Ingqakaqha

Ingqakaqha sisifo esibi esidluliselwa ngokulula komnye umntu (siyosulela). Kubangelwa yintsholongwane.

Ingqakaqha isasazeka isuka komnye umntu iye komnye iyehla ngamathontsi amathe. Inokusasazeka ukusuka kumashiti ebhedi nakwimpahla. Kusasazeka ngeveki yokuqala yosulelo. Inokuqhubeka nokusasazeka kude kube kuwa ukhakhayi oluvela kwirhashalala luwe. Intsholongwane inokuhlala iphila phakathi kweeyure ezingama-6 nezingama-24.

Abantu bakhe bagonyelwa esi sifo. Nangona kunjalo, esi sifo sasiphelisiwe ukusukela ngo-1979. I-United States yayeka ukunika isitofu sokugonya ingqakaqha ngo-1972. Ngo-1980, iWorld Health Organisation (WHO) yacebisa ukuba onke amazwe ayeke ukugonyela ingqakaqha.

Zimbini iindlela zengqakaqha:

• I-Variola enkulu sisifo esibi esinokusongela ubomi kubantu abangakhange bagonywe. Yayijongene nenani elikhulu lokufa.
• I-Variola encinci sisifo esomeleleyo esingafane sibangele ukufa.

Inkqubo enkulu yeWHO yazitshayela zonke iintsholongwane ezaziwa ngokuba yingqakaqha emhlabeni ngee-1970s, ngaphandle kweesampulu ezimbalwa ezazigcinelwe uphando lukarhulumente kunye ne-bioweapons. Abaphandi bayaqhubeka nokuxoxa malunga nokuba bazibulale okanye bangazibulali iisampulu zokugqibela zentsholongwane, okanye bayigcine kwimeko apho kungakho ixesha elizayo lokuyifunda.

Usengozini yokuphuhlisa ingqakaqha ukuba:

• Ngaba ngumsebenzi waselebhu ophethe intsholongwane (inqabile)
• Ngaba zikwindawo apho intsholongwane yakhutshwa khona njengesixhobo sebhayoloji

Akukaziwa ukuba ixesha elingakanani lokugonya elidlulileyo lihlala lisebenza. Abantu abafumene isitofu sokugonya kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo abasenakho ukukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kwintsholongwane.

UMNGCIPHEKO WOBUGQUNGQELA

Kukho inkxalabo yokuba intsholongwane yengqakaqha inokuthi isasazeke njengenxalenye yokuhlaselwa kobunqolobi. Intsholongwane ingasasazeka kwifom yokutshiza (i-aerosol).

Iimpawu zihlala zenzeka malunga neentsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-14 emva kokuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane. Banokubandakanya:

• Umqolo obuhlungu
• Delirium
• Urhudo
• Ukopha kakhulu
• Ukudinwa
• Umkhuhlane ophezulu
• UMalaise
• Ukuphakama kwepinki ephakanyisiweyo, kujika kube zizilonda eziba luthuthu ngomhla we-8 okanye we-9
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Isicaphucaphu nokugabha

Uvavanyo lubandakanya:

• Iphaneli yeDIC
• Ubalo lweplatelet
• Inani leeseli ezimhlophe

Iimvavanyo ezizodwa zaselebhu zingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga intsholongwane.

Isitofu sokuthintela ingqakaqha sinokuthintela ukugula okanye sinciphise iimpawu ukuba sinikwa kwisithuba seentsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-4 emva kokuba umntu eve esi sifo. Nje ukuba iimpawu ziqale, unyango lilinganiselwe.

NgoJulayi 2013, iikhosi ezingama-59,000 ze-antiviral drug tecovirimat zanikezelwa yi-SIGA Technologies kwi-United States Strategic National Stockpile yaseburhulumenteni yase-United States ukuze isetyenziswe kwimeko enokwenzeka ye-bioterrorism. I-SIGA yafaka isicelo sokukhusela ukungabinamali ngo-2014.

Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane anokunikwa usulelo olwenzeka kubantu abanesifo sengqakaqha. Ukuthatha ii-antibodies ezichasene nesifo esifana nengqakaqha (vaccinia immune globulin) kunokunceda ukunciphisa ixesha lesi sifo.

Abantu abaye bafunyaniswe benesifo sengqakaqha kunye nabantu abanonxibelelwano olusondeleyo nabo kufuneka babekelwe bucala ngoko nangoko. Kuya kufuneka ukuba bafumane isitofu sokugonya kwaye bajongwe ngokusondeleyo.

Kwixesha elidlulileyo, esi yayisisigulo esikhulu. Umngcipheko wokufa wawuphezulu nge-30%.

Iingxaki zinokubandakanya:

• Isifo samathambo kunye namathambo
• Ukudumba kobuchopho (encephalitis)
• Ukufa
• Usulelo lwamehlo
• Ukukrala kwemiphunga
• Ukuqhekeka
• Ukopha kakhulu
• Usulelo lolusu (ukusuka kwizilonda)

Ukuba ucinga ukuba usenokuvezwa yingqakaqha, qhagamshelana nomboneleli wakho wezempilo ngoko nangoko. Ukuqhagamshelana nentsholongwane akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba usebenze nentsholongwane kwilebhu okanye uye waboniswa nge-bioterrorism.

Abantu abaninzi babegonyelwa ingqakaqha ngaphambili. Iyeza lokugonya alisanikwa uluntu ngokubanzi. Ukuba isitofu sokugonya kufuneka sinikezelwe ukulawula ukuqhambuka, kunokuba nomngcipheko omncinci weengxaki. Okwangoku, kuphela ngabasebenzi basemkhosini, abasebenzi bezempilo, kunye nabaphenduli abangxamisekileyo abanokufumana iyeza lokugonya.

I-Variola - enkulu kunye nencinci; Variola

• Izilonda zentsholongwane

Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo lwewebhusayithi. Ingqakaqha. www.cdc.gov/smallpox/index.html. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJulayi 12, 2017. Ifikeleleke ngo-Epreli 17, 2019.

UDamon IK. Ingqakaqha, inkawu, kunye nezinye izifo zentsholongwane. Ku: IGoldman L, iSchafer AI, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Umhla wama-25. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; Ngo-2016: isahluko 372.

UPeteren BW, uDamon IK. I-Orthopoxviruses: i-vaccinia (isitofu sokugonya ingqakaqha), variola (ingqakaqha), inkawu, kunye neenkomo. Ku: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, ii-eds. UMandell, uDouglas, kunye neMigaqo yeBennett kunye nokuSebenza kwezifo ezosulelayo, uHlelo oluHlaziyiweyo. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: isahl 135.