Olona Nyango lonyango luGqibeleleyo kwiNtengiso

Umxholo

• Ukuqonda ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi
• Iipioids
• Ioksijini (OxyContin)
• Ikhowudi
• Fentanyl
• IMeperidine (iDemerol)
• Ukurhoxiswa kweOpioid
• Inkqubo ye-nervous system (CNS) yoxinzelelo
• IAlprazolam (Xanax)
• IClonazepam (iKlonopin) kunye ne-diazepam (Valium)
• Ukurhoxa kuxinzelelo lwe-CNS
• Izikhuthazi
• Amphetamine (Adderall)
• Imethylphenidate (Ritalin)
• Ukurhoxa kwizikhuthazi
• Ukunceda abantu obathandayo ngamayeza amayeza amiselweyo
• Unceda njani

Ukuqonda ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi

Kungenxa yokuba ugqirha ukumisela ipilisi oko akuthethi ukuba kukhuselekile kuwo wonke umntu. Njengokuba inani lemigqaliselo ekhutshiweyo inyuka, kunjalo nangamazinga abantu abasebenzisa gwenxa amayeza kagqirha.

Kuphononongo olwenziwe ngo-2015, ukuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMpilo yeNgqondo (SAMHSA) kufumanise ukuba i-18.9 yezigidi zabantu baseMelika abaneminyaka eli-12 nangaphezulu basebenzise gwenxa amayeza onyango kunyaka ophelileyo. Phantse iipesenti ezi-1 zabantu baseMelika abaneminyaka eli-12 nangaphezulu babenengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi.

Iziyobisi ziyinxalenye yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi. Sisifo esinokuchaphazela ingqondo nokuziphatha kwakho, sisenza kube nzima ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Abanye abantu baba ngamakhoboka eziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, ezinje ngecocaine okanye iheroin. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ube likhoboka lamayeza amiselweyo ngugqirha wakho. Ukuba ulikhoboka lamayeza amiselweyo, unokuwasebenzisa ngokuzinyanzela, nokuba oko kukwenzakalisa.

Amanye amayeza amiselweyo amakhoboka ngakumbi kunamanye. Uninzi lweziyobisi ezichasayo zichaphazela inkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho bakho ngokukhukhula nge-dopamine. Oku kubangela ukuba "phezulu" kumnandi kunokukukhuthaza ukuba uphinde uthathe iyeza. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, unokuxhomekeka kwichiza ukuze uzive "ulungile" okanye "uqhelekile." Unokuhlakulela ukunyamezelana neziyobisi. Oku kunokukutyhala ukuba uthathe iidosi ezinkulu.

Funda ukuze uqalise ukufunda ngamayeza amayeza aqhele ukusetyenziswa gwenxa.

Iipioids

Iiopioids zivelisa umphumo wokuvuya. Zihlala zimiselwe iintlungu. Iimpawu kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-opioid kunokubandakanya:

• imincili
• ukungakhathali
• ukozela
• ukudideka
• isiyezi
• utshintsho kumbono
• intloko ebuhlungu
• ukuxhuzula
• ubunzima bokuphefumla
• isicaphucaphu
• ukugabha
• ukuqhina
• utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha okanye kubuntu

Ioksijini (OxyContin)

I-Oxycodone ithengiswa rhoqo phantsi kwegama legama elithi OxyContin. Ikwathengiswa ngokudibeneyo ne-acetaminophen njengePercocet. Itshintsha indlela inkqubo yakho ye-nervous central (CNS) ephendula ngayo kwintlungu.

Njenge-heroin, yenza i-euphoric, sedative effect. Ngokwe-Drug Enforcing Administration (i-DEA), i-58.8 yezigidi yemigqaliselo ye-oxycodone yanikezelwa e-United States ngo-2013.

Ikhowudi

I-Codeine imiselwe ukuba inyange iintlungu eziphakathi ukuya kweziphakathi. Ikwadityaniswa namanye amayeza ukunyanga ukubanda kunye neempawu zomkhuhlane. Umzekelo, kufunyanwa rhoqo kwisiraphu-yamandla okukhwehlela isiraphu.

Xa isetyenziswe ngobuninzi, isiraphu esekwe kwikhowudi ekhwehlela inefuthe lokuthomalalisa. Inokubangela amanqanaba atshintshiweyo okuqonda. Isisiseko sokudibanisa iziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni eyaziwa ngokuba yi "purple purple," "sizzurp," okanye "lean." Le ngqungquthela iqulethe i-soda kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-candy.

Fentanyl

I-Fentanyl yi-opioid yokwenziwa. Imiselwe ukuba ibe buhlungu kwaye ibuhlungu obungapheliyo, ngesiqhelo kubantu abanomhlaza. Ngokwe, ngama-50 ukuya kwali-100 eyomeleleyo kune-morphine. Yenza iimvakalelo zovuyo kunye nokuphumla.

