Imethylsulfonylmethane (MSM)

Umxholo

• Inokwenzeka ukuba isebenze ...
• Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayisebenzi ...
• Akukho bungqina baneleyo bokulinganisa ukusebenza ...
• Amanyathelo okhuseleko kunye nezilumkiso:

I-Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) yikhemikhali efumaneka kwizityalo eziluhlaza, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Inokwenziwa kwilabhoratri.

I-MSM yathandwa ngenxa yencwadi ebizwa ngokuba "Ummangaliso weMSM: Isisombululo sendalo sobuhlungu." Kodwa akukho nto incinci ipapashiweyo yenzululwazi yokuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Olunye uncwadi olukhuthaza i-MSM luthi i-MSM inokunyanga ukusilela kwesalfure. Kodwa akukho Sibonelelo seDiary esicetyiswayo (i-RDA) seMSM okanye isalfure, kunye nokusilela kwesalfure khange kuchazwe kuncwadi lwezonyango.

Abantu basebenzisa i-MSM ye-osteoarthritis. Isetyenziselwa iintlungu, ukudumba, ulusu olugugayo, kunye nezinye iimeko ezininzi. Kodwa abukho ubungqina benzululwazi obuxhasa uninzi lwezi zinto zisetyenziswayo.

Amayeza endalo aVimba weDatha Ukusebenza kwexabiso ngokusekwe kubungqina besayensi ngokwala manqanaba alandelayo: Ukusebenza, ukusebenza ngokukuko, okunokwenzeka ukuba kusebenze, okungenzeka kungasebenzi, kunokwenzeka ukungasebenzi, ukungasebenzi, kunye nobungqina obungonelanga bokulinganisa.

Ukulinganiswa kokusebenza kwe INDLELA YOKUQHUBEKA (MMS) zezi zilandelayo:

Inokwenzeka ukuba isebenze ...

• Osteoarthritis. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuthatha i-MSM ngomlomo ngeedosi ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ezahluliweyo yonke imihla, nokuba kukodwa okanye kunye ne-glucosamine, kunokunciphisa iintlungu kunye nokudumba kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwabantu abane-osteoarthritis. Kodwa ukuphuculwa akunakubaluleka eklinikhi. Kwakhona, i-MSM ayinakuphucula ubunzima okanye iimpawu ngokubanzi. Olunye uphando luye lwajonga ukuthatha i-MSM kunye nezinye izithako. Ukuthatha imveliso ye-MSM (Lignisul, Laborest Italia SpA) kunye ne-boswellic acid (iTriterpenol, iLaborest Italia SpA) yonke imihla kangangeentsuku ezingama-60 kunokunciphisa isidingo samachiza alwa nokudumba kodwa ayizinciphisi iintlungu. Ukuthatha i-MSM, i-boswellic acid, kunye nevithamini C (Artrosulfur C, Laborest Italia SpA) kangangeentsuku ezingama-60 kunokunciphisa iintlungu kunye nokuphucula umgama wokuhamba. Iziphumo zibonakala ziqhubeka ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezi-4 emva kokuyeka unyango. Ukuthatha i-MSM, i-glucosamine, kunye ne-chondroitin kwiiveki ezili-12 kunokunciphisa iintlungu kubantu abane-osteoarthritis. Kwakhona, uphando lwakwangoko lubonisa ukuba ukuthatha imveliso yokudibanisa equlethe i-MSM (AR7 Joint Complex, iRobinson Pharma) ngomlomo kangangeeveki ezili-12 kuphucula amanqaku okulinganisa iintlungu ezidibeneyo kunye nokuthantamisa kubantu abane-osteoarthritis, kodwa akuphuculi ukubonakala kwamalungu.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayisebenzi ...

