Uthetha ntoni Umthwalo wentsholongwane kaGawulayo?

Umxholo

• Ukuba ubungakanani bentsholongwane buyichaphazela njani i-CD4 cell count
• Ukulinganisa ubungakanani bentsholongwane
• Oko kuthethwa ngumthamo wentsholongwane malunga nokusasazeka kwe-HIV
• Ukuhanjiswa ngokwesondo
• Ukuhanjiswa ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye lokuncancisa
• Ukulandelela umthamo wentsholongwane
• Kufuneka kuvavanywe kangaphi umthwalo wentsholongwane?
• Ukugcina amaqabane esondo ekhuselekile
• Ukufumana inkxaso emva kokufunyaniswa ukuba une-HIV

Yintoni umthwalo wentsholongwane?

Umthamo wentsholongwane kwi-HIV sisixa se-HIV esilinganiswe ngevolumu yegazi. Injongo yonyango lwe-HIV kukuthoba umthamo wentsholongwane ukuze ungabonakali. Oko kukuthi, injongo kukunciphisa inani le-HIV egazini ngokwaneleyo ukuze lingafunyanwa kuvavanyo lwaselebhu.

Kubantu abaphila ne-HIV, kunokuba luncedo ukwazi owabo umthamo wentsholongwane kaGawulayo kuba ubaxelela ukuba lusebenza kakuhle kangakanani na unyango lwabo lwe-HIV (unyango lwe-antiretroviral). Funda ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nomthamo wentsholongwane kaGawulayo kunye nokuba athetha ntoni amanani.

Ukuba ubungakanani bentsholongwane buyichaphazela njani i-CD4 cell count

Intsholongwane kaGawulayo ihlasela iiseli ze-CD4 (T-seli). Ezi ziiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, kwaye ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Isibalo se-CD4 sibonelela ngovavanyo olungqingqwa lokuba isempilweni kangakanani na inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Abantu abangenayo i-HIV bahlala beneseli le-CD4 eliphakathi kwama-500 ne-1,500.

Umthamo wentsholongwane ophezulu ungakhokelela kubalo lweseli lwe-CD4 olusezantsi. Xa isibalo se-CD4 singaphantsi kwama-200, umngcipheko wokuba nesifo okanye usulelo uphezulu. Kungenxa yokuba ukuba nesibalo esisezantsi se-CD4 kwenza kubenzima ukuba umzimba ulwe nosulelo, nto leyo eyonyusa umngcipheko wezifo ezifana nosulelo olomeleleyo kunye neminye imihlaza.

Ukunganyangwa i-HIV kunokubangela ezinye iingxaki zexesha elide kwaye kunokukhula kube nguGawulayo. Nangona kunjalo, xa amayeza e-HIV eselwa yonke imihla njengoko kumiselwe, ubalo lwamajoni omzimba luye lonyuke ngokuhamba kwexesha. Amajoni omzimba ayomelela kwaye abekwazi ngcono ukulwa izifo.

Ukulinganisa ubungakanani bentsholongwane kunye nokubala kwe-CD4 kubonisa ukuba isebenza njani unyango lwe-HIV ukubulala i-HIV egazini kunye nokuvumela amajoni omzimba ukuba abuye. Iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kukuba nomthamo wentsholongwane ongafumanekiyo kunye nobalo oluphezulu lwe-CD4.

Ukulinganisa ubungakanani bentsholongwane

Ukuvavanywa komthamo wentsholongwane kubonisa ukuba ingakanani i-HIV kwimililitha enye yegazi. Uvavanyo lobungakanani bentsholongwane lwenziwa ngexesha umntu efunyaniswe ene-HIV phambi kokuba kuqalwe ngonyango, kwaye kwakhona amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyango lwe-HIV luyasebenza.

Ukunyusa isibalo se-CD4 nokunciphisa umthamo wentsholongwane egazini kufuna ukuthatha amayeza rhoqo nanjengoko kuyalelwe. Kodwa nokuba umntu uthatha amayeza akhe njengoko kumiselwe, amanye amayeza kagqirha kunye ne-OTC), iziyobisi zokuzonwabisa, kunye nezongezelelo zemithi abazisebenzisayo ngamanye amaxesha zinokuphazamisa ukusebenza konyango lwe-HIV. Kuhlala kungumbono olungileyo ukukhangela ugqirha ngaphambi kokuqala nawaphi na amayeza amatsha, kubandakanya i-OTC kunye namayeza amiselweyo kunye nezongezo.