IFentanyl ikwenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye ithengiswa njengesiyobisi esingekho mthethweni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ixutywe ne-heroin, icocaine, okanye zombini. Ngo-Okthobha u-2017, kwaxelwa ukuba i-fentanyl iyabandakanyeka ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha se-opioid enxulumene nokusweleka ngaphezulu kwe-10 ithi.

Ukongeza kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu ezinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-opioid, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-fentanyl kunokukhokelela kwimibono kunye namaphupha amabi.

IMeperidine (iDemerol)

I-Meperidine yi-opioid yokwenziwa. Ihlala ithengiswa phantsi kwegama lophawu lweDemerol. Ngokwesiqhelo isetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlungu ezilinganayo. Njengamanye ama-opioid, ivelisa iimvakalelo zovuyo.

Ngokwama-2,666 aseMelika asweleke ngo-2011 ngenxa yetyhefu yeziyobisi ebandakanya ii-opioid painkillers ngaphandle kwe-methadone, efana ne-meperidine okanye i-fentanyl.

Ukurhoxiswa kweOpioid

Ukuba ulikhoboka le-opioids, uya kuba neempawu zokurhoxa xa uyeka ukuzisebenzisa. Iimpawu zokurhoxa zinokubandakanya:

• Iminqweno yeziyobisi
• ukuphazamiseka okanye ukucaphuka
• impumlo enemifinya
• ingxaki yokulala
• ukubila okugqithisileyo
• Ukugodola
• iingxaki zokwetyisa

Inkqubo ye-nervous system (CNS) yoxinzelelo

Ukudakumba kwe-CNS kubandakanya i-barbiturates kunye ne-benzodiazepines. Babizwa ngokuba zii-tranquillizers kwaye banefuthe lokuthomalalisa. Iimpawu kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kubandakanya:

• ukozela
• ukungakhathali
• ukucaphuka
• ukudideka
• iingxaki zememori
• isiyezi
• intloko ebuhlungu
• utshintsho kumbono
• ukulahleka koququzelelo
• intetho engacacanga
• isicaphucaphu
• ukugabha
• utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha okanye kubuntu

IAlprazolam (Xanax)

IAlprazolam yibenzodiazepine. Ihlala ithengiswa phantsi kwegama lophawu Xanax. Imiselwe ukunyanga uxinzelelo kunye nokuphazamiseka. Icinezela i-CNS yakho, enefuthe lokuthomalalisa. Abanye abantu bayisebenzisa gwenxa ngenxa yesiphumo sayo sokuhlala ngokukhawuleza.

Ngokwe-CDC, ngaphezulu kwamaxesha aphindwe kane abantu abaninzi baseMelika basweleka ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2002 ukusuka kwii-overdoses ezichaphazela i-benzodiazepines. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu bafa emva kokudibanisa i-benzodiazepines kunye neopioids.

Iimpawu ezongeziweyo kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-alprazolam kubandakanya ukulala, ukudumba kwezandla okanye iinyawo, kunye nokungcangcazela.

IClonazepam (iKlonopin) kunye ne-diazepam (Valium)

IClonazepam kunye ne-diazepam zi-benzodiazepines. Zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga uxinzelelo kunye nokuphazamiseka. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukunyanga ukuxhuzula. IClonazepam idla ngokuthengiswa phantsi kwegama leKlonopin. I-Diazepam idla ngokuthengiswa njengeValium.

NjengoXanax, la machiza ahlala esetyenziswa gwenxa ngenxa yokuthambisa. Bavelisa "ukuphakama" okunokuziva kufana neziphumo zotywala. Umzekelo, banokubangela iimvakalelo zokunxila, ukuthetha, kunye nokuphumla.

Akuqhelekanga ukuba abantu basebenzise kakubi i-Xanax, iKlonopin, okanye iValium ngokudibanisa nezinye iziyobisi. Ngokwe-CDC, inani labantu ababulawa libanda kakhulu elalibandakanya ii-benzodiazepines kunye neeopioid ngaphezulu kokuphindaphindwe kane phakathi kuka-2002 no-2015.

Iimpawu ezinokubakho kunye neempawu ze-clonazepam okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-diazepam kunokubandakanya:

• paranoia
• nemibono
• ukuqhina

Ukurhoxa kuxinzelelo lwe-CNS

Ukuba ulikhoboka loxinzelelo lwe-CNS, uya kuba neempawu zokurhoxa xa uyeka ukuzisebenzisa. Iimpawu zokurhoxa zinokubandakanya:

• Iminqweno yeziyobisi
• ixhala
• ukuphaphazela
• ukubila okugqithisileyo
• intloko ebuhlungu
• ingxaki yokulala
• iintlungu zemisipha
• isicaphucaphu

