Umbhali: Robert Simon
Umhla Wokudalwa: 20 Isilimela 2021
Hlaziya Umhla: 24 Eyomqungu 2025
Anonim
Owona “Bhubhani Ubalaseleyo Embalini” Yayiyiminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo - kodwa uninzi lwethu lusazifumana iZinto eziSisiseko ngokuGwenxa - Zempilo
Owona “Bhubhani Ubalaseleyo Embalini” Yayiyiminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo - kodwa uninzi lwethu lusazifumana iZinto eziSisiseko ngokuGwenxa - Zempilo

Umxholo

Sibandakanya iimveliso esicinga ukuba ziluncedo kubafundi bethu. Ukuba uthenga amakhonkco kweli phepha, sinokufumana ikhomishini encinci. Nantsi inkqubo yethu.

Lo nyaka uphawula isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-100 sogonyamelo olukhulu lomkhuhlane lwango-1918. Phakathi kwama-50 ne-100 lezigidi zabantu kucingelwa ukuba babhubhile, nto leyo emele ama-5 eepesenti kubemi behlabathi. Isiqingatha sebhiliyoni sabantu bosulelekile.

Eyona nto iphawuleka kakhulu yayikukuchongwa komkhuhlane ngo-1918 wokuthatha ubomi babantu abadala abasempilweni, ngokuchaseneyo nabantwana kunye nabantu abadala, abahlala behlupheka kakhulu. Abanye bayibiza ngokuba ngoyena bhubhani ubalaseleyo embalini.

Ubhubhane womkhuhlane ka-1918 ubungumxholo oqhelekileyo wengqikelelo kwinkulungwane ephelileyo. Izazi ngembali kunye nososayensi baqhubele phambili ngeendlela ezininzi malunga nemvelaphi, ukusasazeka kunye neziphumo. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwethu luba nembono ephosakeleyo ngayo.


Ngokulungisa ezi ntsomi zili-10, sinokukuqonda ngcono okwenzekileyo kwaye sifunde indlela yokuthintela kunye nokunciphisa ezo ntlekele kwixesha elizayo.

1. Ubhubhani wavela eSpain

Akukho mntu ukholelwa into ebizwa ngokuba yi "Spanish flu" yavela eSpain.

Ubhubhane kusenokwenzeka ukuba walifumana eli gama lesidlaliso ngenxa yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, eyayisendleleni ngelo xesha. Amazwe aphambili abandakanyeka emfazweni ayethanda ukunqanda ukukhuthaza iintshaba zawo, ke iingxelo zobungakanani bomkhuhlane zacinezelwa eJamani, eOstriya, eFrance, e-United Kingdom nase-US. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-Spain engathathi cala kwakungekho sidingo sokugcina umkhuhlane. phantsi kwesongelo. Oko kwadala umbono ongeyonyani wokuba iSpain yayinaso esi sifo.

Ngapha koko, imvelaphi yomkhuhlane iyaxoxwa ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, nangona ii-hypotheses ziphakamise i-East Asia, iYurophu kunye ne-Kansas.

2. Ubhubhane yayingumsebenzi wentsholongwane

Umkhuhlane wango-1918 wasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, wabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-25 kwiinyanga nje ezintandathu zokuqala. Oku kukhokelele abanye ukuba boyike isiphelo soluntu, kwaye kudala sivelisa umbono wokuba uhlobo lomkhuhlane luyingozi kakhulu.


Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba intsholongwane uqobo, nangona iyingozi kakhulu kunezinye iintlobo, yayingahlukanga kwaphela kwezo zabangela ubhubhane kweminye iminyaka.

Inqanaba lokufa okuphezulu kunokubangelwa kukuxinana kweenkampu zomkhosi nakwiindawo ezisezidolophini, kunye nokutya okungafunekiyo kunye nogutyulo lwelindle, ezazisokola ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngoku kucingelwa ukuba uninzi lokufa lubangelwe kukukhula kwe-pneumonia yentsholongwane kwimiphunga ebuthathaka ngumkhuhlane.