• Ukusebenza kwezemidlalo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuthatha i-MSM yonke imihla ngeentsuku ezingama-28 akuphuculi intsebenzo yomthambo. Kwakhona, ukusebenzisa ukhilimu oqukethe i-MSM ngaphambi kokuzolula kubonakala kungaphuculi ubhetyebhetye okanye unyamezelo.
• Ukujikeleza okungalunganga okunokubangela ukuba imilenze idumbe (ukungoneli okungapheliyo okanye i-CVI). Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa i-MSM kunye ne-EDTA kulusu kunokunciphisa ukudumba kwethole, iqatha kunye nonyawo kubantu abanesifo esinganyangekiyo semithambo. Kodwa ukusebenzisa i-MSM kuphela kubonakala ngathi kukonyusa ukudumba.

Akukho bungqina baneleyo bokulinganisa ukusebenza ...

• Ulusu olugugileyo. Uphando lwakwangoko lubonisa ukuba ukuthatha i-MSM kunokunceda ukunciphisa imibimbi ebusweni kunye nokwenza ulusu lubonakale luthambile.
• Yewena mkhuhlane. Uphando lwakwangoko lubonisa ukuba ukuthatha i-MSM (OptiMSM 650 mg) ngomlomo kangangeentsuku ezingama-30 kunokunciphisa iimpawu ezithile zehay fever.
• Ukonakala kwemisipha okubangelwa kukuzilolonga. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuthatha i-MSM yonke imihla ukuqala kweentsuku ezili-10 ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise umthambo kunokunceda ukunciphisa ukonakala kwemisipha. Kodwa olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba awunciphisi umonakalo wemisipha.
• Imeko yesikhumba ebangela ubomvu ebusweni (rosacea). Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa i-MSM cream kulusu kabini imihla kwinyanga enye kunokuphucula ubomvu kunye nezinye iimpawu zerosacea.
• Ukonakala kwamathambo ezandleni nasezinyaweni okubangelwa lunyango lweziyobisi zomhlaza.
• Iimpawu.
• Intlungu edibeneyo.
• Intlungu emva kotyando.
• Iimeko ezibuhlungu ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweethenda (tendinopathy).
• Umzimba.
• Isifo se-Alzheimer.
• Isifo sombefu.
• Ukuphazamiseka ngokuzenzekelayo.
• Umhlaza.
• Intlungu engapheliyo.
• Ukuqunjelwa.
• Isifo samazinyo.
• Ukudumba kwamehlo.
• Ukudinwa.
• Ukulahleka kweenwele.
• Hangover.
• Intloko kunye ne-migraine.
• Igazi elonyukayo.
• Cholesterol ephezulu.
• Intsholongwane kaGawulayo / uGawulayo.
• Ukulunywa zizinambuzane.
• Iintlanzi zomlenze.
• Iingxaki zesibindi.
• Iingxaki zemiphunga.
• Ukuphakama kwemood.
• Iingxaki zemisipha kunye nethambo.
• Ukutyeba kakhulu.
• Usulelo lwe-parasite.
• Ukuhamba kakubi.
• Isifo se-Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
• Ukukhuselwa lilanga / kukutsha komoya.
• Imitha yetyhefu.
• Isiva.
• Irhona.
• Isisu sikhathazekile.
• Yolula amanqaku.
• Uhlobo lwe-2 yeswekile.
• Amanxeba.
• Usulelo lwegwele.
• Ezinye iimeko.

Ubungqina obuninzi bufuneka ukulinganisa i-MSM kwezi zinto zisetyenziswayo.

I-MSM inokubonelela ngesalfa ukwenza ezinye iikhemikhali emzimbeni.

Xa kuthathwa ngomlomo: MSM yiyo UKHUSELEKO OLUNOKWENZEKA kubantu abaninzi xa bethathwe ngomlomo ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezi-3. Kwabanye abantu, i-MSM inokubangela isicaphucaphu, urhudo, ukuqunjelwa, ukukhathala, intloko ebuhlungu, ukulala, ukurhawuzelela, okanye ukonyuka kweempawu zokungabikho komzimba.