Ukuba uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba umthamo wentsholongwane womntu awubonakali okanye usukile ekubeni ungabonakali, ugqirha wabo unokuhlengahlengisa irejimeni yabo yonyango lwe-antiretroviral ukuze isebenze ngakumbi.

Oko kuthethwa ngumthamo wentsholongwane malunga nokusasazeka kwe-HIV

Okukhona unyuka umthamo wentsholongwane, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba oyise omnye umntu nge-HIV. Oku kunokuthetha ukudlulisela intsholongwane kwiqabane lakho ngesondo ngaphandle kwekhondom, komnye umntu ngokwabelana ngenaliti, okanye usana ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ukubeleka, okanye ukuncancisa.

Xa kuthathwa ngokungaguquguqukiyo nangokuchanekileyo, amayeza e-antiretroviral anciphisa umthamo wentsholongwane. Oku kwehla kobungakanani bentsholongwane kunciphisa umngcipheko wokudlulisela i-HIV komnye umntu. Ngenye indlela, ukungawasebenzisi la mayeza ngokungaguqukiyo okanye konke kwandisa umngcipheko wokudlulisela i-HIV komnye umntu.

Ukuba nomthamo wentsholongwane ongabonakaliyo awuthethi ukuba umntu uphilisiwe, kuba i-HIV isenokuzimela kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Endaweni yoko, oko kuthetha ukuba amayeza abawathathayo ayasebenza ekucinezeleni ukukhula kwentsholongwane. Ukucinezelwa okuqhubekayo kunokufezekiswa ngokuqhubeka nokuthatha eli yeza.

Abo bayeka ukuthatha amayeza emngciphekweni wokuba umthamo wabo wentsholongwane ubuye umva. Kwaye ukuba umthamo wentsholongwane uyabonakala, intsholongwane inokudluliselwa kwabanye ngokusebenzisa ulwelo lomzimba olufana nencindi yobudoda, ubufazi, ubisi lwegazi, kunye nobisi lwebele.

Ukuhanjiswa ngokwesondo

Ukuba nomthamo wentsholongwane ongabonakaliyo kuthetha ukuba umngcipheko wokudlulisela i-HIV komnye umntu, ucinga ukuba umntu one-HIV kunye neqabane lakhe abanazo naziphi na izifo ezosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo.

Izifundo ezibini zika-2016, kwi-New England Journal of Medicine, azifumananga kugqithiselwa kwintsholongwane kwiqabane eline-HIV elalikunyango lwe-antiretroviral iinyanga ezintandathu ubuncinci kwiqabane elalingenayo i-HIV ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo ngaphandle kweekhondom.

Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi abaqinisekanga malunga neziphumo ze-STIs kumngcipheko wosulelo lwe-HIV kubantu abanyangiweyo. Ukuba nesifo esingumvuka wokwabelana ngesondo kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye nokuba ayibonakali i-HIV.

Ukuhanjiswa ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye lokuncancisa

Kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo nabaphila ne-HIV, ukuthatha amayeza ee-antiretroviral ngexa lokukhulelwa kunye nomsebenzi kunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokudlulisela i-HIV emntwaneni. Abasetyhini abaninzi abaphila ne-HIV bayakwazi ukuba neentsana ezisempilweni, ezingenayo i-HIV ngokufikelela kukhathalelo olulungileyo lwaphambi kokubeleka, okubandakanya inkxaso yonyango lwe-antiretroviral.

Iintsana ezizalwe ngoomama abane-HIV zifumana amayeza e-HIV iiveki ezine ukuya kwezintandathu emva kokuba bezelwe kwaye bavavanyelwa intsholongwane kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zobomi.

Ngokomama, umama one-HIV kufuneka akuphephe ukuncancisa.

