamva, uCarrión wavelisa iimpawu ezinzima, njengomkhuhlane, ukugodola kunye nokudinwa okukhulu. Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba 1885, wasweleka ngenxa yomkhuhlane.

Kodwa umnqweno wakhe wokufunda ngesi sifo nokunceda abo basosuleleyo kukhokelele kuphando olunzulu kule nkulungwane ilandelayo, ekhokelela kwizazinzulu ekuchongeni iintsholongwane ezibangela umkhuhlane kunye nokufunda ukunyanga imeko. Abangena ezihlangwini zakhe bathiya imeko ukuze bakhumbule igalelo lakhe.

UBarry Marshall (1951-)

Ayizizo zonke iimvavanyo ezizezakho eziyingozi eziphela kwintlekele, nangona.

Ngo-1985, u-Barry Marshall, ingcali yezamayeza kwangaphakathi e-Royal Perth Hospital e-Australia, kunye neqabane lakhe kwezophando, u-J. Robin Warren, babekhathazekile yiminyaka yezindululo zophando ezingaphumelelanga malunga ne-gut bacteria.

Ithiyori yabo yayikukuba amathumbu egciwane angabangela izifo zesisu- kule meko, Helicobacter pylori -Kodwa ijenali emva kokuba ijenali yawala amabango abo, ukufumana ubungqina babo kwiinkcubeko zaselebhu akuqinisekisi.

Icandelo lezonyango alizange likholelwe ngexesha lokuba iibhaktheriya zingaphila kwisisu esiswini. Kodwa uMarshall wayenjalo. Ke, wayithathela ezandleni zakhe imicimbi. Okanye kule meko, isisu sakhe.

Usele isisombululo esine H. pylori, ucinga ukuba uyakufumana isilonda esiswini ngelinye ixesha kwikamva elikude. Kodwa wakhawuleza wavelisa iimpawu ezincinci, ezinje ngokuba nesicaphucaphu kunye nokuphefumla kakubi. Kwaye kungaphelanga neveki, waqala wagabha, naye.

Ngexesha le-endoscopy kungekudala emva koko, kwafunyaniswa ukuba H. pylori wayesele esigcwalisile isisu sakhe ngamathanga eebhaktiriya ahambele phambili. UMarshall kuye kwafuneka athathe ii-antibiotics ukugcina usulelo lungabangeli ukudumba okunokubulala kunye nezifo zesisu.

Kwavela: Iibhaktheriya ngokwenene zingabangela izifo zesisu.

Ukubandezeleka kwakufanelekile xa yena noWarren banikezelwa ngeBhaso likaNobel kwezonyango ngokufumanisa kwabo ngendleko zikaMarshall (kufutshane nokubulala).

Kwaye okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, ii-antibiotics zeemeko zesisu ezinjengezilonda zepeptic ezibangelwa H. pylori Iibhaktheriya ngoku zifumaneka ngokubanzi kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-6 abafumana ukuxilongwa kwezi zilonda minyaka le.

UDavid Pritchard (1941–)

Ukuba ukusela i-gut gut bacteria kwakungalunganga ngokwaneleyo, uDavid Pritchard, unjingalwazi we-parasite immunology kwiYunivesithi yase-Nottingham e-United Kingdom, waya ngakumbi ukubonisa ubungqina.

UPritchard uthinte ama-hookworms angama-50 engalweni yakhe waze wavumela ukuba akhase ngesikhumba sakhe ukumosulela.

Ukupholisa.

Kodwa uPritchard wayenenjongo ethe ngqo engqondweni yakhe xa wayesenza olu vavanyo ngo-2004. Wayekholelwa ekubeni uzosulela ngaye I-Necator yaseMelika I-hookworms inokwenza ukuba i-allergies yakho ibengcono.

Wayifumana njani le ngcamango ingaqhelekanga?

UPritchard oselula wayehamba ePapua New Guinea ngee-1980s kwaye waqaphela ukuba abahlali abanolu hlobo losulelo lwe-hookworm babeneempawu ezimbalwa kakhulu zokwaliwa ngaphandle koontanga babo ababengenalo usulelo.

