Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga

Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga ngotyando lokutshintsha enye okanye yomibini imiphunga enesifo kunye nemiphunga esempilweni evela kumnikeli womntu.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, imiphunga emitsha okanye imiphunga inikelwa ngumntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-65 kunye nengqondo-efileyo, kodwa isekhona kwinkxaso yobomi. Imiphunga yabanikeli kufuneka ingabinasifo kwaye ifaniswe ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kuhlobo lwethishu yakho. Oku kunciphisa ithuba lokuba umzimba ungakwamkeli ukufakelwa.

Amaphaphu anokunikwa kwakhona ngabaxhasi abaphilayo. Kufuneka abantu ababini nangaphezulu. Umntu ngamnye unikela ngenxalenye (ye-lobe) yemiphunga yabo. Oku kwenza imiphunga yonke kulowo uyifumanayo.

Ngexesha lotyando lomphunga, ulele kwaye awunantlungu (phantsi kweanesthesia ngokubanzi). Ukusikwa kotyando kwenziwa esifubeni. Utyando lotyando lwemiphunga luhlala lusenziwa kusetyenziswa umatshini wentliziyo kunye nemiphunga. Esi sixhobo senza umsebenzi wentliziyo yakho kunye nemiphunga ngelixa intliziyo nemiphunga yakho imisiwe kuqhaqho.

• Ukutshintshwa kwemiphunga enye, ukusikwa kwenziwa kwicala lesifuba sakho apho kuya kufakwa khona imiphunga. Umsebenzi uthatha iiyure ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-8. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umphunga oneyona nto imbi kakhulu uyasuswa.
• Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga kabini, ukusikwa kwenziwa ngaphantsi kwebele kwaye kufikelela kumacala omabini esifuba. Utyando luthatha iiyure ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-12.

Emva kokunqunyulwa, amanyathelo aphambili ngexesha lotyando lwemiphunga kubandakanya:

• Ubekwe kumatshini wentliziyo nemiphunga.
• Kususwe omnye wemiphunga yakho. Kubantu abafumana ukufakelwa kwemiphunga kabini, uninzi okanye onke amanyathelo asuka kwicala lokuqala agqityiwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe icala lesibini.
• Imithambo yegazi ephambili kunye nomoya womphunga omtsha uthungelwe kwimithambo yegazi nakwindlela yomoya. I-lobe yomnikeli okanye imiphunga ithungiwe (yadityaniswa) endaweni. Iityhubhu zesifuba zifakwa ukukhupha umoya, ulwelo, kunye negazi ngaphandle kwesifuba kangangeentsuku ezininzi ukuvumela imiphunga ukuba yande ngokupheleleyo.
• Uyasuswa kumatshini wentliziyo-wemiphunga nje ukuba imiphunga ithungelwe kwaye isebenze.

Ngamanye amaxesha, ukufakelwa kwentliziyo kunye nemiphunga kwenziwa ngaxeshanye (ukufakelwa kwentliziyo nemiphunga) ukuba intliziyo nayo iyagula.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukufakelwa kwemiphunga kwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba zonke ezinye iindlela zonyango lokungaphumeleli kwemiphunga zingaphumelelanga. Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga kunokucetyiswa kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-65 abanesifo esibuhlungu semiphunga. Eminye imizekelo yezifo ezinokufuna ukufakelwa kwemiphunga zezi:

• Icystic fibrosis
• Ukonakala kwimithambo yemiphunga ngenxa yesiphene entliziyweni xa uzalwa (ukuzalwa sinesiphene)
• Ukutshatyalaliswa kweendlela ezinkulu zomoya kunye nemiphunga (bronchiectasis)
• I-Emphysema okanye isifo esinganyangekiyo sesifo semiphunga (COPD)
• Iimeko zemiphunga apho izicubu zemiphunga zidumbayo kwaye zibenamanxeba (isifo semiphunga esiphakathi)
• Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu kwimithambo yemiphunga (uxinzelelo lwegazi)
• I-Sarcoidosis

Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga akunakwenziwa kubantu:

• Uyagula kakhulu okanye wondleke kakubi ukuba ungahamba kwinkqubo
• Qhubeka ukutshaya okanye ukusebenzisa kakubi utywala okanye ezinye iziyobisi
• Yiba ne-hepatitis B esebenzayo, i-hepatitis C, okanye i-HIV
• Unomhlaza kwiminyaka emi-2 edlulileyo
• Unesifo semiphunga esiya kuchaphazela umphunga omtsha
• Unesifo esibi samanye amalungu
• Ayinakuthenjwa ngokuthembekileyo amayeza abo
• Abakwazi ukuqhubeka nesibhedlele kunye notyelelo lokhathalelo lwempilo kunye neemvavanyo ezifunekayo

Iingozi zokufakelwa kwemiphunga zibandakanya:

• Amahlwili egazi (thrombosis enzulu yemithambo).
• Iswekile, ukuncipha kwethambo, okanye amanqanaba aphezulu e-cholesterol evela kumayeza anikwe emva kokufakelwa.
• Umngcipheko owandileyo wosulelo ngenxa yamayeza achasene nokwaliwa (ukunyanzelwa komzimba).
• Ukonakala kwizintso zakho, isibindi, okanye amanye amalungu asuka kumachiza alwa ukwaliwa.
• Umngcipheko wexesha elizayo womhlaza othile.
• Iingxaki kwindawo apho imithambo yegazi emitsha kunye neendlela zomoya ziqhotyoshelwe.
• Ukulahlwa komphunga omtsha, onokuthi uvele kwangoko, kwiiveki ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6 zokuqala, okanye ngokuhamba kwexesha.
• Umphunga omtsha awunakusebenza konke konke.

