Utshintsho lokuguga kumalungu, izicubu kunye neeseli

Onke amalungu abalulekileyo aqala ukuphulukana nomsebenzi othile njengoko uneminyaka yobudala. Utshintsho lokuguga lwenzeka kuzo zonke iiseli zomzimba, izicwili, kunye namalungu, kwaye olu tshintsho luchaphazela ukusebenza kwazo zonke iinkqubo zomzimba.

Iithishu eziphilayo zenziwe ngeeseli. Zininzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, kodwa zonke zinolwakhiwo olusisiseko olufanayo. Izicubu zizaleko zeeseli ezifanayo ezenza umsebenzi othile. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zethishu zidibanisa ukwenza amalungu.

Kukho iintlobo ezine ezisisiseko zethishu:

Izicubu ezinxibelelanayo ixhasa ezinye izicwili kwaye iyazibopha. Oku kubandakanya amathambo, igazi, kunye nezicubu ze-lymph, kunye nezicubu ezixhasa kunye nolwakhiwo kulusu nakwizitho zangaphakathi.

Izicubu ze-epithelial ibonelela ngesigqubuthelo sobuso obungaphezulu nangaphezulu. Ulusu kunye nokuthanjiswa kweepaseji ngaphakathi komzimba, ezinje ngenkqubo yesisu, zenziwe ngezicwili ze-epithelial.

Izihlunu zemisipha kubandakanya iintlobo ezintathu zethishu:

• Izihlunu ezixubileyo, ezinje ngezo zihambisa amathambo (abizwa ngokuba yimisipha yokuzithandela)
• Imisipha egudileyo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yimisipha engazibandakanyiyo), ezinje ngezihlunu ezifumaneka esiswini nakwamanye amalungu angaphakathi
• Imisipha yentliziyo, eyenza uninzi lodonga lwentliziyo (kunye nesihlunu esingazibandakanyi)

Imithambo yethambo yenziwe ngeeseli zemithambo-luvo (iiseli zemithambo-luvo) kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa imiyalezo ukuya nokubuya kumalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba. Ingqondo, umnqonqo, kunye neeripheral luvo zenziwe ngeethambo zesisu.

UTSHINTSHO OLUDALA

Iiseli zezona zibhloko zokwakha izicwili. Zonke iiseli zinamava ngokwaluphala. Ziyakhula kwaye azinako ukwahlula kunye nokuphindaphinda. Phakathi kolunye utshintsho, kukho ukwanda kwee-pigment kunye nezinto ezinamafutha ngaphakathi kweseli (lipids). Iiseli ezininzi ziphulukana namandla azo okusebenza, okanye ziqala ukusebenza ngokungaqhelekanga.

Njengoko ukuguga kuqhubeka, iimveliso zenkunkuma zakha izihlunu. Umbala omdaka onamafutha obizwa ngokuba yi-lipofuscin uqokelela kwizicubu ezininzi, kunye nezinye izinto ezinamanqatha.

Utshintsho lwezicubu ezinxibelelanayo, ziba lukhuni ngakumbi. Oku kwenza amalungu, imithambo yegazi, kunye neendlela zomoya ziqine. Inwebu yeseli iyatshintsha, izicwili ezininzi zinengxaki yokufumana ioksijini kunye nezakhamzimba, kunye nokususa ikharbhon diokside kunye nenye inkunkuma.

Amathishu amaninzi aphulukana nobunzima. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-atrophy. Ezinye izicwili ziba namaqhuma (nodular) okanye ziqine.

Ngenxa yotshintsho lweeseli kunye nezicubu, amalungu akho nawo ayatshintsha njengoko uneminyaka yobudala. Amalungu akhulileyo ngokuthe chu aphulukana nomsebenzi. Uninzi lwabantu aluyiboni le lahleko ngoko nangoko, kuba kunqabile ukuba usebenzise amalungu akho ngokupheleleyo.

