Ngaba Unokufa Kumhlaza Wesibeleko? Izinto ezili-15 zokwazi malunga nokuchonga kunye nokuthintela

Umxholo

• Ingenzeka?
• Ngaba inqanaba lokuxilongwa libalulekile?
• Ngaba zikho ezinye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe?
• Ngubani ophuhlisa umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko?
• Ibangelwa yintoni?
• Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo?
• Ngaba ikhona into onokuyenza ukuyikhusela?
• Wazi njani ukuba unayo?
• Zithini izikhokelo zovavanyo?
• Kufunyaniswa njani?
• Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwepapa kwaye ube nomhlaza wesibeleko?
• Inyangwa njani?
• Ngaba iyanyangeka?
• Ngaba kunokwenzeka kwakhona?
• Ithini imbonakalo iyonke?

Ingenzeka?

Kwenzeka kancinci kunakuqala, kodwa ewe, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubulawe ngumhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Umbutho weAmerican Cancer Society (ACS) uqikelela ukuba bamalunga nama-4,250 abantu eMelika abazakufa ngumhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ngo-2019.

Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba bambalwa abantu abafayo ngumhlaza womlomo wesibeleko namhlanje kukunyusa ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo lwePap.

Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko uxhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezingaphuhliswanga kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ehlabathini lonke, malunga nokufa ngenxa yomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ngo-2018.

Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko uyanyangeka, ngakumbi xa unyangwa kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Ngaba inqanaba lokuxilongwa libalulekile?

Ewe. Ngokubanzi, umhlaza wangaphambili ufunyaniswa, ngcono sisiphumo. Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko uhlala ukhula kancinci.

Uvavanyo lwePap lunokufumanisa iiseli ezingaqhelekanga kumlomo wesibeleko ngaphambi kokuba zibe nomhlaza. Oku kwaziwa njenge-carcinoma in situ okanye inqanaba 0 lomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Ukususa ezi seli kunokunceda ekuthinteleni umhlaza ekukhuleni kwindawo yokuqala.

Amanqanaba ngokubanzi omhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ngala:

• Inqanaba 1: Iiseli zomhlaza zikhona kumlomo wesibeleko kwaye zisenokwanda ziye esibelekweni.
• Inqanaba 2: Umhlaza usasazeke ngaphandle komlomo wesibeleko kunye nesibeleko. Ayikafikeleli kwiindonga zesinqe okanye kwinxalenye engezantsi yelungu lobufazi.
• Inqanaba 3: Umhlaza ufikelele kwinxalenye engezantsi yelungu lobufazi, udonga lwe-pelvic, okanye uchaphazela izintso.
• Inqanaba 4: Umhlaza usasazeke ngaphaya kwethambo lomqolo ukuya kuludwe lwesinyi, isikali, okanye kwizitho ezikude namathambo.

Iminyaka emi-5 yamaqondo okusinda ngokuhambelana nabantu abafunyaniswe benomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ukusuka ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2015 zezi:

• Yenziwe yaNgingqi (uvalelwe kwisibeleko kunye nesibeleko): Ipesenti ezingama-91.8
• Ingingqi (isasazeka ngaphaya komlomo wesibeleko kunye nesibeleko kwiindawo ezikufutshane): iipesenti ezingama-56.3
• Ukude (isasazeka ngaphaya kwepelvis): iipesenti eziyi-16.9
• Yaziwa: Iipesenti ezingama-49

La ngamanqanaba okusinda jikelele ngokusekwe kwidatha ukusukela kwiminyaka ka-2009 ukuya ku-2015. Unyango lomhlaza lutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye umbono ngokubanzi usenokuba uphucukile ukusukela ngoko.

Ngaba zikho ezinye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe?

Ewe. Zininzi izinto ezingaphaya kwenqanaba ezinokuchaphazela isifo sakho.

