Isitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19: isebenza njani kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga

Umxholo

• Zisebenza njani iZitofu ze-COVID-19
• Ibalwa njani impumelelo yesitofu sokugonya?
• Ngaba isitofu sokugonya siyasebenza ngokuchasene neentsholongwane ezintsha?
• Xa izitofu zokuqala zinokufika
• Isicwangciso sokugonya eBrazil
• Isicwangciso sokugonya ePortugal
• Ukwazi njani ukuba uyinxalenye yeqela lomngcipheko
• Ngubani oye wafumana i-COVID-19 onokufumana isitofu sokugonya?
• Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokwenzeka
• Ngubani ongafanele afumane isitofu sokugonya
• Vavanya ulwazi lwakho
• Ugonyo lwe-COVID-19: vavanya ulwazi lwakho!

Amachiza okulwa i-COVID-19 ayafundwa kwaye aphuhliswa kwihlabathi liphela ukuzama ukulwa ubhubhane obangelwe yi-coronavirus entsha. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lunyango lwePfizer kuphela olugunyazisiweyo yi-WHO, kodwa uninzi lukhona kwinkqubo yovavanyo.

Amachiza amathandathu okugonya abonise ezona ziphumo zithembisayo zezi:

• IPfizer kunye neBioNTech (BNT162): Amayeza okugonya aseNyakatho Melika naseJamani ayesebenze ngempumelelo angama-90% kwisigaba sesi-3 sophando;
• Namhlanje (mRNA-1273): isitofu sokugonya saseNyakatho Melika sasiyi-94.5% esebenzayo kwisigaba sesithathu sophando;
• IZiko loPhando laseGamaleya (Sputnik V)isitofu sokugonya saseRussia sasine-91.6% esebenzayo ngokuchasene ne-COVID-19;
• I-AstraZeneca kunye neYunivesithi yaseOxford (AZD1222)isitofu sokugonya sesiNgesi sikwisigaba sesithathu sophando kwaye kwisigaba sokuqala sabonisa ukusebenza kwe-70.4%;
• ISinovac (iCoronavac): isitofu sokugonya saseTshayina esenziwe ngokubambisana neZiko le-Butantan sibonise ukusebenza ngokukuko kwe-78% yamatyala amancinci kunye ne-100% yosulelo olulinganiselweyo nolubi;
• UJohnson noJohnson (JNJ-78436735): ngokweziphumo zokuqala, iyeza lokugonya laseNyakatho Melika libonakala ngathi linamazinga okusebenza aqala kuma-66 ukuya kuma-85%, kwaye eli zinga liyahluka ngokwelizwe elisetyenziswa kulo.

Ukongeza kwezi, ezinye izitofu ezifana neNVX-CoV2373, ezivela eNovavax, Ad5-nCoV, ezivela eCanSino okanye eCovaxin, ezivela kwiBharat Biotech, zikwinqanaba lesi-3 lofundo, kodwa azikabinazo iziphumo.

Ugqirha Esper Kallas, isifo esosulelayo kunye noNjingalwazi opheleleyo weSebe lezifo ezosulelayo kunye neziParasiti e-FMUSP ucacisa amathandabuzo aphambili malunga nogonyo:

Zisebenza njani iZitofu ze-COVID-19

Izitofu zokulwa ne-COVID-19 ziye zaphuhliswa ngokusekwe kwiintlobo ezintathu zetekhnoloji:

• Itekhnoloji yemfuza yomthunywa we-RNA: Itekhnoloji esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yezitofu zokugonya izilwanyana kwaye ezenza iiseli ezisempilweni emzimbeni zivelise iprotein enye esetyenziswa yicoronavirus ukungena kwiiseli. Ngokwenza njalo, amajoni omzimba anyanzeliswa ukuba avelise izilwa-buhlungu ezithi, ngexesha losulelo, zinokuthomalalisa iprotein ye-coronavirus yokwenyani kwaye ithintele usulelo ekuphuhliseni. Obu bubuchwepheshe obusetyenziswa kwizitofu zokugonya ezivela ePfizer naseModerna;
• Ukusetyenziswa kweeadenoviruses eziguqulweyo: Iqukethe ukusebenzisa ii-adenoviruses, ezingenabungozi emzimbeni womntu, kunye nokuziguqula ngokwendalo ukuze zisebenze ngendlela efanayo ne-coronavirus, kodwa ngaphandle komngcipheko kwimpilo. Oku kubangela ukuba amajoni omzimba aqeqeshe kwaye avelise izilwa-buhlungu ezikwaziyo ukuyiphelisa intsholongwane kwimeko yosulelo. Obu bubuchwepheshe obusemva kwezitofu ezisuka e-Astrazeneca, Sputnik V kunye nesitofu sokugonya esivela kuJohnson & Johnson;
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-coronavirus engasebenziyo: ifom engasebenziyo ye-coronavirus entsha isetyenzisiwe engabangeli usulelo okanye iingxaki zempilo, kodwa evumela umzimba ukuba uvelise izilwa-buhlungu eziyimfuneko ukulwa intsholongwane.

