Isifo sombefu

Isifo sombefu sisifo esinganyangekiyo esenza ukuba iindlela zomoya zemiphunga zidumbe kwaye zinciphise. Kukhokelela kubunzima bokuphefumla njengokuphefumla, ukuphefumla kancinci, ukuqina kwesifuba kunye nokukhohlela.

Isifo sombefu sibangelwa kukudumba (ukudumba) kwindlela yomoya. Xa kuhlasela i-asthma, ulwelwesi lweendinyana zomoya luyadumba kwaye izihlunu ezijikeleze iindlela zomoya ziyaqina. Oku kunciphisa isixa somoya esinokudlula kwindlela yomoya.

Iimpawu zesifo sombefu zinokubangelwa kukuphefumla izinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii-allergener okanye izinto ezibangela ukoyiswa komzimba, okanye zezinye izizathu.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesifo sombefu zibandakanya:

• Izilwanyana (iinwele zezilwanyana okanye idander)
• Uthuli
• Amayeza athile (i-aspirin kunye nezinye i-NSAIDS)
• Utshintsho kwimozulu (amaxesha amaninzi kubanda kakhulu)
• Iikhemikhali ezisemoyeni okanye ekutyeni
• Umsebenzi womzimba
• Umngundo
• Umungu
• Izifo zokuphefumula, ezinjengokubanda okuqhelekileyo
• Iimvakalelo ezinamandla (uxinzelelo)
• Umsi wecuba

Izinto kwezinye iindawo zokusebenza zinokubangela neempawu zesifuba, ezikhokelela kwisifuba somsebenzi. Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zizezothuli lomthi, uthuli lweenkozo, ukudada kwezilwanyana, isikhunta, okanye imichiza.

Abantu abaninzi abane-asthma banembali yobuqu okanye yosapho ye-allergies, efana ne-hay fever (i-allergen rhinitis) okanye i-eczema. Abanye abanayo imbali yokwaliwa.

Iimpawu zesifo sombefu ziyahluka kumntu nomntu. Umzekelo, unokuba neempawu ngalo lonke ixesha okanye ubukhulu becala ngexesha lomsebenzi womzimba.

Uninzi lwabantu abane-asthma luhlaselwa luhlulwe ngamaxesha angenazimpawu. Abanye abantu banokuphefumla okufutshane kunye neziqendu zokunyuka komphefumlo. Ukubheja okanye ukukhohlela kunokuba luphawu oluphambili.

Ukuhlaselwa sisifo sombefu kunokuhlala imizuzu ukuya kwiintsuku. Ukuhlaselwa sisifo sombefu kunokuqala ngesiquphe okanye kuphuhle kancinci kwiiyure ezininzi okanye iintsuku. Kungaba yingozi ukuba ukuhamba komoya kuvaliwe kakhulu.

Iimpawu zesifo sombefu zibandakanya:

• Ukukhwehlela okanye ngaphandle kwesikhohlela (phlegm)
• Ukutsala ulusu phakathi kweembambo xa uphefumla (ukubuyela umva phakathi kwe-intercostal)
• Ukuphefumla okufutshane kusiba nzima xa usenza imithambo okanye umsebenzi
• Ukubetha isandi okanye ukubhuza njengoko uphefumla
• Intlungu okanye ukuqina esifubeni
• Kunzima ukulala
• Iphethini engaqhelekanga yokuphefumla (ukuphefumla kuthatha ngaphezulu kokuphinda-phindwe kabini kunokubaphefumla)
  

Iimpawu ezingxamisekileyo ezifuna uncedo olukhawulezileyo lonyango zibandakanya:

• Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwimilebe nasebusweni
• Ukuncipha kwenqanaba lokuphaphama, njengokuwozela kakhulu okanye ukudideka, ngexesha lokuhlaselwa sisifuba
• Ukuphefumla nzima kakhulu
• Ukubetha ngokukhawuleza
• Ukuxhalaba okukhulu ngenxa yokuphefumula okufutshane
• Ukubila
• Kunzima ukuthetha
• Ukuphefumla kuyayeka okwethutyana

Umboneleli wezempilo uya kusebenzisa i-stethoscope ukumamela imiphunga yakho. Ukubetha okanye ezinye izandi ezinxulumene nesifuba ziyavakala. Umboneleli uya kuthatha imbali yakho yezonyango kwaye abuze malunga neempawu zakho.