Izikhuthazi

Izikhuthazi zonyusa umsebenzi wakho wobuchopho. Oku kunceda ukukhulisa ukuphaphama kwakho kunye nenqanaba lamandla. Iimpawu kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kubandakanya:

• imincili
• Ubundlongondlongo okanye ubutshaba
• paranoia
• nemibono
• ukunciphisa ukutya
• ukuhla ukusinda
• ukukhawuleza kwentliziyo
• abafundi abaxubileyo
• utshintsho kumbono
• intloko ebuhlungu
• isicaphucaphu
• ukugabha
• utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha okanye kubuntu

Amphetamine (Adderall)

I-Amphetamine yaziwa ngokuba “sisantya” Kuyakhuthaza i-CNS. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga ukungahambi kakuhle kwengqondo (ADHD) kunye narcolepsy.

Iimveliso eziqulathe i-amphetamine zihlala zisetyenziswa gwenxa kwiziphumo zazo zokunika amandla. Umzekelo, i-Adderall yimveliso edibanisa i-amphetamine kunye ne-dextroamphetamine. Ihlala isetyenziswa gwenxa ngabantu abalali, njengabaqhubi beelori, abasebenzi beeshifti, kunye nabafundi beekholeji abasebenza ngexesha elibekiweyo. Ngokutsho kwesifundo esivela kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan, iipesenti ezili-9 zabafundi beekholeji ngo-2012 baxele ukusebenzisa kakubi i-Adderall.

Ukongeza kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kokusebenzisa gwenxa, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-amphetamine nako kunokuchongwa:

• ukwanda kwamandla kunye nokuphaphama
• ukwanda kobushushu bomzimba
• ukwanda koxinzelelo lwegazi
• ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza

Imethylphenidate (Ritalin)

Ifana neAdderall, imethylphenidate sisikhuthazi esichaphazela i-CNS yakho. Ihlala ithengiswa phantsi kwegama lophawu lweRitalin. Yonyusa amanqanaba e-dopamine kwingqondo, enceda ukuphucula ingqalelo. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-ADHD kunye ne-narcolepsy. Njengazo zonke izinto ezikhuthazayo, kunokuba ngumkhwa-ukwenza.

Isizathu esinye sokuba iRitalin kunye nezinye izinto ezikhuthaza ugqirha zisetyenziswe gwenxa kukufumaneka kwazo. Ngokwe-DEA, ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-13 sokumiselwa kwemethylphenidate sagcwaliswa ngo-2012.

Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweMethylphenidate kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka okanye ukungalali kakuhle.

Ukurhoxa kwizikhuthazi

Ukuba ulikhoboka lezivuseleli, unokuhlakulela iimpawu zokurhoxa xa uyeka ukuzisebenzisa. Iimpawu zokurhoxa zinokubandakanya:

• Iminqweno yeziyobisi
• ixhala
• ukudakumba
• ukudinwa kakhulu

Ukunceda abantu obathandayo ngamayeza amayeza amiselweyo

Ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi kunokuyichaphazela kakubi impilo yakho. Inokukubeka emngciphekweni wokudlula ngaphezulu. Iziyobisi zinokubeka uxinzelelo kwimali yakho nakubudlelwane.

Ngaba ukrokrela ukuba umntu omthandayo usebenzisa kakubi amayeza kagqirha? Kubalulekile ukuba bafumane uncedo lobungcali. Ugqirha okanye ingcali yezempilo yengqondo inokucebisa ngengcebiso. Banokubhekisa umntu wakho omthandayo kwinkqubo yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ngamanye amaxesha, banokuyalela amayeza ukunceda ukuthintela ukunqwenela iziyobisi okanye ukunciphisa iimpawu zokurhoxa.

Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba umntu omthandayo unamayeza amiselweyo, kukho iindlela onokunceda ngazo.

Unceda njani

• Khangela ulwazi oluthembekileyo malunga nokuchongwa kweziyobisi. Funda ngakumbi malunga neempawu, iimpawu kunye nokhetho kunyango.
• Xelela umntu omthandayo ukuba ukhathazekile kukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Bazise ukuba ufuna ukubanceda bafumane inkxaso yobungcali.
• Khuthaza umntu omthandayo ukuba enze idinga nogqirha wabo, ingcali yezempilo yengqondo, okanye iziko lonyango lweziyobisi.
• Cinga ngokujoyina iqela lenkxaso kubahlobo kunye namalungu osapho abantu abanamakhoboka eziyobisi. Amalungu eqela lakho anokubonelela ngenkxaso kwezentlalo njengoko uzabalazela ukumelana neziyobisi zothandekayo wakho.

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga neziyobisi, kubandakanya neendlela zonyango ezinokubakho, ndwendwela ezi webhusayithi:

• I-Narcotic Engaziwayo (NA)
• Iziko leLizwe leSizwe ngokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (i-NIDA)
• Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMpilo yeNgqondo (SAMHSA)