Ukuphila nelahleko yombono

Umbono ophantsi kukukhubazeka okubonakalayo. Ukunxiba iiglasi eziqhelekileyo okanye unxibelelwano akuncedi. Abantu abanombono ophantsi sele bezamile unyango okanye unyango olukhoyo. Kwaye alukho olunye unyango oluza kunceda. Ukuba uxelelwe ukuba uza kuba yimfama ngokupheleleyo okanye ufike kwinqanaba apho ungaboni kakuhle ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungafunda, kunokuba luncedo ukufunda iBraille ngelixa usenokubona.

Abantu abanombono ongaphezulu kwama-20/200, eneiglasi okanye iilensi zonxibelelwano, zithathwa njengezimfama ngokusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi e-United States. Kodwa abantu abaninzi kweli qela banombono oluncedo.

Xa unombono ophantsi, unokuba nengxaki yokuqhuba, ukufunda, okanye ukwenza imisebenzi encinci njengokuthunga kunye nobugcisa. Kodwa ungenza utshintsho ekhayeni lakho nakwiindlela zakho ezikunceda uhlale ukhuselekile kwaye uzimele. Ezinye zeendlela kunye nezi ndlela zifuna umbono othile ubuncinci ukuze kungabi luncedo ekungaboni ngokupheleleyo. Iinkonzo ezininzi ziyafumaneka kuwe ukufumana uqeqesho kunye nenkxaso yokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Enye yazo yiBraille Institute of America.

Uhlobo lwezincedisi zombono eziphantsi kunye neendlela zokuphila zemihla ngemihla ozisebenzisayo ziya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwakho lokulahleka kombono. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zokunceda kunye nezicwangciso zilunge ngakumbi kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo.

Ezona ntlobo ziphambili zelahleko ebonakalayo zezi:

• Ephakathi (ukufunda okanye ukuqonda ubuso kwigumbi lonke)
• Umda (kwicala)
• Akukho luvo lokukhanya (NLP), okanye ukungaboni ngokupheleleyo

Ilungu losapho eliqhele ukubona kakuhle okanye umhlobo unokufuna ukukunceda usete ezinye zeendlela zokubonwayo. Olunye ukhetho lubandakanya:

• Izikhulisi
• Amandla aphezulu okufunda iiglasi
• Izixhobo ezenza kube lula ukusebenzisa iiselfowuni kunye neekhompyuter
• Iwotshi ezenzelwe umbono ophantsi, okanye iiwotshi zokuthetha kunye neewotshi
• Iiglasi zeteleskopu ezinokunceda ekuboneni umgama

Kufuneke u:

• Yongeza ukukhanya jikelele ekhayeni lakho.
• Sebenzisa itafile okanye isibane somgangatho esine-gooseneck okanye ingalo eguqukayo. Khomba isibane ngqo kwizinto zakho zokufunda okanye umsebenzi.
• Nangona ukusebenzisa i-incandescent okanye i-halogen bulbs kwizibane kunokunika ukukhanya okujolise kokufanelekileyo, lumka ngezi zibane. Bayashushu, ke musa ukusebenzisa enye isondele kakhulu kuwe ixesha elide. Ukukhetha okungcono kunye nokugcina amandla ngakumbi kunokuba ziibhalbhu ze-LED kunye nezibane. Bavelisa umahluko omkhulu kwaye abafumani shushu njengee halogen bulbs.
• Lahla ilitha. Ilitha linokumkhathaza umntu onombono ophantsi.

Uya kufuna ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezenza ukuba ubomi bube lula ngombono ophantsi. Ukuba ikhaya lakho sele licwangciswe kakuhle, kusenokufuneka wenze utshintsho oluncinci kuphela.

Yiba nendawo yayo yonke into.

• Gcina izinto kwindawo enye ngalo lonke ixesha. Beka izinto kwidrowa enye okanye kwikhabhinethi, okanye kwitafile enye okanye kwindawo yokubala.
• Beka izinto endaweni enye rhoqo.
• Gcina izinto kwizikhongozeli ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo, ezinjengeebhokisi zeqanda, iingqayi kunye neebhokisi zezihlangu.

Ziqhelanise nezinto eziqhelekileyo.

• Funda ukuqaphela ukumila kwezinto, ezinje ngezikhongozelo zeqanda okanye iibhokisi zokutya.
• Sebenzisa ifowuni enamanani amakhulu, kwaye ucengceleze iphedi yamaqhosha.
• Songa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemali yamaphepha ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, phinda ibhilikhwe yeedola ezili-10 ngesiqingatha kwaye uliphindaphinde kabini ibhili engange-20.
• Sebenzisa iBraille okanye itsheki enkulu.

Bhala izinto zakho.

• Yenza iilebhile usebenzisa uhlobo olulula lweBraille ekuthiwa yiBraille engangqinelaniyo.
• Sebenzisa amachaphaza amancinci aphakanyisiweyo, iibhendi zerabha, iVelcro, okanye itheyiphu enombala ukurekhoda izinto.
• Sebenzisa i-caulking, irabha ephakanyisiweyo, okanye amachaphaza eplastiki ukuphawula useto oluthile lwezixhobo, ezinje ngoseto lobushushu kwisithando somlilo kunye nokucofa useto kwiwasher nakwi dryer.