Uvavanyo olunoku-odolwa lubandakanya:

• Uvavanyo lwe-Allergy - uvavanyo lolusu okanye uvavanyo lwegazi ukubona ukuba umntu onesifo sombefu (i-asthma) uyaliwa na kwizinto ezithile
• Irhasi yegazi e-arterial-ihlala isenziwa kubantu abahlaselwa sisifo sombefu
• I-x-ray yesifuba -ukulawula ezinye iimeko
• Uvavanyo lomsebenzi wemiphunga, kubandakanya imilinganiselo yokuhamba okuphezulu

Iinjongo zonyango zi:

• Lawula ukudumba komoya
• Nciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwezinto ezinokubangela iimpawu zakho
• Kukunceda ukuba ukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yesiqhelo ngaphandle kokufumana iimpawu zesifuba

Wena kunye nomboneleli wakho kufuneka nisebenze njengeqela ukulawula iimpawu zakho ze-asthma. Landela imiyalelo yomboneleli wakho malunga nokuthatha amayeza, ukuphelisa izinto ezibangela isifuba, kunye nokujonga iimpawu.

AMAYEZA ESIFO SOMBEFU

Zimbini iintlobo zamayeza onyango lwesifuba:

• Lawula amayeza ukunceda ukuthintela uhlaselo
• Uncedo olukhawulezayo (ukuhlangula) amayeza oza kuwasebenzisa ngexesha lokuhlaselwa

AMAYEZA KWEXESHA ELIDE

Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba ngamayeza olondolozo okanye olawulo. Zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela iimpawu kubantu abane-asthma ephakathi. Kufuneka ubathathe yonke imihla ukuze basebenze. Bathathe naxa uziva ulungile.

Amanye amayeza exesha elide aphefumlwa ngaphakathi (inhaled), anje ngee-steroids kunye nee-beta-agonists ezisebenza ixesha elide. Ezinye zithathwa ngomlomo (ngomlomo). Umboneleli wakho uya kukumisela iyeza elifanelekileyo.

AMAYEZA OKUKHULULEKA NGOKUKHAWULEZA

Ezi zikwabizwa ngokuba ngamayeza ohlangulo. Zithathwa:

• Ngokukhwehlela, ukuvutha, ukuphefumla, okanye ngexesha lokuhlaselwa sisifuba
• Ngaphambi nje kokuzilolonga ukunceda ukukhusela iimpawu zesifuba

Xelela umboneleli wakho ukuba usebenzisa amayeza okuphucula ngokukhawuleza kabini ngeveki okanye nangaphezulu. Ukuba kunjalo, isifuba sakho sombefu asinakuba phantsi kolawulo. Umboneleli wakho unokutshintsha idosi okanye iyeza lokulawula isifo sombefu.

Amayeza okunceda ngokukhawuleza abandakanya:

• Ukusebenza ngokufutshane kwi-bronchodilators
• I-corticosteroids yomlomo yokuhlaselwa sisifo sombefu

Uhlaselo olubi lwe-asthma ludinga ukuhlolwa ngugqirha. Unokufuna kwakhona ukuhlala esibhedlele. Kulapho, uya kuthi unikwe ioksijini, uncedo lokuphefumla, kunye namayeza anikezwe ngomthambo (IV).