Xa isetyenziswa eluswini: MSM yiyo UKHUSELEKO OLUNOKWENZEKA kubantu abaninzi xa isetyenziswa eluswini ngokudibanisa nezinye izinto, ezinje nge-silymarin okanye i-hyaluronic acid kunye neoyile yomthi weti, ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezingama-20.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko kunye nezilumkiso:

Ukukhulelwa kunye nokuncancisa: Akukho lwazi lwaneleyo lunokuthenjwa lokwazi ukuba ngaba i-MSM ikhuselekile ukusetyenziswa xa ukhulelwe okanye uncancisa. Hlala kwicala elikhuselekileyo kwaye uphephe ukusetyenziswa.

Iimvumba ze-Varicose kunye nezinye iingxaki zokujikeleza (ukungabikho komzimba okungapheliyo): Ukufaka into yokuthambisa ene-MSM kwimilenze esezantsi kunokunyusa ukudumba kunye nentlungu kubantu abane-varicose veins kunye nezinye iingxaki zokujikeleza kwegazi.

Ayaziwa ukuba le mveliso iyasebenzisana nawaphi na amayeza.

Ngaphambi kokuba uthathe le mveliso, thetha nengcali yezempilo ukuba ngaba uthatha nawaphi na amayeza.

Akukho kunxibelelana kwaziwayo kunye namayeza kunye nezongezo.

Akukho kunxibelelana kwaziwayo nokutya.

La machiza alandelayo afundwe kuphando lwezesayensi:

NGOMLOMO:

• Kwi-osteoarthritisKusetyenziswe i-1.5 ukuya kwi-6 yeigram ze-MSM mihla le ukuya kuthi ga kwiidosi ezintathu ezahluliweyo ukuya kuthi ga kwiiveki ezili-12. Iigram ezi-5 ze-MSM kunye ne-7.2 mg ye-boswellic acid ethathwe yonke imihla kwiintsuku ezingama-60 isetyenzisiwe. Imveliso ethile (Artrosulfur C, Laborest Italia S.p.A) ene-MSM 5 gram, i-boswellic acid 7.2 mg, kunye nevithamini C ethathwa yonke imihla kangangeentsuku ezingama-60 isetyenzisiwe. Isicapsule esinye sendibaniselwano yohlobo lwe-collagen II kunye ne-MSM, cetyl myristoleate, lipase, vitamin C, turmeric, kunye ne-bromelain (i-AR7 Joint Complex, iRobinson Pharma), isetyenziswe yonke imihla iiveki ezili-12, isetyenzisiwe. Iigram ze-1.5 ze-MSM zithathwa yonke imihla kunye ne-1.5 yeiglucosamine kwiidosi ezintathu ezahlulwe yonke imihla iiveki ezimbini zisetyenzisiwe. I-MSM 500 mg, i-glucosamine sulphate ye-1500 mg, kunye ne-chondroitin sulphate eyi-1200 mg ethathwe yonke imihla iiveki ezili-12 isetyenzisiwe.

I-Crystalline DMSO, iDimethylsulfone, iDimethylsulfone, iDimethyl Sulfone MSM, i-DMSO2, iMethyl Sulfone, iMethyl Sulfonyl Methane, iMethyl Sulphonyl Methane, iMethyl Sulfonyle Méthane, iMethyl Sulphonyle Méthane, iMetyl Sulfone, iMylthyl iSulfyl

Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi malunga nokubhalwa kweli nqaku, nceda ubone Amayeza endalo aVimba weDatha indlela yokusebenza.