Zonke ezi ndlela zokusebenza zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye sele zisebenza kwimveliso yezitofu zokugonya ezinye izifo.

Ibalwa njani impumelelo yesitofu sokugonya?

Izinga lokusebenza kwesitofu sokugonya ngasinye libalwa ngokusekwe kwinani labantu abaphuhlise usulelo kwaye babegonyiwe ngenene, xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangakhange bagonywe kwaye bafumana i-placebo.

Umzekelo, kwimeko yesitofu sokugonya sePfizer, kwafundwa abantu abangama-44,000 kwaye, kweli qela, kuphela ngama-94 abagqibe ukuphuhlisa i-COVID-19. Kwabo bangama-94, abayi-9 yayingabantu ababegonyiwe, ngelixa abangama-85 abaseleyo yayingabantu ababefumene i-placebo kwaye ke ngoko bengalufumani ugonyo. Ngokwala manani, ireyithi yokusebenza imalunga ne-90%.

Ukuqonda ngcono ukuba yintoni i-placebo kwaye yenzelwe ntoni.

Ngaba isitofu sokugonya siyasebenza ngokuchasene neentsholongwane ezintsha?

Ngokophononongo olwenziwe ngogonyo lwePfizer neBioNTech^[3], izilwa-buhlungu ezikhuthazwe sisixhobo sokugonya sibonisiwe ukuba sihlala sisebenza ngokuchasene neenguqulelo ezintsha ze-coronavirus, e-UK nase Mzantsi Afrika.

Ukongeza, uphononongo lukwabonisa ukuba isitofu sokugonya kufuneka sihlale sisebenza kolunye uguquko olunokwenzeka kwintsholongwane.

Xa izitofu zokuqala zinokufika

Kulindeleke ukuba izitofu zokuqala zokulwa i-COVID-19 ziqale ukuhanjiswa ngoJanuwari 2021. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokusekwa kweenkqubo ezizodwa ezivumela ukukhutshwa okungxamisekileyo kwezitofu ngaphandle kokuya kuzo zonke izigaba zokuvunywa ezichazwe ngu NGUBANI.

Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo kwaye ngokwe-WHO, iyeza kufuneka likhutshwe kuphela kubemi emva kokugqiba la manyathelo alandelayo:

1. Ilabhoratri evelisa isitofu sokugonya kufuneka yenze inqanaba elikhulu lezifundo ezi-3 ezibonisa iziphumo ezanelisayo kukhuseleko nokusebenza ngempumelelo;
2. Isitofu sokugonya kufuneka sivavanywe ngamaziko azimeleyo kwelebhu, kubandakanya nequmrhu elilawulayo leli lizwe, elise-Brazil yiAnvisa, nasePortugal.
3. Iqela labaphandi elikhethwe yi-WHO lihlalutya idatha efunyenwe kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokucwangcisa ukuba isitofu ngasinye masisetyenziswe njani;
4. Izitofu ezigunyazisiweyo ze-WHO kufuneka zikwazi ukuveliswa ngesixa esikhulu;
5. Kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba izitofu zokugonya zingahanjiswa kuwo onke amazwe ngqongqo olukhulu.

I-WHO idibanise imikhosi ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuvunywa kwesitofu sokugonya ngasinye iqhuba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye abalawuli kwilizwe ngalinye bavumile ukugunyaziswa okukhethekileyo kwezitofu ze-COVID-19.

Kwimeko yaseBrazil, iAnvisa ivume isigunyaziso sethutyana kunye nesexakeka esivumela ukuba ezinye izitofu zisetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza kwamanye amaqela abemi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zitofu kufuneka zithobele imigaqo ethile esisiseko kwaye zinokuhanjiswa kuphela yi-SUS.

Isicwangciso sokugonya eBrazil

Kwisicwangciso sokuqala esikhutshwe liSebe lezeMpilo^[1]ugonyo luza kwahlulwa lube ngamanqanaba ama-4 ukufikelela kumaqela aphambili, nangona kunjalo, uhlaziyo olutsha lubonisa ukuba ukugonya kunokwenziwa kwizigaba ezi-3 eziphambili:

• Isigaba sokuqalaabasebenzi bezempilo, abantu abangaphezu kwama-75, abantu bomthonyama kunye nabantu abangaphezu kwama-60 abahlala kumaziko baya kugonywa;
• Isigaba 2abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 bazakugonywa;
• Isigaba sesi-3: abantu abanezinye izifo baya kugonywa okwandisa umngcipheko wosulelo olubi yi-COVID-19, njengesifo seswekile, uxinzelelo lwegazi, isifo sezintso, phakathi kwezinye;

Emva kokuba amaqela aphambili emngciphekweni egonyiwe, ukugonyelwa i-COVID-19 kuyakwenziwa ukuba kufumaneke kubantu bonke.