Kufuneke u:

• Susa iingcingo okanye iintambo ezingatshiyo phantsi.
• Susa umbhoxo ongalawulekiyo.
• Ungazigcini izilwanyana zasekhaya.
• Lungisa nawuphi na umgangatho ongalinganiyo kwiminyango.
• Beka intsimbi yokubambelela ebhafini okanye eshaweni ecaleni kwendlu yangasese.
• Beka ukhuko olungenasiliphu ebhafini okanye eshaweni.

Kufuneke u:

• Hlanganisa iimpahla zakho. Gcina ibhulukhwe kwelinye icala lekhabethe kunye neehempe kwenye indawo.
• Hlela iimpahla zakho ngombala kwikhabethe yakho nakwiidrowa. Sebenzisa amaqhina okuthunga okanye izikhonkwane zokunxiba kwikhowudi yombala. Umzekelo, 1 iqhina okanye ipini imnyama, amaqhina ama-2 amhlophe, kwaye amaqhina ama-3 abomvu. Sika amakhonkco kwikhadibhodi. Beka iilebhile zeBraille okanye imibala kwiiringi zekhadibhodi. Layisha amakhonkco kwihanger.
• Sebenzisa iiringi zeplastikhi ukubamba iiperi zeekawusi kunye, zisebenzise xa uhlamba, usoma, kwaye ugcina iikawusi zakho.
• Sebenzisa iibhegi ezinkulu zeZiploc ukwahlula iimpahla zakho zangaphantsi, iibras, kunye nepantyhose.
• Hlela ubucwebe ngombala. Sebenzisa iibhokisi zeqanda okanye ibhokisi yobucwebe ukuhlela ubucwebe.

Kufuneke u:

• Sebenzisa iincwadi zokupheka ezinkulu. Buza ugqirha wakho okanye umongikazi ukuba ungazifumana phi ezi ncwadi.
• Sebenzisa i-caulking, irabha ephakanyisiweyo, okanye amachaphaza eplastiki ukumakisha useto kulawulo lwesitovu sakho, i-oveni kunye ne-toaster.
• Gcina ukutya kwizikhongozeli ezithile. Makisha ngeelebhile zeBraille.
• Sebenzisa indawo yokuphakama ephezulu ukuze ubone iplate yakho ngokulula. Umzekelo, ipleyiti emhlophe iya kuma ngokuchasene nomnyama oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye indawo eluhlaza emnyama mat.

Kufuneke u:

• Gcina amayeza ahlelwe kwikhabhathi ukuze wazi ukuba aphi.
• Iilebhile zamayeza eelebhile ngepeni yencam evaliweyo ukuze ufunde ngokulula.
• Sebenzisa imixokelelwane yerabha okanye iikliphu ukwahlula amayeza akho.
• Cela omnye umntu akunike amayeza akho.
• Funda iilebhile ezinelensi yokukhulisa.
• Sebenzisa ibhokisi yeepilisi enamacandelo eentsuku zeveki namaxesha emini.
• Ungaze ucinge xa ​​uthatha amayeza akho. Ukuba awuqinisekanga ngeedosi zakho, thetha nogqirha wakho, umongikazi, okanye usokhemesti.

Funda ukuhamba ngeenxa zonke.

• Zifundise ukusebenzisa umhlanga omhlophe omde ukunceda.
• Ziqhelanise nomqeqeshi onamava ekusebenziseni olu hlobo lweengcongolo.

Funda indlela yokuhamba ngoncedo lomnye umntu.

• Landela intshukumo yomnye umntu.
• Bamba ingalo yomntu kancinane ngentla kwengqiniba kwaye uhambe kancinci emva.
• Qinisekisa ukuba isantya sakho siyangqinelana nesomnye umntu.
• Buza loo mntu ukuba akuxelele xa usondela kumanyathelo okanye kumanqwanqwa. Sondela kumanyathelo kunye nokuthintela iintloko ukuze uzifumane kunye neenzwane zakho.
• Cela loo mntu akuxelele xa ungena emnyango.
• Cela umntu ukuba akushiye kwindawo ethile. Kuphephe ukushiywa kwindawo evulekileyo.

Iswekile - ukulahleka kombono; I-retinopathy - ukulahleka kombono; Umbono ophantsi; Ubumfama - ukulahleka kombono

Isiseko saseMelika kwiwebhusayithi engaboniyo. Ubumfama kunye nombono ophantsi-izixhobo zokuphila ngokulahleka kombono. www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision. Kufunyenwe ngo-Matshi 11, 2020.

UAndrews J. Ukulungiselela imeko-bume eyakhiweyo yabantu abadala abadala ababuthathaka. Ku: Gcwalisa i-HM, i-Rockwood K, i-Young J, ii-eds. Incwadi ka-Brocklehurst ye-Geriatric Medicine kunye neGerontology. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2017: isahluko 132.

Iwebhusayithi yeziko leBraille. Iindlela zokukhokela. www.brailleinstitute.org/resource/guide-techniques. Kufumaneka ngo-Matshi 11, 2020.

• Ukonakala kombono kunye nokungaboni