1. UCrawford P, uCrawford A, uNielson F, uLystrup R. Methylsulfonylmethane kunyango lweentlungu ezisezantsi: Uhlalutyo lokhuseleko lwesilingo esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe. Gcwalisa iTher Med. 2019; 45: 85-88. Jonga i-abstract.
2. UMuizzuddin N, uBenjamin R. Ubuhle obuvela ngaphakathi: Ulawulo lomlomo lwesalfure-enesongezelelo semethylsulfonylmethane iphucula imiqondiso yokwaluphala kolusu. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2020: 1-10. Jonga i-abstract.
3. UDesideri I, uFrancolini G, u-Becherini C, et al. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alpha lipoic, methylsulfonylmethane kunye ne-bromelain isongezelelo sokutya (i-Opera) yonyango lwe-chemotherapy-indipheral neuropathy management, isifundo esinokwenzeka. IMed Oncol. Ngo-2017 Mar; 34: 46 Jonga izinto ezingabonakaliyo.
4. I-Withee ED, i-Tippens KM, i-Dehen R, i-Tibbitts D, i-Hanes D, i-Zwickey H. Iziphumo ze-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) kuxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, eyenzakalisayo yemisipha, kunye nentlungu elandela i-marathon: Uvavanyo olulawulwayo. J Int Soc yeMidlalo yeZondlo. Ngo-2017 Julayi 21; 14: 24. Jonga i-abstract.
5. I-Lubis AMT, i-Siagian C, i-Wonggokusuma E, i-Marsetyo AF, i-Setyohadi B. Ukuthelekiswa kwe-glucosamine-chondroitin sulphate kunye nangaphandle kwe-methylsulfonylmethane kwibakala I-II idolo le-osteoarthritis: ityala eliphindwe kabini elingalawulwa ngokungahleliwe. Acta Med Indonesia. Ngo-2017 Apri; 49: 105-11. Jonga i-abstract.
6. UNotarnicola A, uMaccagnano G, uMoretti L, et al. I-Methylsulfonylmethane kunye ne-boswellic acid xa kuthelekiswa ne-glucosamine sulphate kunyango lwe-arthritis yamadolo: uvavanyo olungenamsebenzi. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. Ngo-2016 Mar; 29: 140-6. Jonga i-abstract.
7. IHwang JC, Khine KT, Lee JC, Boyer DS, Francis BA. I-Methyl-sulfonyl-methane (MSM) -ukunciphisa ukuvalwa kwe-engile ebukhali. J Glaucoma. Ngo-2015 ngoMeyi-ngoMeyi; 24: e28-30. Jonga i-abstract.
8. I-Nieman DC, i-Shanely RA, i-Luo B, i-Dew D, i-MP ye-Meaney, i-Sha W. Isongezelelo sokutya esithengiswayo sinciphisa intlungu edibeneyo kubantu abadala: ityala elilawulwa yi-placebo. Isondlo J 2013; 12: 154. Jonga i-abstract.
9. I-Beilke, M. A., Collins-Lech, C., kunye ne-Sohnle, P. G. Iziphumo ze-dimethyl sulfoxide kwimisebenzi ye-oxidative ye-neutrophils yabantu. Ilebhu yeklinikhi Med 1987; 110: 91-96. Jonga i-abstract.
10. Lopez, H. L. Ungenelelo ngoncedo lokuthintela nokunyanga i-osteoarthritis. Icandelo II: gxila kwimicronutrients kunye ne-nutraceuticals yokuxhasa. PM.R. Ngo-2012; 4 (5 iSuppl): S155-S168. Jonga i-abstract.
11. IHorvath, K., Noker, P. E., Somfai-Relle, S., Glavits, R., Financsek, I., kunye noSchauss, A. G. Ityhefu ye-methylsulfonylmethane kwiigundane. Ukutya kweChem Toxicol 2002; 40: 1459-1462. Jonga i-abstract.
12. I-Layman, D. L. kunye noJacob, S. W. Ukufunxeka, imetabolism kunye nokukhutshelwa kwe-dimethyl sulfoxide ziinkawu ze-rhesus. Ubomi beSayensi 12-23-1985; 37: 2431-2437. Jonga i-abstract.
