Izitofu zokugonya: ziyintoni, ziindidi kwaye zezantoni

Umxholo

• Iindidi zokugonya
• Zenziwa njani izitofu zokugonya
• Isigaba 1
• Inqanaba 2
• Isigaba 3:
• Ishedyuli yokugonya kuzwelonke
• 1. Iintsana ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-9
• 2. Abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-1 ukuya kweli-9 ubudala
• 
  3. Abantu abadala nabantwana abaneminyaka eli-10 ubudala
• Eyona mibuzo iqhelekileyo malunga nezitofu zokugonya
• 1. Ngaba ukhuselo lokugonya luthatha ubomi bonke?
• 2. Ingaba izitofu zingasetyenziswa xa ukhulelwe?
• 3. Ingaba izitofu zokugonya zibangela ukuba abantu bafe isiqaqa?
• 4. Ngaba abasetyhini abancancisayo bangafumana izitofu zokugonya?
• 5. Ngaba unokufumana isitofu esingaphezulu kwesinye ngexesha elinye?
• 6. Ziintoni izitofu zokugonya ezidityanisiweyo?

Amachiza zizinto eziveliswa elebhu eyona nto iphambili kuyo kukuqeqesha amajoni omzimba ngokuchasene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zosulelo, kuba zikhuthaza imveliso yeentsholongwane, ezizizinto eziveliswa ngumzimba ukulwa neentsholongwane ezihlaselayo. Ke, umzimba uvelisa izilwa-buhlungu ngaphambi kokudibana ne-microorganism, uwushiye ulungele ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza xa oku kusenzeka.

Nangona uninzi lwezitofu zokugonya kufuneka zenziwe ngenaliti, kukwakho izitofu zokugonya ezinokuthi zithathwe ngomlomo, njengoko kunjalo nge-OPV, esisigonyo sepoliyo somlomo.

Ukongeza ekulungiseleleni umzimba ukuba uphendule kusulelo, ukugonya kukwehlisa ubunzulu beempawu kwaye kukhusele bonke abantu ekuhlaleni, njengoko kunciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo lwezifo. Jonga izizathu ezi-6 ezifanelekileyo zokugonya kwaye ugcine incwadi yokupasa ihlaziyiwe.

Iindidi zokugonya

Amachiza anokuhlelwa kwiindidi ezimbini eziphambili, kuxhomekeke kubume bazo:

• Amayeza okugonya attenuated I-microorganism ejongene nesifo ihamba kwiinkqubo ezininzi kwibhubhoratri ezinciphisa umsebenzi wazo. Ke, xa kugonywa isitofu sokugonya, impendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ngokuchasene nale ntsholongwane iyakhuthazeka, kodwa akukho kuphuhliswa kwesi sifo, njengoko i-microorganism ibuthathaka. Imizekelo yezitofu zokugonya ye-BCG, yintsholongwane kathathu kunye nerhashalala;
• Izitofu zentsholongwane engasebenziyo okanye efileyo: ziqulathe ii-microorganisms, okanye amaqhekeza ezo zinto zingaphili evuselela impendulo yomzimba, njengoko kunjalo ngogonyo lwe-hepatitis kunye nogonyo lwe-meningococcal.

Ukusukela ngelaxesha lokugonywa kweyeza, amajoni omzimba asebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwi-microorganism, okanye iziqwengana zawo, ekhuthaza ukuveliswa kwee-antibodies ezithile. Ukuba umntu uthe wadibana ne-arhente echaphazelayo kwixa elizayo, amajoni omzimba sele ekwazi ukulwa nokuthintela ukukhula kwesi sifo.

Zenziwa njani izitofu zokugonya

Ukuveliswa kwezitofu zokugonya nokwenza ukuba zifumaneke kubemi bonke yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya uthotho lwamanyathelo, yiyo loo nto ukwenziwa kwamayeza okugonya kungathatha phakathi kweenyanga ukuya kwiminyaka eliqela.

Amanqanaba abaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokudala isitofu yile:

Isigaba 1

Iyeza lokulinga liyenziwa livavanywe ngamaqhekeza abantu abafileyo, elingasebenziyo okanye elincitshisiweyo le-microorganism okanye i-arhente eyosulelayo kwinani elincinci labantu, emva koko ukuphendula komzimba kujongwa emva kolawulo lwesitofu kunye nophuhliso lweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Esi sigaba sokuqala sithatha i-avareji yeminyaka emi-2 kwaye ukuba kukho iziphumo ezonelisayo, iyeza lokugonya liya kwinqanaba lesibini.

Inqanaba 2

Isitofu sokugonya esifanayo siqala ukuvavanywa kwinani elikhulu labantu, umzekelo i-1000 labantu, kwaye ukongeza ekuqwalaseleni indlela umzimba wakho ophendula ngayo kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezenzekayo, sizama ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba iidosi ezahlukeneyo ziyasebenza na ukuze kufumaneke idosi eyaneleyo, eneziphumo ezinobungozi obuncinci, kodwa ekwaziyo ukukhusela bonke abantu, kwihlabathi liphela.