Uya kuba novavanyo olulandelayo ukumisela ukuba ungumgqatswa olungileyo kulo msebenzi:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi okanye uvavanyo lolusu ukukhangela usulelo
• Ukuchwetheza igazi
• Uvavanyo lokuvavanya intliziyo yakho, njenge-electrocardiogram (EKG), i-echocardiogram, okanye i-catheterization yentliziyo
• Uvavanyo lokuvavanya imiphunga yakho
• Uvavanyo lokujonga umhlaza kwangoko (iPap smear, mammogram, colonoscopy)
• Ukuchwetheza kwethishu, ukukunceda uqiniseke ukuba umzimba wakho awuyi kuyala umphunga onikelweyo

Abagqatswa abafanelekileyo bokufakelwa kufakwa kuluhlu lokulinda lwengingqi. Indawo yakho kuluhlu lokulinda isekwe kwinani lezinto, kubandakanya:

• Loluphi uhlobo lweengxaki zemiphunga onazo
• Ubunzima besifo sakho semiphunga
• Amathuba okuba ukufakelwa kwakhona kube nempumelelo

Kuninzi lwabantu abadala, ixesha olichitha kuluhlu lokulinda aluqinisekisi ukuba ufumana umphunga kungekudala. Ixesha lokulinda lihlala ubuncinci iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-3.

Ngelixa ulinde umphunga omtsha:

• Landela nakuphi na ukutya okucetyiswa liqela lakho lokufakelwa kwemiphunga. Yeka ukusela utywala, ungatshayi, kwaye ugcine ubunzima bakho kuluhlu olucetyiswayo.
• Thatha onke amayeza njengoko ebemiselwe. Xela utshintsho kumayeza akho kunye neengxaki zonyango ezitsha okanye eziya zisiba mbi kwiqela lokutshintsha.
• Landela nayiphi na inkqubo yokuzivocavoca oyifundiswe ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kwentliziyo.
• Gcina nakuphi na ukuqeshwa okwenzileyo kunye nomboneleli wakho wezempilo kunye neqela lokutshintsha.
• Vumela iqela lokufakelwa ngokutsha ukuba lazi ukuba linxibelelana njani nangoko ukuba imiphunga iyafumaneka. Qiniseka ukuba unokuqhagamshelana ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokulula.
• Zilungiselele kwangaphambili ukuya esibhedlele.

Ngaphambi kwenkqubo, soloko uxelela umboneleli wakho:

• Zeziphi iziyobisi, iivithamini, amayeza, kunye nezinye izongezo ozithathayo, kwanezo uzithengileyo ngaphandle kommiselo
• Ukuba ubusele utywala kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwesinye okanye ezimbini iziselo ngosuku)

Musa ukutya okanye usele nantoni na xa kusithiwa makeze esibhedlele uzokufakelwa imiphunga. Thatha kuphela iziyobisi oxelelwe ukuba uzithathe kunye nokusela okuncinci kwamanzi.

Kuya kufuneka ulinde ukuhlala esibhedlele kangangeentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezi-21 emva kokufakelwa kwemiphunga. Uya kuchitha ixesha kwigumbi lokhathalelo olunzulu (ICU) kanye emva kotyando. Uninzi lwamaziko enza ukufakelwa kwemiphunga aneendlela ezisemgangathweni zokunyanga kunye nokulawulwa kwezigulana zokufakelwa kwemiphunga.

Ixesha lokufumana kwakhona limalunga neenyanga ezi-6. Rhoqo, iqela lakho lokutshintsha liya kukucela ukuba uhlale kufutshane nesibhedlele kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuqala. Kuya kufuneka uhlolwe rhoqo kuvavanyo lwegazi kunye ne-x-ray iminyaka emininzi.

Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga yinkqubo ephambili eyenzelwe abantu abanezifo zemiphunga ezisongela ubomi okanye umonakalo.

Malunga nezigulana ezine kwabahlanu zisaphila unyaka omnye emva kokufakelwa. Phantse ababini kwabahlanu abafumana ukufakelwa bayaphila kwiminyaka emi-5. Owona mngcipheko wokufa kukunyaka wokuqala, ubukhulu becala usuka kwiingxaki ezinjengokwaliwa.

Ukulwa ukwaliwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo. Amajoni omzimba athathela ingqalelo into efakelweyo njengomhlaseli kwaye angayihlasela.

Ukuthintela ukwaliwa, izigulana ezithwala amalungu kufuneka zithathe iziyobisi ezichasayo. La machiza acinezela impendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela kwaye anciphise nethuba lokwaliwa. Ngenxa yoko, nangona kunjalo, la machiza anciphisa amandla emvelo omzimba wokulwa usulelo.

Kwiminyaka emi-5 emva kokufakelwa kwemiphunga, ubuncinci umntu omnye kwabahlanu uba nomhlaza okanye abe neengxaki entliziyweni. Kubantu abaninzi, umgangatho wobomi uphuculwe emva kokufakelwa komphunga. Banokunyamezela okungcono kokuzilolonga kwaye banako ukwenza okungakumbi mihla le.

Ukufakelwa komzimba oqinileyo - imiphunga

• Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga - uthotho

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I-Kotloff RM, iKeshavjee S.Ukufakelwa kwemiphunga. Ku: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, ii-eds. Incwadi kaMurray neNadel yeyeza lokuphefumla. Umhla wesi-6. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: isahluko 106.