Ukulandelela umthamo wentsholongwane

Kubalulekile ukulandelela umthwalo wentsholongwane ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangaliphi na ixesha ukwanda kwentsholongwane, licebo elihle ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni. Ukonyuka komthamo wentsholongwane kunokubakho ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, ezinje:

• ukungathathi amayeza ee-antiretroviral ngokungaguquguqukiyo
• i-HIV itshintshile (itshintshiwe ngokwemfuza)
• amayeza ee-antiretroviral ayililo idosi elungileyo
• kwenzeke impazamo elebhu
• ukuba nesifo esifanayo

Ukuba umthamo wentsholongwane unyuka emva kokungafumaneki ngelixa unyango kunyango lwe-antiretroviral, okanye ukuba alufumaneki ngaphandle konyango, umboneleli wezempilo uya kuyalela uvavanyo olongezelelweyo ukumisela isizathu.

Kufuneka kuvavanywe kangaphi umthwalo wentsholongwane?

Ukuphindaphindwa kovavanyo lomthamo wentsholongwane kuyahluka. Ngokwesiqhelo, uvavanyo lobungakanani bentsholongwane lwenziwa ngexesha lokuchongwa kwe-HIV okutsha kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyango lwe-antiretroviral luyasebenza.

Umthamo wentsholongwane egazini uhlala ungabonakali kwisithuba seenyanga ezintathu zokuqala unyango, kodwa oko kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kunoko. Ubungakanani bentsholongwane buhlala bujongwa rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu, kodwa bunokujongwa rhoqo ukuba kukho inkxalabo yokuba umthamo wentsholongwane unokubonakala.

Ukugcina amaqabane esondo ekhuselekile

Nokuba uthini umthamo wentsholongwane egazini, licebo elilungileyo kubantu abaphila ne-HIV ukuba bathathe amanyathelo okuzikhusela bona kunye namaqabane abo ezesondo. La manyathelo anokubandakanya:

• Ukuthatha amayeza ee-antiretroviral rhoqo kwaye njengoko kuyalelwe. Xa kusetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, amayeza e-antiretroviral anciphisa umthamo wentsholongwane, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa umngcipheko wokudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye. Nje ukuba umthamo wentsholongwane ungabonakali, umngcipheko wosulelo ngesondo awusasebenzi.
• Ukuvavanyelwa ii-STIs. Ngenxa yesiphumo se-STIs kumngcipheko wosulelo lwe-HIV kubantu abanyangiweyo, abantu abane-HIV kunye namaqabane abo kufuneka bavavanywe kwaye banyangwe ii-STIs.
• Sebenzisa iikhondom xa usabelana ngesondo. Sebenzisa iikhondom kunye nokuzibandakanya kwizenzo zesondo ezingabandakanyi ukutshintshiselana ngeencindi zomzimba kunciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo.
• Ukujonga i-PrEP. Abalingani kufuneka bathethe nomboneleli wabo wezempilo malunga ne-pre-exposure prophylaxis, okanye i-PrEP. Eli yeza lenzelwe ukuthintela abantu ekubeni bafumane i-HIV. Xa kuthathwa njengoko kumiselwe, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana i-HIV ngokwabelana ngesondo ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-90.
• Ukujonga iPEP. Amaqabane akrokrela ukuba sele ebonakalisiwe kwi-HIV kufuneka athethe nomboneleli wabo wezempilo malunga ne-post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Eli yeza linciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo xa luthathwe kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokubhencwa kwi-HIV kwaye laqhubeka iiveki ezine.
• Ukuvavanywa rhoqo. Amaqabane ezesondo angenayo i-HIV kufuneka aye kuvavanyo lwentsholongwane kanye kube kanye ngonyaka.

Ukufumana inkxaso emva kokufunyaniswa ukuba une-HIV

Ukuxilongwa kwe-HIV kunokutshintsha ubomi, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba ube sempilweni kwaye usebenze. Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango kunokunciphisa umthamo wentsholongwane kunye nomngcipheko wokugula. Naziphi na iinkxalabo okanye iimpawu ezintsha kufuneka zisiwe kumboneleli wezempilo, kwaye amanyathelo kufuneka athathwe ukuze uphile ubomi obunempilo, njengale:

• ukufumana uvavanyo rhoqo
• ukuthatha amayeza
• ukuzilolonga rhoqo
• ukutya ukutya okusempilweni

Umhlobo othembekileyo okanye isalamane sinokukuxhasa ngokweemvakalelo. Kananjalo, amaqela enkxaso asekuhlaleni ayafumaneka kubantu abaphila ne-HIV kunye nabo babathandayo. Iinombolo zemfonomfono zamaqela e-HIV ne-AIDS ngurhulumente zifumaneka kwi-ProjectInform.org.