Uqhubeke nokuphuhlisa le ithiyori ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, de wagqiba kwelokuba lixesha lokuba ayivivinye.

Uvavanyo lukaPritchard lubonise ukuba usulelo oluncinci lwe-hookworm lunokunciphisa iimpawu zokungabikho komzimba ngokunyanga kwamanye amazwe okuza kubangela ukuvuvukala, njengaleyo ebangela iimeko ezifana ne-asthma.

Izifundo ezininzi zovavanyo lwethiyori kaPritchard sele iqhutyiwe, kunye neziphumo ezixubeneyo.

Uphononongo luka-2017 kwi-Clinical and Translational Immunology lufumanise ukuba ii-hookworms zikhupha iprotein ebizwa ngokuba yi-anti-inflammatory protein 2 (AIP-2), enokuqeqesha amajoni akho omzimba ukuba angatshisi izicubu xa uphefumla i-allergies okanye i-asthma. Le proteni inokusetyenziswa kunyango lwe-asthma kwikamva.

Kodwa kwiKlinikhi kunye novavanyo loNyango aluthembisi kangako. Ayifumananga mpembelelo yokwenyani ukusuka kwi-hookworms kwiimpawu zesifuba ngaphandle kokuphucula okuncinci ekuphefumlweni.

Okwangoku, unokudutyulwa kunye ne-hookworms ngokwakho - ngexabiso elifikelelekayo le- $ 3,900.

Kodwa ukuba ukwinqanaba apho uqwalasela i-hookworms, sicebisa ukuba silandele unyango olungqinelanayo ngakumbi, olunje nge-allergen immunotherapy okanye ii-antihistamines ezingaphezu kwe-counter.

Nge-Agasti ka-Bier (1861–1949)

Ngelixa ezinye izazinzulu zitshintsha ikhosi yeyeza ukubonisa ubungqina obunyanzelekileyo, abanye, njengo-Ugqirha waseJamani u-August Bier, bakwenza oko ukuze kuzuze abaguli babo.

Ngo-1898, esinye sezigulana zika-Bier kwisibhedlele iRoyal Surgical Hospital seYunivesithi yaseKiel eJamani asavumi ukwenziwa uqhaqho losuleleko lwamaqatha, nanjengoko wayeneziphumo ezibi zokuthomalalisa iintlungu ngexesha lotyando oludlulileyo.

Ke uBier ucebise enye indlela: icocaine itofwe ngqo kumqolo womqolo.

Kwaye kuyasebenza. Ngecocaine emqolo, isigulana sihlala siphaphile ngexesha lenkqubo ngaphandle kokuziva ndikhathalelwe ziintlungu. Kodwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, isigulana sasiya sigabha kanobom neentlungu.

Ezimisele ukuphucula ekufumaneni kwakhe, u-Bier wazithathela kuye ukuze afezekise indlela yakhe ngokucela umncedisi wakhe, u-August Hildebrandt, ukuba afake inaliti kwifom yesisombululo se-cocaine emqolo.

Kodwa u-Hildebrandt wayirhabaxa inaliti ngokusebenzisa ubungakanani benaliti engeyiyo, ebangela ulwelo lwe-cerebrospinal fluid kunye necocaine ukuba ithulule inaliti lo gama isabambekile kumqolo ka Bier. Ke uBier wafumana umbono wokuzama inaliti ku-Hildebrandt endaweni yoko.

Kwaye kuyasebenza. Kwiiyure ezininzi, uHildebrandt waziva engenanto kwaphela. U-Bier ukuvavanye oku ngeendlela ezihlazo. Watsala iinwele zikaHildebrandt, watshisa ulusu, wade wakhamisa namasende akhe.

Ngelixa zombini iinzame zika-Bier kunye no-Hildebrandt zazala i-spinal anesthesia ejojowe ngqo emqolo (njengoko isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje), amadoda aziva ezibi ngeveki okanye emva koko.

Kodwa ngexa u-Bier wayehlala ekhaya kwaye ebangcono, u-Hildebrandt, njengomncedisi, kwafuneka ayogubungela u-Bier esibhedlele ngexesha lokuchacha kwakhe. U-Hildebrandt akazange ayigqibe (iyaqondakala loo nto), kwaye waqhawula ubudlelwane bakhe kunye noBier.