13. Brien, S., Prescott, P., Bashir, N., Lewith, H., kunye noLewith, G. Ukuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezongezo zesondlo i-dimethyl sulfoxide (i-DMSO) kunye ne-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) kunyango lwe-osteoarthritis. I-Osteoarthritis. Ngo-2008; 16: 1277-1288. Jonga i-abstract.
14. Ameye, L. G. noCee, W. S. Osteoarthritis kunye nesondlo. Ukusuka kwi-nutraceuticals ukuya kukutya okusebenzayo: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lobungqina besayensi. Isifo seArthritis Res Ther 2006; 8: R127. Jonga i-abstract.
15. UNakhostin-Roohi B, uBarmaki S, Khoshkhahesh F, et al. Iziphumo zokongezwa okungapheliyo kunye ne-methylsulfonylmethane kuxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kulandela umthambo obukhali kumadoda aphilileyo angafundanga. J Pharm Pharmacol. Ngo-2011 Oktobha; 63: 1290-4. Jonga i-abstract.
16. UGumina S, uPassaretti D, uGurzì MD, et al. I-Arginine L-alpha-ketoglutarate, i-methylsulfonylmethane, uhlobo lwe-hydrolyzed I-collagen kunye ne-bromelain kwi-rotator cuff yokulungisa iinyembezi: isifundo esinokwenzeka ngokungahleliwe. I-Curr Med Res Opin. Ngo-2012 uNov; 28: 1767-74. Jonga i-abstract.
17. UNotarnicola A, iPasce V, uVicenti G, et al. Uphononongo lwe-SWAAT: unyango olothusayo lwangaphandle kunye nongezo lwe-arginine kunye nezinye i-nutraceuticals zokufaka i-Achilles tendinopathy. Ugqirha Ther. Ngo-2012 Sep; 29: 799-814. Jonga i-abstract.
18. UBarmaki S, uBohlooli S, uKhoshkhahesh F, et al. Iziphumo zokuncedisa kwimethylsulfonylmethane ekusebenzeni-ekwenziweni kokonakaliswa kwemisipha kunye namandla e-antioxidant. J Ezemidlalo ngeMidlalo yoQinisekiso. Ngo-2012 kuMatshi; 52: 170-4. Jonga i-abstract.
19. IBerardesca E, uCameli N, uCavallotti C, et al. Iziphumo ezidibeneyo ze-silymarin kunye ne-methylsulfonylmethane kulawulo lwe-rosacea: uvavanyo lweklinikhi kunye nezixhobo. J iCosmet Dermatol. I-2008 Mar; 7: 8-14. Jonga i-abstract.
20. UJoksimovic N, uSpasovski G, uJoksimovic V, et al. Ukusebenza kunye nokunyamezeleka kwe-hyaluronic acid, ioyile yomthi weti kunye ne-methyl-sulfonyl-methane kwisixhobo esitsha sonyango sejel kunyango lwe-haemorrhoids kwilingo lonyango elingaboniyo, elilawulwa yi-placebo. Uhlaziyo lwe-Surg 2012; 64: 195-201. Jonga i-abstract.
21. UGulick DT, uAgarwal M, uJosephs J, et al. Iziphumo zeMagPro ekusebenzeni kwemisipha. J Amandla e-Cond Res 2012; 26: 2478-83. Jonga i-abstract.
22. UKalman DS, uFeldman S, uScheinberg AR, et al. Impembelelo ye-methylsulfonylmethane kwiimpawu zokuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwamadoda aphilileyo: isifundo somqhubi. J Int Soc yeMidlalo yeZondlo. Ngo-2012 Sep 27; 9: 46. Jonga i-abstract.
23. Uhambo lwe-R, Gupta S, Rai S, et al. Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwesihloko se-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), i-EDTA ekubekeni i-edema kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kufundo olulawulwa yi-placebo kabini. Iseli yeBol Biol (Enengxolo-enkulu). NgoFebruwari 12 12; 57: 62-9. Jonga i-abstract.
24. U-Xie Q, uShi R, u-Xu G, et al. Iziphumo ze-AR7 Joint Complex kwi-arthralgia kwizigulana ezine-osteoarthritis: iziphumo zesifundo seenyanga ezintathu eShanghai, China. Isondlo J. 2008 Okt 27; 7:31. Jonga i-abstract.