Ezinye zazo zezi:

• ubudala ekufumaniseni
• impilo ngokubanzi, kubandakanya nezinye iimeko ezinjenge-HIV
• uhlobo lwepapillomavirus yabantu (HPV) ebandakanyekayo
• uhlobo oluthile lomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko
• ingaba oku kungumzekelo wokuqala okanye ukuphindaphinda komhlaza womlomo wesibeleko owawunyangwa ngaphambili
• uqala ngokukhawuleza kangakanani unyango

Uhlanga nalo ludlala indima. Abafazi abaMnyama nabaseSpain banamazinga okusweleka komhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Ngubani ophuhlisa umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko?

Nabani na onomlomo wesibeleko unokufumana umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko. Oku kuyinyani ukuba awukho ngokwesondo okwangoku, ukhulelwe, okanye u-post-menopausal.

Ngokwe-ACS, umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko unqabile kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20 kwaye ufumaneka rhoqo kubantu abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-35 nama-44.

E-United States, abantu baseSpain banomngcipheko omkhulu, emva koko ama-Afrika-aseMelika, ama-Asiya, iiPacific Islanders, kunye neCaucasians.

Abemi baseMelika nabemi baseAlaska banomngcipheko ophantsi.

Ibangelwa yintoni?

Uninzi lweziganeko zomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko zibangelwa lusulelo lwe-HPV. I-HPV lusulelo losuleleko lwenkqubo yokuzala, uninzi lwabantu ababelana ngesondo bayayifumana ngamanye amaxesha.

I-HPV kulula ukuyidlulisa kuba ithatha kuphela ulusu lolusu. Ungayifumana nokuba awunayo isondo esigqibeleleyo.

I-HPV iyazicoca ngokwayo kwisithuba seminyaka emibini. Kodwa ukuba uyabelana ngesondo, unokuphinda uyifumane kwakhona.

Bambalwa kuphela abantu abane-HPV abaya kuba nomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko, kodwa iimeko zomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko zibangelwa yile ntsholongwane.

Ayenzeki ngobusuku obunye, nangona. Nje ukuba wosulelwe yi-HPV, kunokuthatha iminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20 ukuba umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko uphuhle, okanye iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10 ukuba une-immune system ebuthathaka.

I-HPV inokuba sesichengeni sokuqhubela phambili kumhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ukuba uyatshaya okanye unesinye isifo esosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo (njenge-chlamydia, gonorrhea, okanye herpes simplex.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo?

Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-9 kwityala le-10 umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko zii-squamous cell carcinomas. Zikhula ukusuka kwiiseli squamous kwi exocervix, yinxalenye wesibeleko ikufutshane lobufazi.

Uninzi lwezinye zii-adenocarcinomas, ezikhula kwiiseli ze-glandular kwi-endocervix, eyona ndawo ikufutshane nesibeleko.

Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko unokuba zii-lymphomas, melanomas, sarcomas, okanye ezinye iintlobo ezinqabileyo.

Ngaba ikhona into onokuyenza ukuyikhusela?

Kubekho ukwehla okubonakalayo kwinqanaba lokufa okoko kwafika uvavanyo lwePap.

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo onokuzenza ukuthintela umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko kukufumana uvavanyo rhoqo kunye novavanyo lwePap njengoko kucetyisiwe ngugqirha wakho.

Ezinye iindlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko zibandakanya:

• ubuza ugqirha wakho ukuba ungalifumana na iyeza lokugonya le-HPV
• ukufumana unyango ukuba iiseli zomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ziyafumaneka
• ukuya kuvavanyo olulandelayo xa usenziwa uvavanyo lwePap olungaqhelekanga okanye uvavanyo oluqinisekileyo lwe-HPV
• ukunqanda, okanye ukuyeka, ukutshaya

Wazi njani ukuba unayo?

Umhlaza wokuqala wesibeleko awubangeli mpawu, ngenxa yoko ngekhe uqonde ukuba unayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukufumana uvavanyo lokuhlola rhoqo.

