Ukuqonda ukubekwa komhlaza

Ukubeka umhlaza yindlela yokuchaza ukuba ungakanani umhlaza osemzimbeni wakho kwaye ubekwe phi emzimbeni wakho. Ukubeka esiteji kunceda ukumisela ukuba liphi na ithumba lasekuqaleni, ukuba likhulu kangakanani, nokuba lisasazekile, kwaye lisasazeke phi.

Ukubeka umhlaza kunokunceda umboneleli wakho wezempilo:

• Chonga ukuqikelela kwakho (ithuba lokuphinda ubuye okanye umhlaza ubuye)
• Cwangcisa unyango lwakho
• Chonga uvavanyo lwezonyango onokuthi ujoyine

Isiteji sikwanika ababoneleli ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo ukuba basebenzise ukuchaza kunye nokuxoxa ngomhlaza.

Umhlaza kukukhula okungalawulwayo kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga emzimbeni. Ezi seli zihlala zenza ithumba. Eli thumba linokukhula liye kwizicubu kunye namalungu angqongileyo. Njengokuba umhlaza uqhubeka, iiseli zomhlaza ezivela kwithumba zinokwaphuka zisasazeke ziye kwamanye amalungu omzimba ngokuhamba kwegazi okanye ngenkqubo ye-lymph. Xa umhlaza usasazeka, amathumba angenzeka kwamanye amalungu nakwizitho zomzimba. Ukusasazeka komhlaza kuthiwa yi-metastasis.

Ukuqwalaselwa komhlaza kusetyenziswa ukunceda ukuchaza ukuqhubela phambili komhlaza. Ihlala ichazwa:

• Indawo yethumba yokuqala (yoqobo) kunye nohlobo lweeseli zomhlaza
• Ubungakanani besisu sokuqala
• Nokuba umhlaza unwenwele kwii-lymph node
• Inani lamathumba avela kumhlaza osele usasazekile
• Ibakala le-Tumor (zingakanani iiseli zomhlaza ezibonakala njengeeseli eziqhelekileyo)

Ukuvavanya umhlaza wakho, umboneleli wakho angenza iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke apho umhlaza ukhona emzimbeni wakho. Oku kunokubandakanya:

• Ukujonga iimvavanyo, ezinje nge-x-reyi, i-CT scan, ii-PET scan, okanye ii-MRIs
• Uvavanyo lweLebhu
• Uqhaqho

Kananjalo unokuhlinzwa ukuze ususe umhlaza kunye ne-lymph node okanye uphonononge umhlaza emzimbeni wakho kwaye uthathe isampulu yethishu. Ezi sampuli ziyavavanywa kwaye zinokubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nenqanaba lomhlaza.

Inkqubo exhaphakileyo yokufumana umhlaza ngohlobo lwesisu esiqinileyo yinkqubo ye-TNM. Uninzi lwababoneleli kunye namaziko omhlaza ayisebenzisela ukubeka uninzi lomhlaza. Inkqubo ye-TNM isekwe kwi:

• Ubungakanani be ithumba lokuqala (T)
• Ungakanani umhlaza osasazeke kufutshane izakhi zofuzo (N)
• Imetastasis (M), okanye ukuba kwaye kwaye umhlaza usasazeke kangakanani kwezinye iindawo emzimbeni

Amanani ayongezwa kwicandelo ngalinye elichaza ubungakanani bethumba kunye nokuba lisasazeke kangakanani. Ukunyuka kwenani, kokukhona ubukhulu kunye nomhlaza kunokwenzeka ukuba usasazekile.

Ithumba lokuqala (T):

• TX: Ithumba alinakulinganiswa.
• T0: Ithumba alifumaneki.
• Tis: Kufunyenwe iiseli ezingaqhelekanga, kodwa azisasazekanga. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-carcinoma in situ.
• T1, T2, T3, T4: Chaza ubungakanani besisu sokuqala kunye nokuba sinwenwe kangakanani kwizicubu ezijikelezileyo.

Ithumba (N):

• NX: Iimpawu ze-lymph azikwazi kuvavanywa
• N0: Awukho umhlaza ofunyenwe kwii-lymph node ezikufutshane
• N1, N2, N3: Inani kunye nendawo ye-lymph node echaphazelekayo apho umhlaza usasazeke

Imetastasis (M):

• MX: Imetastasis ayinakuvavanywa
• M0: Akukho metastasis ifunyenweyo (umhlaza awusasazekanga)
• M1: I-Metastasis ifunyenwe (umhlaza usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba)

Njengomzekelo, umhlaza wesinyi T3 N0 M0 kuthetha ukuba kukho ithumba elikhulu (T3) elingakhange lisasazeke kwii-lymph nodes (N0) okanye naphi na emzimbeni (M0).

Ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iileta kunye namacandelwana asetyenziswa ukongeza kwezi zingasentla.

Ibakala le-tumor, njenge-G1-G4 inokusetyenziswa kunye nokuhlelwa. Oku kuchaza ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zibukeka njani njengeeseli eziqhelekileyo phantsi kwemicroscope. Amanani aphezulu abonisa iiseli ezingaqhelekanga. Okuncinci umhlaza ubonakala ngathi ziiseli eziqhelekileyo, kuya kukhawuleza ukhule nokusasazeka.

Ayizizo zonke iintlobo zomhlaza ezihleliweyo kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-TNM. Kungenxa yokuba eminye imihlaza, ngakumbi umhlaza wegazi kunye nomongo wethambo njenge-leukemia, awenzi tumors okanye usasazeka ngendlela efanayo. Ke ezinye iinkqubo zisetyenziselwa ukubeka le mihlaza yomhlaza.

Isigaba sinikezelwa kumhlaza wakho ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-TNM kunye nezinye izinto. Iicancer ezahlukeneyo zahlelwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, inqanaba lesithathu lomhlaza wekolon alifani nenqanaba lesithathu lomhlaza wesinyi. Ngokubanzi, inqanaba eliphezulu libhekisa kumhlaza ophucukileyo ngakumbi.

• Inqanaba 0: Iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zikhona, kodwa azisasazekanga
• Isigaba I, II, III: Jonga ubungakanani besisu kunye nokuba umhlaza usasazeke kangakanani kwii-lymph node
• Isigaba IV: Isifo siye sasasazeka kwamanye amalungu nakwizicubu zomzimba

Wakuba umhlaza wabelwe inqanaba, awuguquki, nokuba umhlaza ubuyile. Umhlaza uhlelwe ngokusekwe kwinto efunyenweyo xa ifunyaniswa.

IKomiti edibeneyo yaseMelika kwiwebhusayithi yoMhlaza. Inkqubo yokubeka umhlaza. cancerstaging.org/references-tools/Pages/What-is-Cancer-Staging.aspx. Kufunyenwe ngoNovemba 3, 2020.

UKumar V, u-Abbas AK, uAster JC. Neoplasia. Ku: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, ii-eds. Robbins yePathology esisiseko. Ngomhla we-10. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2018: isahluko 6.

Kwiwebhusayithi yeZiko loMhlaza weSizwe. Umhlaza. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging. Ukuhlaziywa ngo-Matshi 9, 2015. Ifikeleleke ngo-Novemba 3, 2020.

• Umhlaza