3. Iliza lokuqala lobhubhani lalibulala kakhulu

Ngokwenyani, iliza lokuqala lokusweleka kubhubhane kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-1918 laliphantsi.

Kwakukho kwintsholongwane yesibini, ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuDisemba waloo nyaka, apho amazinga aphezulu okufa abonwa. Amaza esithathu entwasahlobo ka-1919 ayebulala ngakumbi kunawokuqala kodwa engaphantsi kunawesibini.

Izazinzulu ngoku zikholelwa kwelokuba ukwanda okuphawulekayo ekufeni kwiliza lesibini kubangelwe ziimeko ebezikuthanda ukusasazeka kobunzima obubulalayo. Abantu abanamatyala amancinci bahlala emakhaya, kodwa abo banamatyala aqatha bahlala bexinene ezibhedlele nasezinkampini, bekonyusa ukosulela kwendlela ebulalayo yentsholongwane.


4. Intsholongwane yabulala uninzi lwabantu ababenayo

Ngapha koko, uninzi lwabantu abafumana umkhuhlane ngo-1918 basinda. Amanqanaba okufa kuzwelonke phakathi kwabosulelekileyo ngokubanzi awakhange adlule kuma-20 epesenti.

Nangona kunjalo, amazinga okufa ahluka ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo. E-US, ukusweleka kwakuphezulu kakhulu kubantu baseMelika baseMelika, mhlawumbi ngenxa yamanqanaba asezantsi okuchaphazeleka kwizifo zangaphambili zomkhuhlane. Ngamanye amaxesha, lonke uluntu lwaMthonyama lwalutshatyalalisiwe.

Ewe kunjalo, neepesenti ezingama-20 zokufa zidlula kakhulu, ezibulala ngaphantsi kwepesenti yabo banesi sifo.

5. Unyango losuku lwalunefuthe elincinci kwesi sifo

Akukho zonyango zonyango ezichasene ne-virus ezazifumaneka ngexesha lomkhuhlane we-1918. Oko kuseyinyani namhlanje, apho uninzi lonyango lomkhuhlane lujolise ekuxhaseni abaguli, kunokuba babanyange.

Enye ingcamango ibonisa ukuba ukufa komkhuhlane kunokubangelwa yityhefu yeasprini. Abaphathi bezonyango ngelo xesha bancoma amanani amakhulu e-aspirin ukuya kwi-30 gram ngosuku. Namhlanje, malunga neegram ezine ziya kuqwalaselwa njengeyona dosi iphephileyo yemihla ngemihla. Iidosi ezinkulu zeasprini zingakhokelela kwiimpawu zesifo, kubandakanya ukopha.

Nangona kunjalo, amazinga okusweleka abonakala ephakamile ngokulinganayo kwezinye iindawo emhlabeni apho iasprini ibingafumaneki ngokulula, kungoko impikiswano iqhubeka.

6. Ubhubhani wongamele iindaba zosuku

Amagosa ezempilo oluntu, amagosa onyanzeliso-mthetho kunye nezopolitiko babenezizathu zokuba banzima komkhuhlane we-1918, okhokelele kukungasasazwa okuncinci kumaphephandaba. Ukongeza kuloyiko lokuba ukuxelwa okugcweleyo kungazomeleza iintshaba ngexesha lemfazwe, bafuna ukugcina ucwangco esidlangalaleni kunye nokuthintela uloyiko.

Nangona kunjalo, amagosa aphendule. Ekuphakameni kwalo bhubhane, ukuvalelwa kwabantu bodwa kwaqaliswa kwizixeko ezininzi. Abanye banyanzelwa ukuba bathintele iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo, kubandakanya amapolisa kunye nomlilo.