Njengoko umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko uqhubeka, iimpawu kunye neempawu zinokubandakanya:

• Ukukhutshwa okungaqhelekanga kwilungu lobufazi
• ukopha kwilungu lobufazi
• iintlungu ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo
• iintlungu zangasese

Ewe, ezo mpawu azithethi ukuba unomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko. Oku kunokuba yimiqondiso yezinye iimeko ezinyangekayo.

Zithini izikhokelo zovavanyo?

Ngokwezikhokelo zovavanyo lwe-ACS:

• Abantu abaneminyaka engama-21 ukuya kuma-29 kufuneka babe novavanyo lwePap rhoqo kwiminyaka emi-3.
• Abantu abaneminyaka engama-30 ukuya kuma-65 kufuneka babe novavanyo lwePap kunye novavanyo lwe-HPV rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu. Ngenye indlela, unokufumana uvavanyo lwePap kuphela kwiminyaka emi-3.
• Ukuba ngaba une-hysterectomy iyonke ngenxa yezizathu ngaphandle komhlaza okanye i-precancer, akusafuneki ukuba ube novavanyo lwePap okanye lwe-HPV. Ukuba isibeleko sakho sisusiwe, kodwa usenomlomo wesibeleko, ukuhlolwa kufuneka kuqhubeke.
• Ukuba ungaphezulu kweminyaka yobudala engama-65, khange ubenangqangi enzulu kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, kwaye ube uhlolwa rhoqo iminyaka eli-10, ungayeka ukuhlolwa komhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Unokufuna uvavanyo rhoqo ukuba:

• Usemngciphekweni omkhulu womhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.
• Unesiphumo esingaqhelekanga sePap.
• Ufumaniswe ukuba une-precancer yomlomo wesibeleko okanye i-HIV.
• Ukhe wanyangwa umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Uphononongo lwango-2017 lwafumanisa ukuba amazinga okusweleka komhlaza womlomo wesibeleko, ngakumbi kubafazi abamnyama abadala, kungenzeka ukuba athathwe kancinci. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nomngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko kwaye uqiniseke ukuba ufumana uvavanyo olufanelekileyo.

Isinyathelo sokuqala sihlala siviwo lwe-pelvic ukujonga impilo jikelele kunye neempawu zesifo. Uvavanyo lwe-HPV kunye novavanyo lwePap lunokwenziwa ngaxeshanye novavanyo lwe-pelvic.

Kufunyaniswa njani?

Nangona uvavanyo lwePap lungajonga iiseli ezingaqhelekanga, alunakuqinisekisa ukuba ezi seli zinomhlaza. Ngenxa yoko, uyakufuna i-biopsy yomlomo wesibeleko.

Kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yonyango lwe-endocervical, isampuli yethishu ithathwa kumjelo womlomo wesibeleko kusetyenziswa isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-curette.

Oku kunokwenziwa ngokwakho okanye ngexesha le-colposcopy, apho ugqirha esebenzisa isixhobo esikhulisayo esikhanyisiweyo ukuze ajonge ngakumbi kwilungu lobufazi kunye nomlomo wesibeleko.

Ugqirha wakho unokufuna ukwenza i-cone biopsy ukuze ufumane isampulu enkulu enesakheko setishu yomlomo wesibeleko. Olu lutyando lwangaphandle olubandakanya iscalpel okanye i-laser.

Izicubu ke ziyavavanywa phantsi kwemicroscope ukujonga iiseli zomhlaza.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwepapa kwaye ube nomhlaza wesibeleko?

Ewe. Uvavanyo lwePap lunokukuxelela kuphela ukuba awunasifo somhlaza okanye iiseli zomlomo wesibeleko okwangoku. Oko akuthethi ukuba awukwazi ukuhlakulela umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uvavanyo lwakho lwePap luqhelekile kwaye uvavanyo lwakho lwe-HPV aluchanekanga, ithuba lakho lokuba nomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko kule minyaka imbalwa izayo kunjalo.

Xa uneziphumo eziqhelekileyo zePap kodwa ulungile kwi-HPV, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa uvavanyo lokulandelela ukukhangela utshintsho. Nangona kunjalo, usenokungafuneki olunye uvavanyo kunyaka.

