Ukuphazamiseka kwezandi

Ukuphazamiseka kwezandi luhlobo lwentetho yesandi esiphazamisayo. Ukuphazamiseka kwesandi kwintetho kukungakwazi ukwenza ngokuchanekileyo izandi zamagama. Ukuphazamiseka kwesandi kwintetho kubandakanya ukungahambi kakuhle, ukungahambi kakuhle, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwelizwi.

Abantwana abanengxaki yokuphononongwa kwezandi abazisebenzisi ezinye okanye zonke izandi zentetho ukwenza amagama njengoko kulindelwe kumntwana oneminyaka yabo.

Esi sifo sixhaphake kakhulu kubafana.

Unobangela wokuphazamiseka kwezandi kubantwana kuhlala kungaziwa. Izihlobo ezisondeleyo zinokuba nengxaki yokuthetha kunye nolwimi.

Kumntwana ophuhlisa iipatheni zentetho eqhelekileyo:

• Ngobudala be-3, ubuncinci isiqingatha sento ethethwa ngumntwana kufuneka iqondwe ngumntu ongamaziyo.
• Umntwana kufuneka enze uninzi lwezandi ngokuchanekileyo xa eneminyaka eyi-4 okanye yesi-5, ngaphandle kwezandi ezimbalwa ezinje l, s, r, v, z, ch, sh, kwaye th.
• Izandi ezinzima zinokungachaneki ngokupheleleyo de kube li-7 okanye i-8 yobudala.

Kuqhelekile ukuba abantwana abancinci benze iimpazamo kwintetho njengoko ulwimi lwabo lukhula.

Abantwana abanengxaki yokuphononongwa kwezandi bahlala besebenzisa iipateni zokuthetha ezingachanekanga ezidlulileyo kweminyaka ebefanele ukuba bayekile ukuzisebenzisa.

Imigaqo yentetho engachanekanga okanye iipateni zibandakanya ukulahla isandi sokuqala okanye sokugqibela segama ngalinye okanye ukubuyisela ezinye kwizandi.

Abantwana bangasishiya isandi nangona bekwazi ukubiza isandi esinye xa sisenzeka ngamanye amagama okanye ngokwamalungu angenantsingiselo. Umzekelo, umntwana owisa amaqabane okugqibela usenokuthi "boo" for "book" and "pi" for "pig", kodwa angabinangxaki ekuthetheni amagama anjenge "key" okanye "go".

Ezi mpazamo zinokwenza ukuba kube nzima kwabanye abantu ukuqonda umntwana. Ngamalungu osapho kuphela anokwazi ukuqonda umntwana onesifo sokuthetha esibi kakhulu.

Ulwimi oluthetha ngesifo sengqondo lunokufumanisa ukuphazamiseka kwezandi. Banokucela umntwana ukuba athethe amagama athile kwaye basebenzise uvavanyo olufana neArizona-4 (Arizona Articulation and Phonology Scale, 4th revision).

Abantwana kufuneka bavavanywe ukunceda ukulawula ukuphazamiseka okunganxibelelananga nokuphazamiseka kwezandi. Oku kubandakanya:

• Iingxaki zokuqonda (njengokukhubazeka kwengqondo)
• Ukuva ukungasebenzi kakuhle
• Iimeko ze-Neurological (ezinje nge-cerebral palsy)
• Iingxaki zomzimba (ezinje ngenkalakahla ecandekileyo)

Umboneleli wezempilo kufuneka abuze imibuzo, ngokungathi kuthethwa ngaphezu kolwimi olunye okanye ulwimi oluthile ekhaya.

Iindlela ezomeleleyo zolu phazamiseko zinokuhamba zodwa xa zineminyaka eli-6 ubudala.

Unyango lwentetho lunokunceda ngakumbi iimpawu okanye iingxaki zentetho ezingangcono. Unyango lunokunceda umntwana ukuba enze isandi. Umzekelo, i-Therapist ingabonisa ukuba ulubeka phi ulwimi okanye indlela yokwenza imilebe xa usenza isandi.

Iziphumo zixhomekeke kubudala bokuphazamiseka kwaye buqine kangakanani. Uninzi lwabantwana luya kuqhubeka nokukhulisa intetho eqhelekileyo.

Kwiimeko ezinzima, umntwana unokuba neengxaki zokuqondwa nangamalungu osapho. Kwiindlela ezipholileyo, umntwana usenokuba nengxaki yokuqondwa ngabantu abangaphandle kosapho. Iingxaki zentlalo kunye nezifundo (ukufunda okanye ukubhala ukukhubazeka) zinokubakho ngenxa yoko.

Fowunela umboneleli wakho ukuba umntwana wakho ngu:

• Kusenzima ukuqonda nge-4 yobudala
• Akakwazi ukwenza ezinye izandi ngeminyaka eyi-6
• Ukushiya ngaphandle, ukutshintsha, okanye ukufaka endaweni yezandi ezithile kubudala beminyaka esi-7
• Ukuba neengxaki zokuthetha ezibangela iintloni

Ukukhula kokuphazamiseka kwezandi; Ukuphazamiseka kwesandi kwintetho; Ukuphazamiseka kwintetho-kwifowuni

UCarter RG, uFeegelman S. Iminyaka yesikolo sabantwana abasaqalayo. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahl 24.

UKelly DP, uNatale MJ. Umsebenzi we-Neurodevelopmental kunye nowesigqeba sokusebenza kunye nokungasebenzi. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 48.

Iimpawu zeMD. Ukuphuhliswa kolwimi kunye nokuphazamiseka konxibelelwano. Ku: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, ii-eds. Incwadi kaNelson yeNcwadi yePediatrics. Umhla wama-21. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 52.

Umqeqeshi weDA, uNass RD. Ukuphazamiseka kolwimi. Ku: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, et al, ii-eds. I-Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Imigaqo kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Umhla wesi-6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; Ngo-2017: isahluko 53.