Izitofu ezivunyiweyo ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokungxamisekileyo ngu-Anvisa yiCoronavac, eveliswe liZiko le-Butantan ngokubambisana ne-Sinovac, kunye ne-AZD1222, eveliswe ilebhu ye-AstraZeneca ngokubambisana neYunivesithi yaseOxford.

Isicwangciso sokugonya ePortugal

Isicwangciso sokugonya ePortugal^[2] ibonisa ukuba isitofu sokugonya kufuneka siqale ukuhanjiswa ekupheleni kukaDisemba, silandela izikhokelo ezivunywe yi-Arhente yamaYeza yaseYurophu.

Izigaba ezintathu zokugonya zibonwe kwangaphambili:

• Isigaba sokuqala: iingcali zezempilo, abasebenzi bamakhaya abalupheleyo kunye neeyunithi zokhathalelo, iingcali kwimikhosi exhobileyo, imikhosi yezokhuseleko kunye nabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 nezinye izifo ezinxulumene noko;
• Isigaba sesi-2: abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala;
• Isigaba sesi-3: abantu abaseleyo.

Amayeza okugonya aya kusiwa simahla kumaziko ezempilo nakwiindawo zokugonya kwi-NHS.

Ukwazi njani ukuba uyinxalenye yeqela lomngcipheko

Ukufumanisa ukuba ulilungu leqela elisemngciphekweni wokukhula okunobunzima kwi-COVID-19, thatha uvavanyo lwe-Intanethi:

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Qalisa uvavanyo Ngesondo:

• Indoda
• Abafazi

Ubudala: Ubunzima: Ukuphakama: Kwiimitha. Unaso isifo esinganyangekiyo?

• Hayi
• Seswekile
• Uxinzelelo lwegazi
• Umhlaza
• Isifo sentliziyo
• Okunye

Unaso isifo esichaphazela amajoni omzimba?

• Hayi
• ILupus
• Isifo sokugubhuka
• Isifo seanemia
• Intsholongwane kaGawulayo / uGawulayo
• Okunye

Ngaba unayo i-Down syndrome?

• Ewe
• Hayi

Ngaba uyatshaya?

• Ewe
• Hayi

Ngaba ukhutshiwe?

• Ewe
• Hayi

Ngaba uyawasebenzisa amayeza kagqirha?

• Hayi
• ICorticosteroids, enjengePrednisolone
• Amajoni omzimba, njengeCyclosporine
• Okunye

Edlulileyo Elandelayo

Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba olu vavanyo lubonisa umngcipheko onokubakho wokufumana iingxaki ezinkulu ukuba wosulelwe yi-COVID-19 hayi umngcipheko wokufumana esi sifo. Kungenxa yokuba, umngcipheko wokufumana esi sifo awonyuki ngenxa yembali yezempilo yakho, inxulumene kuphela nemikhwa yemihla ngemihla, njengokungahlali umgama ekuhlaleni, ukungazihlambi izandla okanye ukusebenzisa imaski yokuzikhusela.

Jonga yonke into onokuyenza ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana i-COVID-19.

Ngubani oye wafumana i-COVID-19 onokufumana isitofu sokugonya?

Isikhokelo kukuba bonke abantu banokugonywa ngokukhuselekileyo, nokuba babengenalo usulelo lwe-COVID-19 lwangaphambili. Nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba emva kokosuleleka umzimba uvela kukhuseleko lwendalo ngokuchasene nentsholongwane kangangeentsuku ezingama-90, olunye uphononongo lukwabonisa ukuba ukhuselo olunikezwa ngugonyo lufikelela kumaxesha ama-3 amakhulu.

Ukuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo kwisitofu sokugonya kuthathwa ngokuba kuyasebenza emva kokuba kwenziwe idosi yesitofu sokugonya.