Khumbula, umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ukhula kancinci, ukuba nje uqhubeka nokuhlolwa kunye nokuvavanywa kokulandelwa, akukho sizathu sikhulu sokukhathazeka.

Inyangwa njani?

Nje ukuba kufunyaniswe isifo somhlaza womlomo wesibeleko, inyathelo elilandelayo kukufumanisa ukuba umhlaza usasazeke kangakanani.

Ukuchonga inqanaba kungaqala ngothotho lweemvavanyo zokujonga ukujonga ubungqina bomhlaza. Ugqirha wakho unokufumana umbono ongcono wenqanaba emva kokwenza utyando.

Unyango lomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko luxhomekeke ekubeni sele usasazeke kangakanani. Izinketho zokuhlinzwa zingabandakanya:

• Uncedo: Ukususwa kwethambo lomhlaza kumlomo wesibeleko.
• Iyonke i-hysterectomy: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeleko kunye nesibeleko.
• I-hysterectomy egqibeleleyo: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeleko, isibeleko, inxenye yelungu lobufazi, kunye neminye imisipha kunye nezicubu ezingqongileyo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukususwa kwee-ovari, i-fallopian tubes, okanye ii-lymph node ezikufutshane.
• Ukulungiswa kwe-hysterectomy eguqulweyo: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeleko, isibeleko, indawo ephezulu yelungu lobufazi, eminye imisipha ejikelezileyo kunye nezicubu, kwaye mhlawumbi ne-lymph node ezikufutshane.
• I-trachelectomy egqibeleleyo: Ukususwa komlomo wesibeleko, izicwili ezikufuphi kunye ne-lymph node, kunye nelungu lesini elingaphezulu.
• I-Bilal salpingo-oophorectomy: Ukususwa kwama-ovari kunye neetyhubhu ze-fallopian.
• Uxinzelelo lwe-pelvic: Ukususwa kwesinyi, ikholoni esezantsi, i-rectum, kunye nomlomo wesibeleko, ubufazi, amaqanda, kunye ne-lymph node ezikufutshane. Ukuvulwa okungeyonyani kufuneka kwenziwe kumchamo nakwizitulo.

Olunye unyango lunokubandakanya:

• Unyango ngemitha: Ukujolisa kunye nokutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza kwaye uzigcine ekukhuleni.
• Unyango ngamayeza: Isetyenziswe kwingingqi okanye ngokwenkqubo ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza.
• Unyango ekujoliswe kulo: Iziyobisi ezinokuthi zichonge kwaye zihlasele umhlaza ngaphandle kokulimaza iiseli ezisempilweni.
• Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy: Iziyobisi ezinceda amajoni omzimba alwe nomhlaza.
• Uvavanyo lwezonyango: Ukuzama unyango olutsha olungagunyaziswanga ukuba lusetyenziswe ngokubanzi.
• Ukunyamekela: Ukunyanga iimpawu kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi ngokubanzi.

Ngaba iyanyangeka?

Ewe, ngakumbi xa kufunyaniswa kwaye wanyangwa kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka kwakhona?

Njengakwezinye iintlobo zomhlaza, umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ungabuya emva kokuba ulugqibile unyango. Inokuphinda ibuye kufuphi nomlomo wesibeleko okanye kwenye indawo emzimbeni wakho. Uya kuba neshedyuli yokutyelela ngokulandelelana ukubeka iliso kwiimpawu zokuphindaphinda.

Ithini imbonakalo iyonke?

Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ukhula kancinci, kodwa sisongela ubomi. Iindlela zokuhlola zanamhlanje zithetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane iiseli zangaphambi kwexesha ezinokuthi zisuswe ngaphambi kokuba bafumane ithuba lokuba nomhlaza.

Ngokuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango, imbonakalo intle kakhulu.

Unganceda ukunciphisa amathuba akho okuba nomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko okanye ukuwubamba kwangoko. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nemingcipheko yakho kunye nokuba kufuneka uhlolwe kangaphi.