25. UNotarnicola A, uTafuri S, uFusaro L, et al. Isifundo se "MESACA": I-methylsulfonylmethane kunye ne-boswellic acid kunyango lwe-gonarthrosis. Ugqirha Ther. Ngo-2011 ngo-Oktobha 28: 894-906. Jonga i-abstract.
26. UDebbi EM, uAgar G, uFichman G, et al. Ukusebenza kwe-methylsulfonylmethane yokuncedisa kwi-osteoarthritis yedolo: isifundo esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe. I-BMC yokuGqibezela enye iMed. Ngo-2011 ngoJuni 27; 11: 50. Jonga i-abstract.
27. Brien S, Prescott P, Lewith G. Meta-uhlalutyo lwezondlo ezinxulumene ne-dimethyl sulfoxide kunye ne-methylsulfonylmethane kunyango lwe-osteoarthritis emadolweni. I-Evid esekwe yokuGqibezela i-Alternat Med ngo-2009 ngoMeyi 27. [Epub ngaphambi koshicilelo]. Jonga i-abstract.
28. UKim LS, uAxelrod LJ, uHoward P, et al. Ukusebenza kwe-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) kwiintlungu ze-osteoarthritis emadolweni: uvavanyo lwezonyango. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14: 286-94. Jonga i-abstract.
29. Usha PR, Naidu MU. I-Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study ye-Oral Glucosamine, iMethylsulfonylmethane kunye nokudibanisa kwabo kwi-Osteoarthritis. Uphando lweKlinikhi yeziyobisi. Ngo-2004; 24: 353-63. Jonga i-abstract.
30. I-Lin A, i-Nguy CH, i-Shic F, iRoss BD. Ukuqokelelwa kwemethylsulfonylmethane kwingqondo yomntu: ukuchongwa ngumbono we-multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. I-Toxicol Lett 2001; 123: 169-77. Jonga i-abstract.
31. UGaby AR. I-Methylsulfonylmethane njengonyango lwe-rhinitis yamaxesha athile: idatha engaphezulu iyafuneka kubalo lwembumba kunye nakwiphepha lemibuzo. J Enye into yokuGqibezela iMed 2002; 8: 229.
32. IHucker HB, i-Ahmad PM, iMiller EA, et al. I-Metabolism ye-dimethyl sulphoxide ukuya kwi-dimethyl sulphone kumqolo nakumntu. Uhlobo 1966; 209: 619-20.
33. UAllen LV. I-Methyl sulfonylmethane yokurhona. I-US Pharm 2000; 92-4.
34. UMurav'ev IuV, uVenikova MS, uPleskovskaia GN, et al. Iziphumo ze-dimethyl sulfoxide kunye ne-dimethyl sulfone kwinkqubo eyonakalisayo kumalungu eempuku ezinesifo sokuqaqamba kwamalungu. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 1991; 37-9. Jonga i-abstract.
35. UJacob S, uLawrence RM, uZucker M. Ummangaliso weMSM: Isisombululo seNdalo sePain. ENew York: IPenguin-Putnam, ngo-1999.
36. IBarrager E, uVeltmann JR Jr, uSchauss AG, uSchiller RN. Uvavanyo olunezinto ezininzi, ezivulekileyo zelebheli kukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwe-methylsulfonylmethane kunyango lwe-rhinitis yamaxesha athile. J Enye into yokuGqibezela iMed 2002; 8: 167-73. Jonga i-abstract.
37. UKlandorf H, okqhubekayo. Ukumodareyitha kweDimethyl sulfoxide yokuguqulwa kweswekile kwiimpuku ze-NOD. Iswekile 1998; 62: 194-7.
38. UMcCabe D, et al. Isinyibilikisi polar kunyango lwe-chemoprevention ye-dimethylbenzanthracene-indened ye-rat mammary cancer. IArch Surg 1986; 62: 1455-9. Jonga i-abstract.
39. O'Dwyer PJ, okqhubekayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-solvents ze-polar kwi-chemoprevention ye-1,2-dimethylhydrazine-indased cancer cancer. Umhlaza 1988; 62: 944-8. Jonga i-abstract.
40. I-Richmond VL. Ukudityaniswa kwemethylsulfonylmethane sulphur ibe ziiproteni zehagu yehagu. Ubomi beSayensi 1986; 39: 263-8. Jonga i-abstract.

Ukuhlaziywa okokugqibela-08/21/2020