UKUKHATHALELA ISIFO SOMBEFU EKHAYA

Unokuthatha amanyathelo ukunciphisa ukubakho kwesifo se-asthma:

• Yazi iimpawu zesifuba ukuba ubukele.
• Yazi ukuba ungakuthatha njani ukufundwa kokuhamba okuphezulu kunye nokuba kuthetha ntoni.
• Yazi ukuba zeziphi ezenza ukuba isifuba sakho sombefu sibe mbi kwaye kufuneka wenze ntoni xa kusenzeka.
• Yazi indlela yokunyamekela i-asthma yakho ngaphambi nangexesha lokuzivocavoca okanye ukuzilolonga.

Izicwangciso zomsebenzi wesifo sombefu ngamaxwebhu abhaliweyo okulawula isifuba. Isicwangciso sokusebenza sesifuba kufuneka sibandakanye:

• Imiyalelo yokuthatha amayeza esifuba xa imeko yakho izinzile
• Uluhlu lweempawu zesifuba kunye nendlela yokuziphepha
• Ungayiqonda njani ukuba i-asthma yakho iya isiba mbi, kunye nexesha lokutsalela umnikezeli wakho umnxeba

Imitha yokuhamba okuphezulu sisixhobo esilula ukulinganisa ukuba ungawususa njani ngokukhawuleza umoya kwimiphunga yakho.

• Inokukunceda ubone ukuba uhlaselo luza, ngamanye amaxesha nangaphambi kokuba kuvele iimpawu. Imilinganiselo yokuhamba okuphezulu kunceda kukwazise xa ufuna ukuthatha amayeza okanye elinye inyathelo.
• Ixabiso lokuhambahamba kweepesenti ezingama-50 ukuya kuma-80% zezona ziphumo zakho zibalaseleyo ngumqondiso wohlaselo lwesifo sombefu. Amanani angaphantsi kwe-50% luphawu lokuhlaselwa kakhulu.

Akukho lunyango lwesifuba, nangona ngamanye amaxesha iimpawu ziphucula ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngokuzikhathalela okufanelekileyo kunye nonyango, uninzi lwabantu abane-asthma banokuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo.

Iingxaki ze-asthma zinokuba nzima, kwaye zingabandakanya:

• Ukufa
• Ukwehla kwesakhono sokuzilolonga kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezinye izinto
• Ukungabikho kokulala ngenxa yeempawu zobusuku
• Utshintsho olusisigxina ekusebenzeni kwemiphunga
• Ukukhohlela okungapheliyo
• Ukuphefumla okunengxaki efuna uncedo lokuphefumla (i-ventilator)

Nxibelelana nomboneleli wakho ngenjongo yokuqeshwa ukuba iimpawu zesifuba ziyavela.

Nxibelelana nomboneleli wakho kwangoko ukuba:

• Ukuhlaselwa sisifuba kufuna amayeza amaninzi kunokuba kucetyisiwe
• Iimpawu ziba mandundu okanye zingaphucuki kunyango
• Unomphefumlo omfutshane xa uthetha
• Umlinganiso wakho wokuhamba okuphezulu ngama-50% ukuya kuma-80% wezona zinto uzithandayo

Yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka kwangoko ukuba ezi mpawu zenzeka:

• Ukozela okanye ukudideka
• Ukuphefumla kakhulu xa uphumle
• Umlinganiso wokuhamba okuphezulu ongaphantsi kwama-50% wezona zinto uzithandayo
• Intlungu ebuhlungu esifubeni
• Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwimilebe nasebusweni
• Ukuphefumla nzima kakhulu
• Ukubetha ngokukhawuleza
• Uxinzelelo olukhulu ngenxa yokuphefumla okufutshane

Unokuzinciphisa iimpawu zesifuba ngokuphepha izinto ezinokubangela kunye nezinto ezicaphukisa iindlela zomoya.