UAlbert Hofmann (1906-2008)

Nangona i-lysergic acid diethylamide (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-LSD) ihlala inxulunyaniswa neehippies, i-LSD iya isiba yinto ethandwayo kwaye ifundisisa ngakumbi. Abantu bathatha ii-microdoses ze-LSD ngenxa yezibonelelo zayo ezichongiweyo: ukuba nemveliso ngakumbi, uyeke ukutshaya, kwaye ubenee-epiphanies zelinye ilizwe ngobomi.

Kodwa i-LSD njengoko siyazi namhlanje ngekhe ibekhona ngaphandle kuka-Albert Hofmann.

Kwaye uHofmann, usokhemisti owazalelwa eSwitzerland owayesebenza kumzi-mveliso wamayeza, wakufumanisa oko ngengozi.

Yonke le nto yaqala ngolunye usuku ngo-1938, xa uHofmann wayengcungcutheka emsebenzini eSandoz Laboratories eBasel, eSwitzerland. Ngelixa kwakudityaniswa izinto zezityalo ukuze zisetyenziswe emayezeni, wadibanisa izinto ezivela kwi-lysergic acid kunye nezinto ezivela kwi-squill, isityalo esinyangayo esisetyenziswa kwiinkulungwane ngamaYiputa, amaGrike kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ekuqaleni, akazange enze nto ngalo mxube. Kodwa kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, ngo-Epreli 19, 1943, uHofmann wayezama kwakhona kwaye, echukumisa ubuso bakhe engacinganga ngeminwe yakhe, ngempazamo watya ezinye.

Emva koko, waxela ukuba waziva engenakuphumla, enesiyezi, kwaye enxilile kancinci. Kodwa xa evala amehlo akhe kwaye eqala ukubona imifanekiso eqaqambileyo, imifanekiso, kunye nemibala engqondweni yakhe, waqonda ukuba lo mxube ungaqhelekanga awudale emsebenzini unamandla angakholelekiyo.

Ke ngosuku olulandelayo, wazama nangakumbi. Kwaye xa wayehamba ngebhayisekile egoduka, waziva iziphumo kwakhona: uhambo lokuqala lwe-LSD.

Olu suku lwaziwa ngoku njengoSuku lweBhayisikile (ngo-Epreli 19, 1943) ngenxa yokuba i-LSD iza kuba yeyiphi na kamva: Isizukulwana sonke “sabantwana abaziintyatyambo” sithathe i-LSD ukuba “sandise iingqondo zabo” kwisithuba esingaphantsi kwamashumi amabini eminyaka kamva kwaye, kutshanje, jonga ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengonyango.

Ngombulelo, inzululwazi ihambe indlela ende

Kule mihla, akukho sizathu sokuba umphandi onamava - ngakumbi umntu wemihla ngemihla - ukubeka imizimba yabo emngciphekweni ngeendlela ezigqithileyo.

Ngelixa indlela yokuzilinga ngokwakho, ngakumbi ngohlobo lwamayeza asekhaya kunye nezongezo, ngokuqinisekileyo inokuhenda, ngumngcipheko ongeyomfuneko. Iyeza namhlanje livavanywa ngokungqongqo ngaphambi kokuba libethe ezishelfini. Sikwanethamsanqa lokufikelela kumzimba okhulayo wophando lwezonyango olusinika amandla okwenza izigqibo ezikhuselekileyo nezisempilweni.

Aba baphandi bancama la madini ukuze izigulana ezizayo zinganyanzelekanga. Ke, eyona ndlela yokubabulela kukuba uzikhathalele-kwaye ushiye icocaine, ukugabha kunye ne-hookworms kubaqeqeshi.

UTim Jewell ngumbhali, umhleli, kunye nolwimi olusekwe eChino Hills, CA. Umsebenzi wakhe uvele kupapasho lweenkampani ezininzi ezikhokelayo kwezempilo nakwimithombo yeendaba, kubandakanya neHealthline kunye neWalt Disney Inkampani.