7. Ubhubhane utshintshe ikhondo leMfazwe Yehlabathi I

Akunakulindeleka ukuba umkhuhlane utshintshe isiphumo seMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kuba amajoni kumacala omabini edabi achaphazeleka ngokulinganayo.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba imfazwe ikhosi yesifo. Ukugxininisa kwezigidi zemikhosi kudale iimeko ezifanelekileyo zophuhliso lweentsholongwane kunye nokusasazeka kwazo kwihlabathi liphela.

8. Ugonyo olwandileyo lwaphelisa ubhubhane

Ukugonyelwa umkhuhlane njengokuba siwazi namhlanje bekungakhange kwenziwe ngo-1918, yiyo loo nto kungadlalwa ndawo ekupheliseni ubhubhane.

Ukubonakaliswa kukuqala komkhuhlane kunokuba kunike ukhuseleko. Umzekelo, amajoni awayesebenze emkhosini kangangeminyaka ahlaselwa kukufa okuncinci kunabasebenzi abatsha.

Ukongeza, intsholongwane eguquka ngokukhawuleza inokuthi iguquke ngokuhamba kwexesha ibe zizifo ezinobungozi ezingaphantsi. Oku kuqikelelwa ziimodeli zokhetho lwendalo. Ngenxa yokuba iintlobo ezinobungozi kakhulu zibulala umamkeli wazo ngokukhawuleza, azinako ukusasazeka ngokulula njengezinto ezingabulali kangako.

9. Imfuza yentsholongwane ayikaze ilandelelaniswe

Ngo-2005, abaphandi bavakalisa ukuba baphumelele ekulandeleni i-virus ye-influenza ngo-1918. Intsholongwane yafunyanwa emzimbeni wexhoba lomkhuhlane wangcwatyelwa kwi-permafrost yaseAlaska, kunye nakwiisampuli zamajoni aseMerika agula ngelo xesha.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, wosulelwe yintsholongwane wafunyanwa ebonisa iimpawu eziqwalaselweyo ngexesha lobhubhane. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ezi nkawu zafa xa amajoni omzimba ehlasela kakhulu intsholongwane, into ebizwa ngokuba yi "cytokine storm" Izazinzulu ngoku zikholelwa ekubeni amajoni omzimba afanayo athabatha amanyathelo aphezulu okufa phakathi kwabantu abadala abasempilweni ngo-1918.

10. Ubhubhane wango-1918 ubonelela ngezifundo ezimbalwa ngo-2018

Umkhuhlane ohlasela ngamandla ubakho rhoqo. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba lo mbuzo ulandelayo awungombuzo othi “ukuba” kodwa uthi “nini.”

Ngelixa bambalwa abantu abaphilayo abanokukhumbula ubhubhane omkhulu womkhuhlane we-1918, sinokuqhubeka nokufunda izifundo zawo, ezisusela kwixabiso lolawulo lokuhlanjwa kwezandla kunye nogonyo ukuya kumandla amachiza alwa nentsholongwane. Namhlanje siyazi ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuzahlula kunye nokuphatha inani elikhulu lezigulana ezigulayo neziswelekayo, kwaye sinokumisela amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, angafumanekiyo ngo-1918, ukulwa nosulelo lwesibini lwebhaktiriya. Mhlawumbi elona themba lilungileyo lilele ekuphuculeni ukutya okunesondlo, ucoceko kunye nemigangatho yokuphila, enika abaguli ithuba elingcono lokuxhathisa usulelo.

Kwikamva elibonakalayo, ubhubhane womkhuhlane uya kuhlala uyinto yonyaka kwisingqi sobomi bomntu. Njengoluntu, singathemba nje ukuba sifunde ngobhubhane omkhulu ngokwaneleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze siphelise enye intlekele yomhlaba wonke.

Eli nqaku livele ekuqaleni Ingxoxo.

URichard Gunderman nguNjingalwazi kaChancellor weRadiology, iPediatrics, iMfundo yezoNyango, ifilosofi, ubuGcisa beLiberal, uPhanthropy, kunye noLuntu lwezoNyango kunye noPhando lwezeMpilo kwiYunivesithi yaseIndiana.

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