Isigaba 3:

Ukuthatha ukuba isitofu sokugonya esifanayo siphumelele kwade kwafika isigaba sesi-2, siya kwinqanaba lesithathu, elibandakanya ukufaka iyeza kwinani elikhulu labantu, umzekelo u-5000, nokujonga ukuba ngaba bakhuselekile ngenene okanye hayi.

Nangona kunjalo, kwanesitofu sokugonya kwinqanaba lokugqibela lovavanyo, kubalulekile ukuba umntu amkele amanyathelo afanayo okhuseleko nxamnye nongcoliseko yiarhente esosulelayo ejongene nesi sifo kuthethwa ngaso. Ke, ukuba ngaba isitofu sokuvavanya sisichasene ne-HIV, umzekelo, kubalulekile ukuba umntu aqhubeke nokusebenzisa iikhondom kwaye aphephe ukwabelana ngenaliti.

Ishedyuli yokugonya kuzwelonke

Kukho izitofu zokugonya eziyinxalenye yesicwangciso sokugonya sikazwelonke, esinikwa simahla, kunye nezinye ezinokuqhutywa ngengcebiso yezonyango okanye ukuba umntu lowo uye kwiindawo apho kukho umngcipheko wokosulelwa sisifo esosulelayo.

Izitofu zokugonya eziyinxalenye yesicwangciso sokugonya sesizwe kwaye ezinokuqhutywa simahla zibandakanya:

1. Iintsana ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-9

Kwiintsana ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-9 ubudala, ezona zitofu zokugonya ziphambili kwisicwangciso sokugonya zezi:

2. Abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-1 ukuya kweli-9 ubudala

Kubantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-1 ukuya kweli-9 ubudala, izitofu zokugonya eziphambili ezichazwe kwisicwangciso sokugonya zezi:

3. Abantu abadala nabantwana abaneminyaka eli-10 ubudala

Kubantu abafikisayo, kubantu abadala, kubantu abadala nakwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo, izitofu zihlala ziboniswa xa isicwangciso sokugonya besingalandelwanga ebuntwaneni. Ke, izitofu zokugonya eziphambili ezichaziweyo ngeli xesha zezi:

Bukela le vidiyo ilandelayo kwaye uqonde ukuba kutheni ugonyo lubaluleke kangaka:

Eyona mibuzo iqhelekileyo malunga nezitofu zokugonya

1. Ngaba ukhuselo lokugonya luthatha ubomi bonke?

Ngamanye amaxesha, inkumbulo ye-immunological ihlala ixesha lokuphila, nangona kunjalo, kwezinye, kuyafuneka ukomeleza isitofu sokugonya, esifana nesifo se-meningococcal, diphtheria okanye tetanus, umzekelo.

Kukwabalulekile nokwazi ukuba iyeza lokuthintela lithatha ixesha ukuqala ukusebenza, ke ukuba umntu wosuleleka kwakamsinya emva kokuba elithathile, isitofu sokugonya sisenokungasebenzi kwaye umntu angasifumana esi sifo.

2. Ingaba izitofu zingasetyenziswa xa ukhulelwe?

Ewe, njengokuba eli liqela elinomngcipheko, abasetyhini abakhulelweyo kufuneka bathathe ezinye izitofu zokugonya, ezinjengokugonya umkhuhlane, hepatitis B, ukubola komqala, isifo sokuqina kwemiphunga kunye nokukhohlela, ezisetyenziselwa ukukhusela umfazi okhulelweyo kunye nosana. Ukulawulwa kwamanye amayeza okugonya kufuneka kuvavanywe ngokwamatyala kwaye kumiselwe ngugqirha. Jonga ukuba zeziphi izitofu zokugonya ezibonisiweyo ngexa lokukhulelwa.

3. Ingaba izitofu zokugonya zibangela ukuba abantu bafe isiqaqa?

Hayi. Ngokubanzi, abantu abadlulayo emva kokufumana isitofu sokugonya kungenxa yokuba bayoyika inaliti, kuba baziva iintlungu kunye nokothuka.

4. Ngaba abasetyhini abancancisayo bangafumana izitofu zokugonya?

Ewe, amayeza okugonya anokunikwa abasetyhini abancancisayo, ukuthintela umama ekugqithiseni usulelo lweentsholongwane okanye ibacteria emntwaneni, nangona kunjalo kubalulekile ukuba owasetyhini akhokelwe ngugqirha. Ekuphela kwezitofu zokugonya ezichasene nabasetyhini abancancisayo yi-yellow fever kunye nedengue.

5. Ngaba unokufumana isitofu esingaphezulu kwesinye ngexesha elinye?

Ewe: Ukulawula isitofu sokugonya esingaphezu kwesinye ngexesha akuyongozi impilo yakho.

6. Ziintoni izitofu zokugonya ezidityanisiweyo?

Izitofu zokugonya ezidityanisiweyo zezo zikhusela umntu kwisifo esingaphezulu kwesinye nalapho kufuneka kwenziwe inaliti enye, njengoko kunjalo kwintsholongwane kathathu, i-tetraviral okanye i-penta yebacteria, umzekelo.