Ngayiphi na imeko, ukugonywa okanye ukosuleleka kwangaphambili yi-COVID-19, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuqhubeke ukwamkelwa kwamanyathelo okhuseleko, njengokugqoka imaski, ukuhlamba izandla rhoqo kunye nomgama ekuhlaleni.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokwenzeka

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinokubakho zazo zonke izitofu eziveliswa ngokuchasene ne-COVID-19 azikaziwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokophando lwezitofu zokugonya eziveliswa yiPfizer-BioNTech kunye nelabhoratri yaseModerna, ezi ziphumo zibonakala zibandakanya:

• Iintlungu kwindawo yenaliti;
• Ukudinwa kakhulu;
• Intloko ebuhlungu;
• Imisipha yemisipha;
• Umkhuhlane kunye nokubanda;
• Intlungu edibeneyo.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ziyafana nezinye izitofu zokugonya, kubandakanya isitofu sokugonya esiqhelekileyo somkhuhlane, umzekelo.

Njengokuba inani labantu lisonyuka, kulindeleke ukuba iimpendulo ezibi kakhulu, ezinje ngokuphendula kwe-anaphylactic, ziya kuvela, ngakumbi kubantu abanolwazelelelo ngakumbi kwizinto ezithile kwifomula.

Ngubani ongafanele afumane isitofu sokugonya

Iyeza lokuthintela i-COVID-19 akufuneki ukuba lilawulwe kubantu abanembali yokuthintela ukwaliwa kakhulu kuwo nawaphina amacandelo esitofu sokugonya. Ukongeza, ugonyo kufuneka lwenziwe kuphela emva kokuba kuvavanywe ngugqirha kwimeko yabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-16, abasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nabasetyhini abancancisayo.

Izigulana ezisebenzisa i-immunosuppressants okanye ezo zinezifo ezizimelayo kufuneka zigonywe kuphela phantsi kweliso lonyango.

Vavanya ulwazi lwakho

Vavanya ulwazi lwakho ngeyeza lokugonya le-COVID-19 kwaye uhlale ngaphezulu kwenkcazo yezinye zeentsomi eziqhelekileyo:

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Ugonyo lwe-COVID-19: vavanya ulwazi lwakho!

Qalisa uvavanyo Isitofu sokugonya senziwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ngoko ke asinakukhuseleka.

• Yinyani. Isitofu sokugonya siphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu kwaye ayizizo zonke iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezaziwayo okwangoku.
• Ubuxoki. Iyeza lakhula ngokukhawuleza kodwa lavavanywa ngokuqatha iziqinisekiso ezininzi, eziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwalo.

Isitofu sokugonya sisemngciphekweni omkhulu wokubangela iingxaki ezinzulu, ezinjenge-autism okanye ukungachumi.

• Yinyani. Kukho iingxelo ezininzi zabantu abaphuhlise iingxaki ezinkulu emva kokuthatha isitofu sokugonya.
• Ubuxoki. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isitofu sokugonya sibangela kuphela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, ezinjengentlungu kwindawo yenaliti, umkhuhlane, ukudinwa kunye nentlungu yomzimba, ethi inyamalale kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa.

Nabani na one-COVID-19 naye kufuneka afumane isitofu sokugonya.

• Yinyani. Ugonyo lwe-COVID-19 kufuneka lwenziwe ngabo bonke abantu, kwanabo sele benesifo.
• Ubuxoki. Nabani na oke waba ne-COVID-19 ukhuselekile kwintsholongwane kwaye akunyanzelekanga ukuba afumane iyeza lokugonya.

Isitofu sokugonya somkhuhlane esiqhelekileyo sonyaka asikhuseli kwi-COVID-19.

• Yinyani. Isitofu sokugonya sonyaka somkhuhlane sikhusela kuphela kwintsholongwane efana nomkhuhlane.
• Ubuxoki. Ugonyo lomkhuhlane lukhusela kwiintlobo ezininzi zeentsholongwane, kubandakanya ne-coronavirus entsha.

Abo bafumana iyeza lokugonya akusafuneki bathathe amanye amanyathelo okhuseleko, njengokuhlamba izandla okanye ukunxiba imaski.

• Yinyani. Ukusukela oko ugonyo lwenziwa, akukho bungozi bokubamba esi sifo, okanye ukusosulela, kwaye akukho nkathalo yongezelelweyo iyimfuneko.
• Ubuxoki. Ukhuselo olunikezwe ngugonyo luthatha iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuvela emva kwedosi yokugqibela. Ukongeza, ukugcina ukhathalelo kunceda ukuthintela ukuhambisa intsholongwane kwabanye abangekagonyelwa.

Isitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19 sinokubangela usulelo emva kokuba senziwe.

• Yinyani. Ezinye izitofu ezichasene ne-COVID-19 zineziqwengana ezincinci zentsholongwane ezinokuphelisa usulelo, ngakumbi kubantu abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka.
• Ubuxoki. Nkqu nezitofu zokugonya ezisebenzisa iziqwenga zentsholongwane, zisebenzisa ifom engasebenziyo engakwaziyo ukubangela naluphi na uhlobo losulelo emzimbeni.

Edlulileyo Elandelayo