Izixhobo zinendawo yokugcina ezinokusebenza ngaphezulu kweemfuno eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, intliziyo yomntu oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala iyakwazi ukumpompa malunga namaxesha alishumi egazi elifunekayo ukugcina umzimba uphila. Emva kweminyaka engama-30, umyinge we-1% yale ndawo yogcino ilahlekile nyaka ngamnye.

Olona tshintsho lukhulu kugcino lwelungu lwenzeka entliziyweni, emiphungeni nasezintso. Inani eligciniweyo lokulahleka liyahluka phakathi kwabantu naphakathi kwamalungu ahlukeneyo kumntu omnye.

Olu tshintsho lubonakala kancinci kwaye ixesha elide. Xa ilungu lisebenza nzima kunesiqhelo, lisenokungakwazi ukwandisa umsebenzi. Ukusilela kwentliziyo ngesiquphe okanye ezinye iingxaki zinokuvela xa umzimba usebenza nzima kunesiqhelo. Izinto ezivelisa umthwalo owongezelelweyo (uxinzelelo lomzimba) zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Isigulo
• Amayeza
• Utshintsho olubalulekileyo ebomini
• Ukunyuka ngequbuliso kweemfuno zomzimba emzimbeni, ezinje ngotshintsho lomsebenzi okanye ukuvezwa kwindawo ephezulu

Ukuphulukana noovimba kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukubuyisa ibhalansi (ulingano) emzimbeni. Iziyobisi ziyasuswa emzimbeni zizintso kunye nesibindi kwinqanaba elincinci. Amanani amancinci amayeza anokufuneka, kwaye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ziya zixhaphaka. Ukuchacha kwizigulo kunqabile ukuba kwi-100%, kukhokelela kukukhubazeka ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zamayeza zinokulinganisa iimpawu zezifo ezininzi, ke kulula ukwenza impazamo ekuphenduleni kwesiyobisi. Amanye amayeza aneempembelelo ezahlukileyo kubantu abadala kunasebantwini abancinci.

UMBONO WOBUDALA

Akukho mntu uyazi ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni abantu betshintsha njengoko bekhula. Ezinye iingcinga zithi ukwaluphala kubangelwa kukonzakala kukukhanya kwelanga emva kwexesha, ukunxiba nokuqhekeka emzimbeni, okanye imveliso yemetabolism. Ezinye iingcinga zijonga ukwaluphala njengenkqubo emiselwe kwangaphambili elawulwa ziijini.

Akukho nkqubo inye inokuchaza lonke utshintsho olwenzeka ekwaluphaleni. Ukwaluphala yinkqubo entsonkothileyo eyahlukileyo ngokubachaphazela abantu abahlukeneyo kunye namalungu ohlukeneyo. Uninzi lwee-gerontologists (abantu abafunda ngokuguga) baziva ngathi ukwaluphala kungenxa yokuhlangana kweempembelelo zobomi bonke. Ezi mpembelelo zibandakanya ilifa, okusingqongileyo, inkcubeko, ukutya, ukwenza umthambo kunye nokuzonwabisa, izigulo zangaphambili kunye nezinye izinto.

Ngokungafaniyo notshintsho kwinqanaba lokufikisa, elinokuqikelelwa kwisithuba seminyaka embalwa, umntu ngamnye ubudala kwinqanaba elikhethekileyo. Ezinye iinkqubo ziqala ukwaluphala ziseneminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Ezinye iinkqubo zokuguga aziqhelekanga kude kube sekupheleni kwexesha ebomini.

Nangona ezinye iinguqu zihlala zisenzeka ngokwaluphala, zenzeka ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo nakwizinto ezahlukeneyo. Akukho ndlela yokuqikelela ukuba uza kuba mdala kangakanani.