• Gquma iibhedi ngee-casings ezinobungqina bokungabikho komzimba ukuze unciphise ukungabikho kothuli.
• Susa iikhaphethi kumagumbi okulala kunye nokucoca rhoqo.
• Sebenzisa iisepha ezingafakwanga isepha kunye nezinto zokucoca ekhaya.
• Gcina amanqanaba okufuma asezantsi kwaye ulungise ukuvuza ukuze unciphise ukukhula kwezinto ezifana nokubumba.
• Gcina indlu icocekile kwaye ugcine ukutya kwizikhongozeli nangaphandle kwamagumbi okulala. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa ukubakho kwamaphela. Amalungu omzimba kunye nencindi yamaphela kunokubangela uhlaselo lwesifuba kwabanye abantu.
• Ukuba kukho umntu ongavumiyo ukususwa kwibhokhwe, isilwanyana kufuneka sigcinwe ngaphandle kwigumbi lokulala. Beka izinto zokuhluza ngaphezulu kweendawo zokufudumeza / zokungenisa umoya ekhayeni lakho ukuze ubambise ukuntywila kwezilwanyana. Guqula isihluzo kwiziko nakuma-air conditioner rhoqo.
• Ukuphelisa umsi wecuba ekhaya. Le yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yosapho enokuyenza ukunceda umntu onesifo sombefu. Ukutshaya ngaphandle kwendlu akwanelanga. Amalungu osapho kunye neendwendwe ezitshaya ngaphandle baphatha intsalela yomsi ngaphakathi kwiimpahla zabo neenwele. Oku kunokubangela iimpawu zesifuba. Ukuba uyatshaya, ngoku lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuba uyeke.
• Thintela ungcoliseko lomoya, uthuli lweshishini, kunye nomsi ocaphukisayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Isifo sombefu esinganyangekiyo; Ukuphefumula - isifuba - abantu abadala

• Isifuba kunye nesikolo
• Ulawulo lwe-asthma
• Isifuba kubantu abadala - yintoni ekufuneka uyibuze kugqirha
• Isifo sombefu - iziyobisi ezikhawulezayo
• Ukuzilolonga okubangelwa kukuzivocavoca umzimba
• Ukuzivocavoca kunye nesifuba esikolweni
• Uyisebenzisa kanjani i-nebulizer
• Uyisebenzisa kanjani i-inhaler-akukho spacer
• Uyisebenzisa kanjani i-inhaler-ene-spacer
• Uyisebenzisa njani imitha yokuhamba okuphezulu
• Yenza ukuhamba okuphezulu kube ngumkhwa
• Iimpawu zokuhlaselwa sisifuba
• Hlala kude nezinto ezibangela isifuba
• Ukuhamba neengxaki zokuphefumla

• Amaphaphu
• Spirometry
• Isifo sombefu
• Imitha yokuhamba okuphezulu
• I-bronchiole ye-asthmatic kunye ne-bronchiole eqhelekileyo
• Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo zesifuba
• Isifo sombefu esibangelwa kukuzilolonga
• Inkqubo yokuphefumla
• Ukusetyenziswa kwespacer-Series
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-inhaler yedosi emiselweyo-Uthotho
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Nebulizer-uthotho
• Ukusetyenziswa kweemitha zokuhamba kwemithambo-manqaku

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UBrozek JL, uBousquet J, uAgache I, et al. I-Allergic rhinitis kunye nefuthe layo kwisikhokelo se-asthma (ARIA) -2016 yohlaziyo. J Iklinikhi yokunyanga i-Immunol. Ngo-2017; 140 (4): 950-958. IINKCUKACHA: 28602936 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602936.

U-Liu AH, uSpahn JD, uSicherer SH. Isifuba somntwana. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 169.

UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM. Isifo sombefu. Ku: UMarcdante KJ, uKliegman RM, ii-eds. UNelson oBalulekileyo kwiPediatrics. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: isahl. 78.

Ngoku RM, Tokarski GF. Isifo sombefu. Ku: Iindonga RM, iHockberger RS, iGausche-Hill M, ii-eds. Unyango lukaRosen oluNgxamisekileyo: Iikhonsepthi kunye nokuziqhelanisa neKlinikhi. Umhla we-9. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 63.