IMIMISELO YOKUCHAZA IINTLOBO ZOKUTSHINTSHA KWESELE

Atrophy:

• Iiseli ziyancipha. Ukuba iiseli ezaneleyo ziyancipha ngobungakanani, onke amalungu e-atrophies. Oku kuhlala kuyinto eguqukayo yokuguga kwaye inokwenzeka nakweyiphi na inyama. Ixhaphake kakhulu kwimisipha yamathambo, intliziyo, ingqondo, kunye namalungu esini (njengamabele kunye namaqanda). Amathambo aya esiba mancinci kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba aqhekeze umothuko omncinci.
• Unobangela we-atrophy awaziwa, kodwa unokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa okuncitshisiweyo, ukunciphisa umthwalo wokusebenza, ukunciphisa ukubonelelwa kwegazi okanye isondlo kwiiseli, kunye nokunciphisa ukuvuselelwa yimithambo-luvo okanye iihomoni.

Hypertrophy:

• Iiseli ziyandiswa. Oku kubangelwa kukunyuka kweeproteni kwimbumba yeseli nakwizakhiwo zeseli, hayi ukwanda kolwelo lweseli.
• Xa ezinye iiseli ze-atrophy, ezinye zinokuthi zenze i-hypertrophy ukwenza ukulahleka kweseli.

Hyperplasia:

• Inani leeseli liyanda. Kukho ukwanda kwenqanaba lokwahlukana kweseli.
• I-Hyperplasia ihlala isenza ukubuyekeza ilahleko yeeseli. Ivumela amanye amalungu kunye nezicubu ukuba ziphinde zivuseleleke, kubandakanya ulusu, ulusu lwamathumbu, isibindi kunye nomongo wethambo. Isibindi silunge ngakumbi ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona. Inokubuyisela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70% yesakhiwo sayo kwiiveki ezi-2 emva kokulimala.
• Izicubu ezinomda omncinci wokuphinda zihlaziye zibandakanya ithambo, intlala, kunye nezihlunu ezigudileyo (ezinje ngemisipha ejikeleze amathumbu). Izicubu ezinqabileyo okanye ezingaze ziphinde zivelise zibandakanya imithambo-luvo, umsipha wamathambo, umsipha wentliziyo, kunye nelensi yamehlo. Xa wenzakele, ezi zihlunu zithathelwa indawo zezicwili ezibomvu.

IDysplasia:

• Ubungakanani, imilo, okanye umbutho weeseli ezivuthiweyo ziba ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-atypical hyperplasia.
• I-Dysplasia ixhaphake kakhulu kwiiseli zomlomo wesibeleko kunye nakwindlela yokuphefumla.

I-Neoplasia:

• Ukubunjwa kwamathumba, nokuba ngumhlaza (unobungozi) okanye ungenomdlavuza (onobungozi).
• Iiseli ze-Neoplastic zihlala zizala ngokukhawuleza. Banokuba neemilo ezingaqhelekanga kunye nomsebenzi ongaqhelekanga.

Njengoko ukhula, uya kuba notshintsho kuwo wonke umzimba wakho, kubandakanya utshintsho ku:

• Ukuveliswa kweHormone
• Ukhuseleko
• Ulusu
• Lala
• Amathambo, izihlunu, kunye namalungu
• Amabele
• Ubuso
• Inkqubo yokuzala yabasetyhini
• Intliziyo kunye nemithambo yegazi
• Izintso
• Imiphunga
• Inkqubo yokuzala eyindoda
• Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo

• Iintlobo zeethishu

I-Baynes JW. Ukwaluphala. Ku: Baynes JW, Dominiczak MH, ii-eds. Unyango ngamachiza. Umhla we-5. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; I-2019: isahluko 29.

Gcwalisa i-HM, i-Rockwood K, i-Young J, i-eds. Incwadi ka-Brocklehurst ye-Geriatric Medicine kunye neGerontology. Ngomhla we-8. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; Ngo-2017.

UWalston JD. I-sequelae eqhelekileyo yeklinikhi yokuguga. Ku: UGoldman L, uSchafer Al, ii-eds. Amayeza eGoldman-Cecil. Ngomhla wama-26. IPhiladelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isahluko 22.